Relationship Between Negative Events and Depression Among Taekwondo Students in Mazandaran University’s

Öz

The aim of this Research was to examine relationship between negative events and depression among Iranian Taekwondo students. This research was conducted on the appropriate sample of 116 Taekwondo students from Mazandaran university, being 18-24 years old. The applied measure instruments were - Adolescent Perceived Events Scale, Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Confrontation with Stressing Situation Questionnaire, Social Support Questionnaire, Children's Depression Rating Scale-demonstrated satisfactory reliability. The data was processed using descriptive parameters, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and hierarchy regression analysis & SPSS22 software. Achieved results didn’t show that predictor variables (common automatic thoughts, the sense of general self-efficiency, confrontation strategies and perceived support of family, coach and team peers) are the cause of the common negative events and depression relations of Taekwondo students in the middle period of adolescence. On contrary, the results have emphasized the fact that mutual relations of common negative events and depression of Taekwondo students, in this young category, can be explained using independent variables (unwilling unconscious negative thoughts, confrontation focused on feelings, as well as support of family, coach and team peers).

Anahtar Kelimeler

• negative events
• depression
• Taekwondo
• university students

Kaynakça

1. Mousavi Moghadam S R, Malekian S, Karamshahi M. Investigating the relationship between personality characteristics, self-control, and general health among the students of public and clinical psychology in Islamic Azad University of Ilam. JBRMS. 2016; 3(2): 20-25.
2. Forghani Ozrudi MB. The effects of Personality profile and intelligence profile on performance elite taekwondo athletes Expedition to the London Olympics. Int. J. Sport Sci. 2015; 2(3): 1-7.
3. Navabinejad S. Norm and normal teenage behavior, fourth edition. 1999.
4. Mokhtari P. How to confront stress in sports, Islamic republic of Iran national committee press, Tehran. 1999.
5. Ivanović M, Radovanović M, Budimac Z, Mitrović D, Kurbalija V, Dai W, Zhao W. Emotional intelligence and agents: Survey and possible applications. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Web Intelligence, Mining and Semantics (WIMS14) 2014; pp. 1-7.
6. Kurtović A. Odnos atribucijskih dimenzija, negativnih životnih događaja i depresivnosti: Provjera modela beznadnosti. Psihologijske teme. 2007; 16(1): 159-182.
7. Kurtović A, Vuković I, Gajić M. The Effect of Locus of Control on University Students' Mental Health: Possible Mediation through Self-Esteem and Coping. The Journal of psychology. 2018; 152(6): 341-357.
8. Sesar K, Živčić-Bećirević I, Sesar D. Multi-Type Maltreatment in Childhood and Psychological Adjustment in Adolescence:Questionnaire Study among Adolescents in Western Herzegovina Canton. Croatian Medical Journal. 2008; 49: 243-56.

9. Subotić S, Brajša-Žganec A, Merkaš M. Školski stres i neka obilježja ličnosti kao prediktori suicidalnosti adolescenata. Psihologijske teme. 2008; 17(1): 111-131.
10. Adkins DE, WangV, Dupre ME, van den Oord EJCG, Elder Jr GH. Structure and Stress: Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms across Adolescence and Young Adulthood. Social Forces. 2009; 88(1): 31-80.
11. Scott WD, Dearing E, Reynolds WR, Lindsay JE, Baird GL, Hamill S. Cognitive Self-Regulation and Depression: Examining Academic Self-Efficacy and Goal Characteristics in Youth of a Northern Plains Tribe. Journal of Research on Adolescence. 2008; 18(2): 379-394.
12. Alloy LB. The Developmental Origins of Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression: Negative Interpersonal Context Leads to Personal Vulnerability. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 2001; 25(4): 349-351.
13. Ge X, Conger RD, Elder GH. The Relation between Puberty and Psychological Distress in Adolescent Boys. Journal of Research on Adolescence. 2001; 11(1): 49-70.
14. Thompson R J, Mata J, Jaeggi SM, Buschkuehl M, Gotlib IH, Jonides J. Maladaptive Coping, Adaptive Coping, and Depressive Symptoms: Variations across Age and Depressive State. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2010; 48(6): 459-466.
15. Abela JRZ, Parkinson C, Stolow D, Starrs C. A Test of the Integration of the Hopelessness and Response Styles Theories of Depression in Middle Adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. 2009; 38(3): 354-364.
16. Huang JP, Xia W, Sun CH, Zhang HY, Wu LJ. Psychological Distress and Its Correlates in Chinese Adolescents. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2009; 43: 674-681.
17. Horwitz AH, Hill RM, King CA. Specific Coping Behaviors in Relation to Adolescent Depression and Suicidal Ideation. Journal of Adolescence. 2010; 86(5): 1-9.
18. Flynn M, Kecmanovic J, Alloy LB. An Examination of Integrated Cognitive-Interpersonal Vulnerability to Depression: The Role of Rumination, Perceived Social Support, and Interpersonal Stress Generation. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 2010; 34(5): 456-466.
19. Hollon SD, Kendall PC. Cognitive Self-Statements in Depression: Development of an Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 1980; 4(4): 383-395.
20. Proroković A, i Zelić S. Upitnik automatskih misli – UPAM (Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire). U: A. Proroković, K. Lacković Grgin, V. Ćubela Adorić i Z. Penezić (ur.), Zbirka psihologijskih skala i upitnika (str. 79-84). Zadar: Sveučilište u Zadru−Odjel za psihologiju. 2002.
21. Sorić I, i Proroković A. Upitnik suočavanja sa stresnim situacijama Endlera i Parkera (CISS). U: A. Proroković, K. Lacković Grgin, V. Ćubela Adorić i Z. Penezić (ur.), Zbirka psihologijskih skala i upitnika (str. 147-151). Zadar: Sveučilište u Zadru−Odjel za psihologiju. 2002.
22. Ivanov L, i Penezić Z. Skala opće samoefikasnosti (General Self-Efficacy Scale). U: K. Lacković Grgin, A. Proroković, V. Ćubela i Z. Penezić (ur.), Zbirka psihologijskih skala i upitnika (str. 156). Zadar: Sveučilište u Zadru− Odjel za psihologiju. 1998.
23. Hudek-Knežević J. Obilježja ličnosti, biološki spol i percepcija socijalne podrške kao korelati suočavanja sa stresnim situacijama. Godišnjak Zavoda za psihologiju. 1994; 3: 47-56.
24. Vulić-Prtorić A. Priručnik za skalu depresivnosti za djecu i adolescente SDD, Jastrebarsko: Naklada Slap. 2003.
25. Baron RM, Kenny DA. The Moderator - Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychology Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1986; 51(6): 1173-1182.
26. Frazier PA, Tix AP, Barron K E. Testing Moderator and Mediator Effects in Counseling Psychology Research. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 2004; 51(1): 115-134.
27. Rose DT, Abramson LY. Developmental Predictors of Depressive Cognitive Style: Research and Theory. U: D. Chicchetti i S. Toth (ur.), Developmental Perspectives on Depression (pp. 323-349). Rochester NY, University of Rochester Press. 1998.
28. Garber J, Flynn C. Predictors of Depressive Cognitions in Young Adolescents. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 2001; 25(4): 353-376.
29. Parker G, Gladstone G, Mitchell, P, Wilhelm K, Roy K. Do Early Adverse Experiences Establish a Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression on Exposure to Mirroring Life Events in Adulthood? Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000; 57(1-3): 209-215.
30. Wadsworth ME, Raviv T, Compas BE, Connor Smith JK. Parent and Adolescent Responses to Poverty-Related Stress:Test of Mediated and Moderated Coping Models. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 2005; 14(2): 283-298.