Self-Handicapping and Its Value in Sports

Öz

Self-handicapping can be defined as an effort to voluntarily create excuses that an individual can use in case of potential failure. Self-handicapping behavior, which can be manifested either behaviorally or verbally, helps protecting the self-esteem of the individual in short-term, but causes psychological/social problems if used frequently. Studies on self-handicapping in the literature are generally concentrated in the academic field. The method used in this study was reviewing th original articles related to the topc self-handicapping and sports. There are frequent studies on self-handicapping levels of academic staff, students and teachers. This study was carried out to examine the studies on self-handicapping in the field of sports. The number of studies in the field of sports is limited. In studies investigating which variables were affected by self-handicapping, it was seen that sociodemographic variables did not affect the level of self-handicapping, but there was a controversion in the gender variable because there were conflicting findings regarding the effect of gender on self-handicapping levels. There were also studies reporting that self-handicapping was associated with self-esteem and examined it. It was reported that self-esteem had a negative correlation with self-handicapping, and individuals with high self-esteem tended to have low self-handicapping behavior. In the sports performances, the value attributed by the individual to this performance (competition or performance test) affected the self-handicapping tendency of the athlete. As the importance of performance increased, the tendency of athletes to self-hadicapping also increased. In team sports, athletes' tendency to claimed self-handicapping behavior may lead to negative consequences such as exclusion of athletes from the team. It was concluded that the studies on self-handicapping in sports focused on athletes and referees, but there were no studies investigating the self-handicapping tendencies of coaches. Studies on disabled athletes were limited. It was considered that increasing the number of studies conducted in the field of sports, especially on disabled athletes and trainers, would fill the gap in this field.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Athlete
• Self-handicapping
• self-esteem
• excuse
• failure

Öz

Kendini sabotaj, bireyin potansiyel başarısızlık durumunda kullanabileceği mazeretleri önceden planlı olarak yaratma çabası olarak tanımlanabilir. Davranışsal ya da sözel olarak iki şekilde ortaya çıkabilen kendini sabotaj davranışı, kısa süreli kullanımda bireyin benlik saygısını korumaya yardımcı olurken, sık kullanımı halinde psikolojik ve sosyal sorunlara yol açmaktadır. Literatürde kendini sabotaj ile ilgili çalışmalar genellikle akademik alanda yoğunlaşmıştır. Akademik personelin, öğrencilerin ve öğretmenlerin kendini sabotaj düzeylerinin incelendiği çalışmalara sıklıkla rastlanılmıştır. Ancak, bu çalışma, spor alanında kendini sabotaj konusunda yapılan çalışmaların incelenmesi amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada kullanılan yöntem, kendini sabotaj ve spor konusundaki makalelerin tasnif edilerek incelenmesidir. Literatürde spor alanında yapılan araştırma sayısının çok fazla olmadığı görülmüştür. Kendini sabotajın hangi değişkenlerden etkilendiğinin araştırıldığı çalışmalarda, sosyodemografik değişkenlerin kendini sabotaj düzeyini etkilemediği, cinsiyet faktörünün etkisi hakkında ise uzlaşılmış bir karar olmadığı görülmüştür. Cinsiyetin kendini sabotaj düzeyine etkisi ile ilgili çelişkili bulgular mevcuttur. Kendini sabotaj ve benlik saygısı arasında ilişki olduğunu bildiren ve bunu incelemiş olan çalışmalar da mevcuttur. Benlik saygısının kendini sabotaj ile negatif korelasyona sahip olduğu, benlik saygısı yüksek olan bireylerin kendini sabotaj davranışına yöneliminin düşük olduğu bildirilmektedir. Spor alanındaki performanslarda, bireyin bu performansa (müsabaka ya da performans testi) atfettiği değer, sporcunun kendini sabotaj eğilimini etkilemektedir. Performansın önemi arttıkça, sporcuların kendini sabotaj eğilimi de artmaktadır. Takım sporlarında sporcuların sözel kendini sabotaj davranışına yönelmesi, sporcuların takımdan dışlanması gibi olumsuz sonuçları ortaya çıkartabilmektedir. Yapılan literatür taraması sonucunda, spor alanında yapılan kendini sabotajla ilgili çalışmaların sporcular ve hakemler üzerinde yoğunlaştığı görülmüş ancak antrenörlerin kendini sabotaj eğilimlerinin araştırıldığı herhangi bir çalışmaya rastlanılmamıştır. Engelli sporcular üzerinde yapılan çalışmalar ise yeterli sayıda değildir. Spor alanında, özellikle engelli sporcular ve antrenörler üzerinde, yapılan çalışmaların sayısının artırılmasının, bu alandaki boşluğu dolduracağı değerlendirilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sporcu
• hakem
• benlik saygısı
• mazeret
• başarısızlık

Kaynakça

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