Fitness Profiling in Women Soccer: Performance Characteristics of Elite Turkish Women Soccer Players

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 1, 78 - 90, 30.04.2019

İbrahim Can , Aras Beka Yaşar Serdar Bayrakdaroğlu Beyza Yıldız

https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.510853

Cited By: 4

Öz

The aim
of this investigation was to evaluate an overall performance of the elite
women football players. In accordance with this purpose, 11 women football
players (age: 21,5 ± 2,58 years; height: 160,8 ± 5,17 cm; weight: 55,8 ± 7,23
kg) who plays in Turkish Women’s 1^st Football League participated
voluntarily. In order to measure athlete’s aerobic capacity, Yo-Yo intermittent
recovery test (Yo-Yo IR1) was applied and maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2max) values were estimated by
using running distances obtained from the test results. The Wingate anaerobic
power test (WanT) to measure the athlete's anaerobic properties, the vertical
jump (VJ) and standing long jump (SLJ) tests to determine explosive power, the
Illinois agility test to measure agility skills, 10 and 30 meters sprint runs
to measure sprint performances, hand grip and back-leg strength tests to
measure strength characteristics were used. In order to obtain power and velocity
parameters, loaded-squat jump (SJ_Loaded) was applied with an resistance
that equaled to 40% of body weight and bench throw (BT) was applied with an resistance
that equaled to 30% of body weight of the participants by applying an
isoinertial device and results of peak power (PP), peak velocity (PV), mean
propulsive power (MPP), and mean propulsive velocity (MPV) during both
movements were recorded. Statistical analysis was used in the assessment
of the data. According to analysis results, it was achieved that Yo-Yo IR1
running distances was as 676,3 ± 156,4 meters, while
VO_2max values of athletes were estimated as 42,2 ± 1,20 ml/kg^-1/min^-1.
Relative and absolute anaerobic power values for elite women football players
were obtained as 439,7 (± 61,18 W) and 8,04 (± 1,09 W/kg) for maximal anaerobic
power, 316,1 (± 34,46 W) and 5,78 (± 0,56 W/kg) for maximal anaerobic capacity,
193,6 (±22,30 W) and 3,55 (± 0,61 W/kg) for minimal anaerobic power, respectively.
In addition, fatigue index values measured as 55,7 (± 3,75 %). Participant’s
right and left hand grip strength values were obtained as 30,6 (± 4,62 kg) and
29,6 (± 4,5 kg), back and leg strength values measured as 90,2 (± 18,7 kg) and
101,8 (± 29,5 kg), respectively. Participant’s 10 and 30 meters sprint duration
were obtained as 1,85 (± 0,12 sec) and 4,96 (± 0,34 sec). SLJ, VJ and agility
values were obtained as 178,4 (± 21,1 cm), 35,7 (± 4,60 cm) and 17,6 (±0,67
sec), respectively. Velocity and power values for athletes during BT movement
were obtained as 1,21 (± 0,10 m/sec) for MPV, 2,04 (± 0,18 m/sec) for PV, 353,6
(± 83,2 W) for MPP and 666,3 (± 152,1 W) for PP. In response to this, velocity
and power values for athletes during SJ_Loaded movement were obtained
as 1,21 (±,10 m/sec) for MPV, 2,04 (± ,18 m/sec) for PV, 353,6 (± 83,2 W) for
MPP and 666,3 (± 152,1 W) for PP. As a result, although there
are many studies on physical or physiological characteristics of elite male
footballers, the literature on the overall performance characteristics of women
football players are limited. It is thought that the results obtained are
important to fill this lack in the literature and will be the reference source
for future research.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Women, Football, Performance, Fitness

Kaynakça

• Andersson H., Ekblom B., Krustrup P. Elite football on artificial turf versus natural grass: Movement patterns, technical standards, and player impressions. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2008; 26(2): 113-122.
• Andersson HA., Randers M.B., Heiner-Møller A., Krustrup P., Mohr M. Elite female soccer players perform more high-intensity running when playing in international games compared with domestic league games. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2010; 24(4): 912-919.
• Arecheta CP., Lopez MG., Mulas AL. La importancia del VO2max para realizar esfuerzos intermitentes de alta intensidad en el futbol femenino de elite. Kronos, 2006; 5(9): 4-12.
• Aziz RA., Tan CK., The CK. A pilot study comparing two field tests with the treadmill run test in soccer players. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 2005; 4(2): 105-112.
• Baker UC., Heath EM., Smith DR., Oden GL. Development of wingate anaerobic test norms for highly-trained women. Journal of Exercise Physiology, 2011; 14(2): 68-79.
• Bangsbo J., Nørregaard L., Thorsøe F. Activity profile of competition soccer. Canadian Journal of Sport Science, 1991; 16(2): 110-116.
• Bangsbo J. Energy demands in competitive soccer. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 1994; 12: 5-12.
• Bangsbo J. The physiology of soccer with special reference to intense intermittent exercise. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 1994; 619: 1-155.
• Bangsbo J., Mohr M., Poulsen A., Perez-Gomez J., Krustrup P. Training and testing the elite athlete. Journal of Exercise Science and Fitness, 2006; 4(1): 1-14.
• Bangsbo J., Laia FM., Krustrup P. The Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test: A useful tool for evaluation of physical performance in intermittent sport. Sports Medicine, 2008; 38(1): 37-51.
• Barfield PJ., Sells PD., Rowe DA., Hannigan-Downs K. Pratice effect of the wingate anaerobic test. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2002; 16(3): 472-473.
• Bartlett R. Introduction to sports biomechanics: Analysing human movement patterns. Oxon: Routledge, 2007; 223-292.
• Bassett RD., Howley TE. Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance. Medicine Science in Sports Exercise, 2000; 32(1): 70-80.
• Beneke R., Pollmann C., Bleif I., Leithauser RM., Hütler M. How anaerobic is the wingate anaerobic test for humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2002; 87(4-5): 388-392.
• Bloomfield J., Polman R., O’Donogue P. Physical demands of different positions in FA Premier League soccer. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 2007; 6(1): 63-70.
• Bompa OT, Di Pasquale M., Cornacchia L. Serious strength training. United States: Human Kinetics, 2012; 259-270.
• Bradley LA., Ball ET. The wingate test: Effect of load on the power outputs of female athletes and nonathletes. Journal of Applied Sport Science Research, 1992; 6(4): 193-199.
• Bunc V., Psotta R. Functional characteristics of elite Czech female soccer players. Journal of Sports Science, 2004; 22(6): 528
• Bushnell T., Hunter I. Differences in technique between sprinters and distance runners at equal and maximal speeds. Sports Biomechanics, 2007; 6(3): 261-268.
• Camille T., Plowman SA., Looney MA. Reliability and validity of the anaerobic speed test and the field anaerobic shuttle test for measuring anaerobic work capacity in soccer players. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 2002; 6(3): 187-205.
• Can F., Yilmaz I, Erden Z. Morphological characteristics and performance variables of women soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2004; 18(3): 480-485.
• Castagna C. Impellizzeri MF., Chamari K., Carlomango D., Rampinini E. Aerobik fitness and Yo-Yo continuous and intermittent test performances in soccer players: A correlation study. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2006; 20(2): 320-325.
• Chia M. Assessing young people’s exercise using anaerobic performance tests. European Journal of Physical Education, 2000; 5(2): 231-258.
• Chia M., Armstrong N. Maximal intensity exercise (Ed: Armstrong N), Pediatric exercise physiology. China, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. 2007.
• Colquhoun D., Chad KE. Physiological characteristics of Australian female soccer players after a competitive season. Australian Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 1986; 18(3): 9-12.
• Cormie P., McCaulley GO., Triplett NT., McBride JM. Optimal loading for maximal power output during lower-body resistance exercises. Medicine Science and Sports Exercise, 2007; 39(2), 340-349.
• Crewther B., Cronin J., Koegh J. Possible stimuli for strength and power adaptation: Acute mechanical responses. Sports Medicine, 2006; 36(1): 65-78.
• Davies JA, Brewer J. Applied physiology of female soccer players. Sports Medicine, 1993; 16(3): 180-189.
• Dey SK., Jana S., Bandyopadhyay A. Effect of training on various anthropometric and physiological profiles of Indian national women soccer players. European Journal of Sport and Exercise Science, 2015; 4(1): 1-9.
• Evangelista M., Pandolfi O., Fanton F., Faina MA. Functional model of female soccer players: Analysis of functional characteristics. Journal of Sports Science, 1992; 10: 165.
• Fess E., Moran C. Clinical assessment recommendations. Indianapolis: American Society of Hand Therapists, 1981; 1-24.
• Getchell B. Physical fitness: A way of life’’, (2nd edition), New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 1979.
• Gabbett TJ., Mulvey MJ. Time-motion analysis of small-sided training games and competition in elite women soccer players. Journal of Strenght and Conditioning Research, 2008; 22(2): 543-552.
• Gambetta V. How to develop sport specific speed. Sports Coach, 1996; 19(3): 22-24.
• Göral K., Göral Ş. Examination of the relationship between sprint speed, vertical jump and strength parameters of female soccer players. MANAS Journal of Social Studies, 2015; 4(3): 116-123.
• Grant S., Corbett K., Amjadt MA., Wilson J., Aitchisont T. A Comparison of methods of predicting maximal oxygen uptake. British Journal of Sport Medicine, 1995; 29(3): 147-152.
• Haugen TA., Tonnessen E., Seiler S. Speed and countermovement-jump characteristics of elite female soccer players. International Journal of Sports Physiology Performances, 2012; 7(4): 340-349.
• Helgerud J., Hoff J., Wisløff U. Gender differences in strength and endurance of elite soccer players. Science and Football IV (Ed. Spinks, W., Reilly, T., Murphy A.) London Routledge: 2002; 382-402.
• Helgerud J., Hoydal K., Wang E., Karlsen T., Berg P., Bjeerkass M. Simonsen T., Helgesen C., Hjorth N., Bach R., Hoff J. Aerobic high-intensity interval improve VO2max more than moderate training. Medicine Science in Sports and Exercise, 2007; 39(4): 665-671.
• Hewitt A., Whiters R., Lyons K. Match analyses of Australian international female soccer players using an athletic tracking device. (ed. Reilly, T., Korkusuz, F.). Proceedings of the 6th world congress on science and football. Antalya, Turkey: Routledge, 2009; 224-228.
• Heyward VH. Advanced fitness assessment and exercise prescription. Champaign IL: Human Kinetics, 2006.
• Hoare DG., Warr CR. Talent identification and women’s soccer: An Australian experience. Journal of Sports Science, 2000; 18(9): 751-758.
• Hoff J. Training and testing physical capasities for elite football player. Journal of Sport Sciences, 2005; 23(6): 573-582.
• Hoffman JR., Kang J. Evaluation of a new anaerobic testing system. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2002; 16(1): 142-148.
• Inbar O., Bar-Or O., Skinner JS. The wingate anaerobic test. United State of America, Champaign IL, Human Kinetics, 1996.
• Inbar O., Chia M. Development of maximal anaerobic performance an old issue revisited (chapter 3), (Ed. Hebestreit H., Bar-Or O.), The young athlete, Singapore, Blackwell Publishing, 2008.
• Jensen K., Larsson B. Variations in physical capacity among the Danish national soccer team for women during a period of supplemental training. Journal of Sports Sciences, 1992; 10: 144-145.
• Kearney JT., Rundell KW., Wilber RL. Measurement of work and power in sport (chapter IV). (Ed. Garrett, W.E., Kirkendall, T.D.), Exercise and sport science, Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000.
• Kobayashi Y., Narazaki K., Akagi R., Nakagaki K., Kawamori N., Ohta K. Calculation of force and power during bench throws using a smith machine: The importance of considering the effect of counterweights. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 2013; 34(9): 820-824.
• Krustrup P., Mohr M., Amstrup T., Rysgaar T., Johansen J., Steensberg A., Pedersen P., Bangsbo J. The Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test: Physiological response, reliability, and validity. Medicine Sciences and Sports Exercise, 2003; 35(4): 697-705.
• Krustrup P., Mohr M., Ellingsgaar H., Bangsbo J. Physical demands during an elite female soccer game: Importance of training status. Medicine Sciences and Sports Exercise, 2005; 37(7): 1242-1248.
• Krustrup P., Zebis M., Jensen JM., Mohr M. Game-induced fatigue patterns in elite female soccer. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2010; 24(2): 437-441.
• Little T., Williams GA. Specifity of acceleration, maximal speed and agility in professional soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2005; 19(1): 76-78.
• Loturco I., Artioli GG., Kobal R., Gil S., Franchini E. Predicting punching acceleration from selected strength and power variables in elite karate athletes: A multiple regression analysis. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2014; 28(7): 1826-1832.
• Loturco I., D’Angelo RA., Fernandes V., Gil S., Kobal R., CalAbad CC., Kitamura K., Nakamura FY. Relationship between sprint ability and loaded/unloaded jump tests in elite sprinters. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2015; 29(3), 758-764.
• Mackenzie B. 101 Performance Evaluation Tests, London: Electric Word Plc, 2015.
• Man CT. Validation of a new-developed soccer specific field test in female soccer players (Unpublished Thesis), Physical Education and Recreaction Management, Hong Kong Baptist University, 2009.
• Martinez-Luganas V., Coyle EF. Validity of the 1beep test’’ in estimating VO2max among female college soccer players. Medicine Sciences and Sports Exercise, 2006; 38(5): 509.
• Martinez-Lagunas V., Gotz JK., Niessen M., Hermsdorf M., Hartmann U. Aerobic characteristics of german female soccer players of two different competitive levels. Final program of the 60th Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Indianapolis. 2013; 139.
• Martinez-Lagunas V., Hartmann U. Validity of the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 for direct measurement or indirect estimation of maximal oxygen uptake in female soccer players. International Journal of Sports Physiology Performance, 2014; 9(5): 825-831.
• Martinez-Luganas V., Niessen M., Hartmann U. A Women’s football: Player characteristics and demands of the game. Journal of Sport and Health Sceince, 2014; 3(4): 258-272.
• McCurdy WK., Walker LJ., Langford AG., Kutz RM., Guerrero MJ., McMillan J. The relationship between kinematic determinants of jump and sprint performance in division I women soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2010; 24(12): 3200-3208.
• Milanovic Z., Sporis G., Trajkovic N. Differences in body composite and physical match performance in female soccer players according to team position. 6th INSHS International Christmas Sport Scientific Conference, Hungary, 2011; 67-72.
• Miles A., MacLaren D., Reilly T., Yamanaka K. An analysis of physiological strain in four a side women’s soccer. Science and Football II (Ed. Reilly, T., Clarys, J., Stibbe, A.), London: 1993; 140-145.
• Mohr M., Krustrup P., Andersson H., Kırkendal D., Bangsbo J. Match activities of elite women soccer players at different performance levels. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2008; 22(2): 341-349.
• Mujika I., Santisteban J., Impellizzeri FM., Castagna C. Fitness determinants of success in men’s and women’s football. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2009; 27(2): 107-114.
• Newton RU., Kraemer JW. Developing explosive muscular power: Implications for a mixed methods training strategy. Strength and Conditioning, 1994;16(5), 20-31.
• Nikolaidis PT. Physical fitness in female soccer players by player position: A focus on anaerobic power. Human Movement, 2014; 15(2): 74-79.
• Nikolaidis PT. Weight status and physical fitness in female soccer players: is there an optimal BMI. Sport Science of Health, 2014; 10(1): 41-48.
• Nobelsick-Gullett LJ., Housh TJ., Johnson GO., Bauge SM. A comparison between methods of measuring anaerobic work capacity. Ergonomics, 1988; 31(10): 1413-1419.
• Ostojic MS. Physical and physiological characteristics of elite Serbian soccer players. Physical Education and Sport, 2010; 1(7): 23-29.
• Özkan A., Köklü Y., Ersöz G. Wingate anaerobic power test. International Journal of Human Sciences, 2010; 7(1): 207-224.
• Parsons LS., Jones MT. Development of speed, agility and quickness for tennis athletes. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 1998; 20(3): 14-19.
• Perez-Gomez J., Rodrigez GV., Ara I., Olmedillas H., Chavarren J, Gonzalaez-Henriquez JJ., Dorado C., Calbet JAL. Role of muscle mass on sprint performance: Gender differences. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2008; 102(6): 685-694.
• Polman R., Walsh D., Bloomfield J., Nesti M. Effective conditioning of female soccer players. Journal of Sport Sciences, 2004; 22(2): 191-203.
• Plowman AS., Smith LD. Exercise physiology for health, fitness and performance. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams / Wilkins, 2008.
• Rampinini E., Bishop D., Marcora S., Bravo FD., Sassi R., Impellizzeri F. Validity of simple field tests as indicators of match-related physical performance in top-level professional soccer players. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 2007; 28(3): 228-235.
• Reilly T., Thomas V. A motion analysis of work-rate in different positional roles in professional football match-play. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 1976; 2: 87-97.
• Reilly T. Energetics of high intensity exercise (soccer) with particular reference to fatigue. Journal of Sport Sciences, 1997; 15: 257-263.
• Reilly T., Bangsbo J., Franks A. Anthropometric and physiological predispositions for elite soccer. Journal of Sport Sciences, 2000; 18(9): 669-683.
• Rhodes EC., Mosher RE. Aerobic and anaerobic characteristics of elite female university players. Journal of Sport Sciences, 1992; 10: 143-144.
• Rienzi E., Drust B., Reilly T., Carter JEL., Martin A. Investigation of anthropometric and work-rate profiles of elite South American international soccer players. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 2000; 40(2): 162-169.
• Ronnestad B., Kvamme N., Sunde A., Raastad T. Short-term effects of strength and plyometric training on sprint and jump performance in professional soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2008; 22(3): 773-780.
• Sale DG. Neural adaptation to strength training. (Ed. Komi, P.V.). Strength and power in sport. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2003; 281-314.
• Sanchez-Medina L., Perez CE., Gonzales-Badillo JJ. Importance of the propulsive phase in strength assessment. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 2010; 31(2): 123-129.
• Sanchez-Medina L., Gonzales-Badillo JJ., Perez CE., Garcia-Pallares J. Velocity and power-load relationship of the bench pull vs. bench press xxercises. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 2014; 35(3): 209-216.
• Sevim, Y. Antrenman Bilgisi. Nobel Yayınları, Ankara: 2007; 380-381.
• Sezgin E., Cihan H., Can İ. Comparison of the aerobic power performances and recovery times according to playing positions of elite women football players. Spormetre, 2011; 9(4): 125-130.
• Sheppard JM., Young WB. Agility literature review: Classifications, training and testing. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2006; 24(9): 919-932.
• Sjökvist J., Laurent MC., Richardson M., Curtner-Smith M., Hans-Christer H., Bishop PA. Recovery from high intensity training sessions in female soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2011; 25(6): 1726-1735.
• Smith R., Ford RK., Myer DG., Holleran A., Treadway E., Hewett ET. Biomechanical and performance differences between female soccer athletes in national collegiate athletic association divisions I and III. Journal of Athletic Training, 2007; 42(4): 470-476.
• Sproule J., Kunalan C., McNeill M., Wright H. Validity of 20-MST for predicting VO2max of adult Singaporean athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 1993; 27(3): 202-204.
• Stolen T., Chamari K., Castagna C., Wisloff U. Physiology of soccer. Sport Medicine, 2005; 35(6): 501-536.
• Stone MH., Sanborn K., O'Bryant HS., Hartman M., Stone ME, Proulx C., Ward B., Hruby J. Maximum strength-power-performance relationships in college throwers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2003; 17(4): 739-745.
• Tamer K., Gunay M., Tiryaki G., Cicioolu İ., Erol E. Physiological characteristics of Turkish female soccer players. Science and Football III (Ed. Reilly, T., Bangsbo, J., Hughes, M.), London: 1997; 37-39.
• Thomas C., Plowman SS., Looney MA. Reliability and validity of the anaerobic speed test and the field anaerobic shuttle test for measuring anaerobic work capacity in soccer players. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 2002; 6(3): 187-205.
• Todd MK., Scott D., Chisnall PJ. Fitness characteristics of England female soccer players: An analysis by position and playing standart. Science and Football IV (Ed. Spinks, W., Reilly, T., Murphy, A.) London Routledge: 2002; 374-381.
• Tumilty D., Darby S. Physiological characteristics of Australian female soccer players. Journal of Sport Sciences, 1992; 10: 145.
• Twist PW., Benickly D. Conditioning lateral movements for multi-sport athletes: Practical strength and quickness drills. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 1996; 18(5): 10-19.
• Vescodi JD., McGuigan MR. Relationships between sprinting, agility, and jump ability in female athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2008; 26(1): 97-107.
• Wisloff U., Castagna C., Helgerud J., Jones R., Hoff J. Strong correlation of maximal squat strength with sprint performance and vertical jump height in elite soccer players. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2004; 38(3): 285-288.
• Young W., Mclean B., Ardagna J. Relationship between strength qualities and sprinting performance. Journal of Sport Medicine and Physical Fittness, 1995; 35(1): 13-19.
• Young WB., James R., Montgomery I. Is muscle power related to speed with changes of direction. Journal of Sport Medicine, 2002; 42(3): 282-288.
• Zatsiorsky VM. Kinematics of human motion. United States: Human Kinetics, 1998; 148-192.