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Morphometric Effects of Testosterone Supplementation on Certain Extremity Bones in Young Swim-Trained Rats

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 3, 140 - 144, 30.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.466885

Öz

There has been a dramatic
increase in the use of doping agents today. Used by athletes to increase
strength, endurance and speed, AAS lead to various negative effects on the human
body despite enhancing performance and strength. The purpose of this study was
to investigate the morphometric effects of testosterone supplementation on
certain extremity bones in young swim-trained rats. The study was conducted
with a total of 24 30-day-old male Wistar rats obtained from Selcuk University
Experimental Medicine Research and Application Center. The rats were divided into
four equal groups of six: control (C), exercise (E), testosterone (T) and
testosterone+exercise (TE) groups. The appropriate weekly dose was adjusted for
the rats in the testosterone-treated group according to their body weights. The
front and back extremity bones of the materials were dissected and the
uncovered humerus and femur bones were dried. The length, corpus thickness, cortex
cortical thickness and medulla diameter points of each bone were determined and
the morphometric measurements were taken. The results were presented as
Mean±SD. Data were analyzed through comparison between the groups by using
ANOVA and Duncan test. The significance level was set at P<0.05. The femur
and humerus lengths of the TE, T, E, and C groups were compared and the respective
lengths were femur; 32.24±1.04 for the C group, 32.23±0.28 for the E group,
31.12±0.73 for the TE group and 30.93±0.72 for the T group, humerus; 25,74±0,77
for the C group, 25,66±0,25 fot the E group, 24,68±0,53 for the TE group and
24,58±0,41 for the T group. The femur and humerus bones of the rats in the
groups given testosterone supplementation (TE and T) were significantly shorter
than those of the rats in the other two groups (p<0.05). However, there were
not any statistical differences among the TE, T, E, and C groups in terms of
cortex, corpus and medullary diameter measurements of the femur and humerus
bones (p>0.05).  The results of the study showed that
testosterone supplementation stopped the growth of femur and humerus by causing
premature epiphyseal closure in them. Also, even exercise did not reduce the
adverse effects of testosterone supplementation. Although some athletes think
that prohibited agents used as AAS affect performance positively, these agents
should not be used because of their adverse effects on athletes’ health and
because they are against sports ethics.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Aggarwal T, Polanco MJ, Scaramuzzino C, Rocchi A, Milioto C, Emionite L, Ognio E, Sambataro F, Galbiati M, Poletti A, Pennuto M, 2014. Androgens affect muscle, motor neuron, and survival in a mouse model of SOD1-related amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Aging, 35(8) 1929-38.
  • 2. Albertson TE, Chenoweth JA, Colby DK, Sutter ME. 2016. The changing drug culture: Use and misuse of appearance-and performance-enhancing drugs. FP Essent, 441, 30-43.
  • 3. Al-Ismail K, Torreggiani WC, Munk PL, Nicolaou S, 2002. Gluteal mass in a bodybuilder: radiological depiction of a complication of anabolic steroid us. Eur Radiol, 12(6), 1366-9.
  • 4. Baggish AL, Weiner RB, Kanayama G, Hudson JI, Picard MH, Hutter AM, Pope HG, 2010. Long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid use is associated with left ventricular dysfunction. Circ Heart Fail, 3(4), 472-6.
  • 5. Bonnet N, Benhamou CL, Brunet-Imbault B, Arlettaz A, Horcajada MN, Richard O, Vico L, Collomp K, Courteix D, 2005. Severe bone alterations under β2 agonist teratments: Bone mass, microarchitecture and strength analyses in female rats. Bone, 37(5), 622-33.
  • 6. De Oliveira DH, Fighera TM, Bianchet LC, Kulak CA, Kulak J, 2012. Androgens and bone. Minerva Endocrinol, 37(4), 305-14.
  • 7. De Siqueira Nogueira FR, De Freitas Brito A, Isidro Vieira T, Coutinho De Oliveira CV, Linka Beniz Gouveia R, 2014. Prevalence of anabolic steroids in bodybuilders in the city of Joao Pessoa-PB: anabolic agents in academies. Gazetta Medica Italiana Archivio per le Scienze Mediche, 173(5), 299-308.
  • 8. El Osta R, Almont T, Diligent C, Hubert N, Eschwege P, Hubert J. 2016. Anabolic steroids abuse and male infertility.Basic Clin Androl, 26:2.
  • 9. Gunness M, Orwoll E, 1995. Early induction of alterations in cancellous and cortical bone histology after orchiectomy in mature rats. J Bone Miner Res, 10(11), 1735-44.
  • 10. Harmer PA, 2010. Anabolic-androgenic steroid use among young male and female athletes: is the game to blame. Br J Sports Med, 44(1), 26-31.
  • 11. Kicman AT, 2008. Pharmacology of anabolic steroids. Br J Pharmacol, 154(3), 502-21.
  • 12. Kim BT, Mosekilde L, Duan Y, Zhang XZ, Tornvig L, Thomsen JS, Seeman E, 2003. The structural and hormonal basis of sex differences in peak appendicular bone strength in rats. J Bone Miner Res, 18(1): 150-5.
  • 13. Li X, Takahashi M, Kushida K, Shimizu S, Hoshino H, Suzuki M, Inoue T. 2000. The effect of nandrolone decanoate on bone mass and metabolism overectomized rats with ostepeni. J Bone Miner Metab, 18(5), 258-63.
  • 14. Lok S, 2015. Does the use Testosterone Enanthate as a Form of Doping in Sports Cause Early Closure of Epiphyseal in Bones?. Int.J.Morphol, 33(4), 1201-1204.
  • 15. Maravelias C, Dona A, Stefanidou M, Spiliopoulou C, 2005. Adverse effects of anabolic steroids in athletes: A constant threat. Toxicol Lett, 158(3), 167-75.
  • 16. Nasseri A, Nadimi A, Nikookheslat SD, 2016. Effects of resistance exercise and the use of anabolic androgenic steroids on hemodynamic characteristics and muscle damage markers in bodybuilders, J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 56(9), 1041-6.
  • 17. Papazisis G, Kouvelas D, Mastrogianni A, Karastergiou A, 2007. Anabolic androgenic steroid abuse and mood disorder. A case report Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 10(2), 291-3.
  • 18. Piacentino D, Kotzalidis GD, Del Casale A, Aromatario MR, Pomara C, Girardi P, Sani G. 2015. Anabolic-androgenic steroid ose and psychopathology in athletes. A systematic review. Curr Neuropharmacol. 13(1), 101-21.
  • 19. Prakasam G, Yeh JK , Chen MM, Magana MC, Liang CT, Aloia JF, 1999. Effects of growth hormone and testosterone on cortical bone formation and bone density in aged orchiectomized rats. Bone, 24(5), 491-7.
  • 20. Prometti P, Bellini G, Amaddeo P, 2015. Premature death in professional wrestlers: cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Medicina dello Sport, 68(2), 231-41.
  • 21. Sims NA, Dupont S, Krust A, Clement-Lacroix P, Minet D, Resche-Rigon M, Gaillard-Kelly M, Baron R, 2002. Deletion of estrogen receptors reveals a regulatory role for estrogen receptors in bone remodeling in females but not in males. Bone, 30(1), 18-25.
  • 22. Tayade MC, Bhamare SM, Kamble P, Jadhav K, 2013. Doping in sports: current review. Int J Cur Res Rev, 5(7), 83-6.
  • 23. Tentori L, Graziani G, 2007. Doping with growth hormone/IGF-1, anabolic steroids or erythropoietin: is there a cancer risk?. Pharmacol Res, 55(5), 359-69.
  • 24. Thevis M, Schanzer W, 2007. Mass spectrometryin sports drug testing: structure characterization and alalytical assays. Mass Spectrometry Reviews, 26(1), 79-107.
  • 25. Van Amsterdam J, Opperhuizen A, Hartgens F, 2010. Adverse health effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Regul Toxicol and Pharmacol, 57(1), 117-23.
  • 26. Weisman Y, Cassorla F, Malozowski S, Krieg R J, Goldray D, Kaye A M, Somjen D. Sex-specific response of bone cells to gonadal steroids : modulation in perinatally androgenized females and in testicular feminized male rats. Steroids. 1993;58(3): 126-33.
  • 27. Windahl SH, Vidal O, Andersson G, Gustafsson JA, Ohlsson C, 1999. Increased cortical bone mineral content but unchanged trabecular bone mineral density in female ER_ mice. J Clin Invest, 104(7), 895-901.
  • 28. Yavari A, 2009. Abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids. Journal of Stress Physiology & Biochemistry, 5(3), 22-32.
Yıl 2018, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 3, 140 - 144, 30.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.466885

Öz

Kaynakça

  • 1. Aggarwal T, Polanco MJ, Scaramuzzino C, Rocchi A, Milioto C, Emionite L, Ognio E, Sambataro F, Galbiati M, Poletti A, Pennuto M, 2014. Androgens affect muscle, motor neuron, and survival in a mouse model of SOD1-related amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Aging, 35(8) 1929-38.
  • 2. Albertson TE, Chenoweth JA, Colby DK, Sutter ME. 2016. The changing drug culture: Use and misuse of appearance-and performance-enhancing drugs. FP Essent, 441, 30-43.
  • 3. Al-Ismail K, Torreggiani WC, Munk PL, Nicolaou S, 2002. Gluteal mass in a bodybuilder: radiological depiction of a complication of anabolic steroid us. Eur Radiol, 12(6), 1366-9.
  • 4. Baggish AL, Weiner RB, Kanayama G, Hudson JI, Picard MH, Hutter AM, Pope HG, 2010. Long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid use is associated with left ventricular dysfunction. Circ Heart Fail, 3(4), 472-6.
  • 5. Bonnet N, Benhamou CL, Brunet-Imbault B, Arlettaz A, Horcajada MN, Richard O, Vico L, Collomp K, Courteix D, 2005. Severe bone alterations under β2 agonist teratments: Bone mass, microarchitecture and strength analyses in female rats. Bone, 37(5), 622-33.
  • 6. De Oliveira DH, Fighera TM, Bianchet LC, Kulak CA, Kulak J, 2012. Androgens and bone. Minerva Endocrinol, 37(4), 305-14.
  • 7. De Siqueira Nogueira FR, De Freitas Brito A, Isidro Vieira T, Coutinho De Oliveira CV, Linka Beniz Gouveia R, 2014. Prevalence of anabolic steroids in bodybuilders in the city of Joao Pessoa-PB: anabolic agents in academies. Gazetta Medica Italiana Archivio per le Scienze Mediche, 173(5), 299-308.
  • 8. El Osta R, Almont T, Diligent C, Hubert N, Eschwege P, Hubert J. 2016. Anabolic steroids abuse and male infertility.Basic Clin Androl, 26:2.
  • 9. Gunness M, Orwoll E, 1995. Early induction of alterations in cancellous and cortical bone histology after orchiectomy in mature rats. J Bone Miner Res, 10(11), 1735-44.
  • 10. Harmer PA, 2010. Anabolic-androgenic steroid use among young male and female athletes: is the game to blame. Br J Sports Med, 44(1), 26-31.
  • 11. Kicman AT, 2008. Pharmacology of anabolic steroids. Br J Pharmacol, 154(3), 502-21.
  • 12. Kim BT, Mosekilde L, Duan Y, Zhang XZ, Tornvig L, Thomsen JS, Seeman E, 2003. The structural and hormonal basis of sex differences in peak appendicular bone strength in rats. J Bone Miner Res, 18(1): 150-5.
  • 13. Li X, Takahashi M, Kushida K, Shimizu S, Hoshino H, Suzuki M, Inoue T. 2000. The effect of nandrolone decanoate on bone mass and metabolism overectomized rats with ostepeni. J Bone Miner Metab, 18(5), 258-63.
  • 14. Lok S, 2015. Does the use Testosterone Enanthate as a Form of Doping in Sports Cause Early Closure of Epiphyseal in Bones?. Int.J.Morphol, 33(4), 1201-1204.
  • 15. Maravelias C, Dona A, Stefanidou M, Spiliopoulou C, 2005. Adverse effects of anabolic steroids in athletes: A constant threat. Toxicol Lett, 158(3), 167-75.
  • 16. Nasseri A, Nadimi A, Nikookheslat SD, 2016. Effects of resistance exercise and the use of anabolic androgenic steroids on hemodynamic characteristics and muscle damage markers in bodybuilders, J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 56(9), 1041-6.
  • 17. Papazisis G, Kouvelas D, Mastrogianni A, Karastergiou A, 2007. Anabolic androgenic steroid abuse and mood disorder. A case report Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 10(2), 291-3.
  • 18. Piacentino D, Kotzalidis GD, Del Casale A, Aromatario MR, Pomara C, Girardi P, Sani G. 2015. Anabolic-androgenic steroid ose and psychopathology in athletes. A systematic review. Curr Neuropharmacol. 13(1), 101-21.
  • 19. Prakasam G, Yeh JK , Chen MM, Magana MC, Liang CT, Aloia JF, 1999. Effects of growth hormone and testosterone on cortical bone formation and bone density in aged orchiectomized rats. Bone, 24(5), 491-7.
  • 20. Prometti P, Bellini G, Amaddeo P, 2015. Premature death in professional wrestlers: cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Medicina dello Sport, 68(2), 231-41.
  • 21. Sims NA, Dupont S, Krust A, Clement-Lacroix P, Minet D, Resche-Rigon M, Gaillard-Kelly M, Baron R, 2002. Deletion of estrogen receptors reveals a regulatory role for estrogen receptors in bone remodeling in females but not in males. Bone, 30(1), 18-25.
  • 22. Tayade MC, Bhamare SM, Kamble P, Jadhav K, 2013. Doping in sports: current review. Int J Cur Res Rev, 5(7), 83-6.
  • 23. Tentori L, Graziani G, 2007. Doping with growth hormone/IGF-1, anabolic steroids or erythropoietin: is there a cancer risk?. Pharmacol Res, 55(5), 359-69.
  • 24. Thevis M, Schanzer W, 2007. Mass spectrometryin sports drug testing: structure characterization and alalytical assays. Mass Spectrometry Reviews, 26(1), 79-107.
  • 25. Van Amsterdam J, Opperhuizen A, Hartgens F, 2010. Adverse health effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Regul Toxicol and Pharmacol, 57(1), 117-23.
  • 26. Weisman Y, Cassorla F, Malozowski S, Krieg R J, Goldray D, Kaye A M, Somjen D. Sex-specific response of bone cells to gonadal steroids : modulation in perinatally androgenized females and in testicular feminized male rats. Steroids. 1993;58(3): 126-33.
  • 27. Windahl SH, Vidal O, Andersson G, Gustafsson JA, Ohlsson C, 1999. Increased cortical bone mineral content but unchanged trabecular bone mineral density in female ER_ mice. J Clin Invest, 104(7), 895-901.
  • 28. Yavari A, 2009. Abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids. Journal of Stress Physiology & Biochemistry, 5(3), 22-32.
Toplam 28 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makeleler
Yazarlar

Abdullah Kılcı Bu kişi benim

Sefa Lok

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2018
Kabul Tarihi 7 Kasım 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 20 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Kılcı, A., & Lok, S. (2018). Morphometric Effects of Testosterone Supplementation on Certain Extremity Bones in Young Swim-Trained Rats. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 20(3), 140-144. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.466885
AMA Kılcı A, Lok S. Morphometric Effects of Testosterone Supplementation on Certain Extremity Bones in Young Swim-Trained Rats. Turk J Sport Exe. Aralık 2018;20(3):140-144. doi:10.15314/tsed.466885
Chicago Kılcı, Abdullah, ve Sefa Lok. “Morphometric Effects of Testosterone Supplementation on Certain Extremity Bones in Young Swim-Trained Rats”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 20, sy. 3 (Aralık 2018): 140-44. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.466885.
EndNote Kılcı A, Lok S (01 Aralık 2018) Morphometric Effects of Testosterone Supplementation on Certain Extremity Bones in Young Swim-Trained Rats. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 20 3 140–144.
IEEE A. Kılcı ve S. Lok, “Morphometric Effects of Testosterone Supplementation on Certain Extremity Bones in Young Swim-Trained Rats”, Turk J Sport Exe, c. 20, sy. 3, ss. 140–144, 2018, doi: 10.15314/tsed.466885.
ISNAD Kılcı, Abdullah - Lok, Sefa. “Morphometric Effects of Testosterone Supplementation on Certain Extremity Bones in Young Swim-Trained Rats”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 20/3 (Aralık 2018), 140-144. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.466885.
JAMA Kılcı A, Lok S. Morphometric Effects of Testosterone Supplementation on Certain Extremity Bones in Young Swim-Trained Rats. Turk J Sport Exe. 2018;20:140–144.
MLA Kılcı, Abdullah ve Sefa Lok. “Morphometric Effects of Testosterone Supplementation on Certain Extremity Bones in Young Swim-Trained Rats”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, c. 20, sy. 3, 2018, ss. 140-4, doi:10.15314/tsed.466885.
Vancouver Kılcı A, Lok S. Morphometric Effects of Testosterone Supplementation on Certain Extremity Bones in Young Swim-Trained Rats. Turk J Sport Exe. 2018;20(3):140-4.
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