Assessment of Eccentric-Concentric Exercises Applied in Different Resistances in Terms of Strength

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1, 73 - 80, 30.04.2022

Ali Tatlıcı , Oktay Çakmakçı

Öz

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of eccentric-concentric exercises applied at different resistances on strength parameters. Thirty-five sedentary volunteers participating in the study were divided into 4 groups by the stratified randomization method according to their mean strength parameters. These groups were named as control group (CG) (age 21.00 ± 2.44 years, height 178.13 ± 6.83 cm, body weight 80.13 ± 12.14 kg), eccentric group (EG) (age 22.22 ± 2.99 year, height 178.22 ± 5.95 cm, body weight 71.22 ± 9.36 kg), con-eccentric group (CEG) (age 21.22 ± 2.86 year, height 177.22 ± 4.68 cm, body weight 71.89 ± 13.93 kg) and modified con-eccentric group (MCEG) (age 21.67 ± 2.59 year, height 177.00 ± 4.30 cm, body weight 75.22 ± 8.16 kg). During the 8-week training period, 4 sets of leg extension exercises with different loads were applied to the training groups 3 days a week. Isokinetic strength outputs were measured both concentrically and eccentrically at 60°s-1 ve 180°s-1 angular velocities with the Cybex device. SPSS 24 package program was used in the statistical analysis of the data. For normally distributed data, paired sample t-test was used in paired comparisons, and a one-way ANOVA test was used for comparison between three or more groups. Tukey and Dunnett's T3 (non-homogeneous) test was used among the post hoc tests. Wilcoxon test (paired comparisons) and Kruskal-Wallis test were used for nonparametric data. When the intragroup comparisons were examined before and after the training period, it was found that the isokinetic strength outputs of EG, CEG, and MCEG showed a significant increase in all contractions and angular velocities (p<0.05), but no parameters increased in CG (p>0.05). When the isokinetic pre-test strength parameters between the groups were compared, no significant difference was found (p>0.05). While only MCEG increased significantly in 180°s-1 concentric strength outputs, 60°s-1 and 180°s-1 eccentric strength output increased significantly in both MCEG and EG compared to CG (p<0.05). As a result, when the strength tests are considered, although the general strength development is seen mostly in MKEG, no statistically significant difference was found between training groups. It is recommended to determine the load in the eccentric phases of the exercises by the eccentric 1RM (repetition maximum), at least as a result of this research, to generate more strength development rates while applying strength training.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Eccentric, Contraction, Concentric, Strength

Proje Numarası

2018-öyp-015

Kaynakça

• Bamman, M. M., Shipp, J. R., Jiang, J., Gower, B. A., Hunter, G. R., Goodman, A., ... & Urban, R. J. (2001). Mechanical load increases muscle IGF-I and androgen receptor mRNA concentrations in humans. American journal of physiology-endocrinology and metabolism, 280(3), E383-E390.
• Blazevich, A. J., Cannavan, D., Coleman, D. R., & Horne, S. (2007). Influence of concentric and eccentric resistance training on architectural adaptation in human quadriceps muscles. Journal of Applied Physiology.
• Colliander, E. B., & Tesch, P. A. (1990). Effects of eccentric and concentric muscle actions in resistance training. Acta physiologica scandinavica, 140(1), 31-39.
• Douglas J, Pearson S, Ross A, McGuigan M, 2017. Chronic adaptations to eccentric training: a systematic review. Sports Med., 47, 5, 917-41.
• Drury, D. G., Stuempfle, K. J., Mason, C. W., & Girman, J. C. (2006). The effects of isokinetic contraction velocity on concentric and eccentric strength of the biceps brachii. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20(2), 390.
• Duchateau, J., & Enoka, R. M. (2016). Neural control of lengthening contractions. Journal of Experimental Biology, 219(2), 197-204
• Duncan, P. W., Chandler, J. M., Cavanaugh, D. K., Johnson, K. R., & Buehler, A. G. (1989). Mode and speed specificity of eccentric and concentric exercise training. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 11(2), 70-75.
• Enoka, R. M. (1995). Morphological features and activation patterns of motor units. Journal of clinical neurophysiology: official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society, 12(6), 538-559.
• Friedmann-Bette, B., Bauer, T., Kinscherf, R., Vorwald, S., Klute, K., Bischoff, D., ... & Billeter, R. (2010). Effects of strength training with eccentric overload on muscle adaptation in male athletes. European journal of applied physiology, 108(4), 821-836.
• Garber, C. E., Blissmer, B., Deschenes, M. R., Franklin, B. A., Lamonte, M. J., Lee, I. M., ... & Swain, D. P. (2011). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 43(7), 1334-1359.
• 1García-López, D., De Paz, J. A., Moneo, E., Jiménez-Jiménez, R., Bresciani, G., & Izquierdo, M. (2007). Effects of short vs. long rest period between sets on elbow-flexor muscular endurance during resistance training to failure. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(4), 1320-1324.
• Godard, M. P., Wygand, J. W., Carpinelli, R. N., Catalano, S., & Otto, R. M. (1998). Effects of accentuated eccentric resistance training on concentric knee extensor strength. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 12, 26-29.
• Gross, M., Lüthy, F., Kröll, J., Müller, E., Hoppeler, H., & Vogt, M. (2010). Effects of eccentric cycle ergometry in alpine skiers. International journal of sports medicine, 31(08), 572-576.
• Hawkins, S. A., Schroeder, E. T., Wiswell, R. A., Jaque, S. V., Marcell, T. J., & Costa. (1999). Eccentric muscle action increases site-specific osteogenic response. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 31(9), 1287-1292.
• Higbie, E. J., Cureton, K. J., Warren III, G. L., & Prior, B. M. (1996). Effects of concentric and eccentric training on muscle strength, cross-sectional area, and neural activation. Journal of applied physiology.
• Hollander, D. B., Kilpatrick, M. W., Ramadan, Z. G., Reeves, G. V., Francois, M., Blakeney, A., ... & Kraemer, R. R. (2008). Load rather than contraction type influences rate of perceived exertion and pain. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(4), 1184-1193.
• Hollander, D. B., Kraemer, R. R., Kilpatrick, M. W., Ramadan, Z. G., Reeves, G. V., Francois, M., & Tryniecki, J. L. (2007). Maximal eccentric and concentric strength discrepancies between young men and women for dynamic resistance exercise. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(1), 37-40.
• Hortobágyi, T., Dempsey, L., Fraser, D., Zheng, D., Hamilton, G., Lambert, J., & Dohm, L. (2000). Changes in muscle strength, muscle fibre size and myofibrillar gene expression after immobilization and retraining in humans. The Journal of physiology, 524(1), 293-304.
• Kaminski, T. W., Wabbersen, C. V., & Murphy, R. M. (1998). Concentric versus enhanced eccentric hamstring strength training: clinical implications. Journal of athletic training, 33(3), 216.
• Kelly Jr, S. B. (2013). Comparison of Concentric and Eccentric Bench Press. Arizona State University.
• Kraemer, R. R., & Castracane, V. D. (2015). Endocrine alterations from concentric vs. eccentric muscle actions: a brief review. Metabolism, 64(2), 190-201.
• Kraemer, R. R., Hollander, D. B., Reeves, G. V., Francois, M., Ramadan, Z. G., Meeker, B., ... & Castracane, V. D. (2006). Similar hormonal responses to concentric and eccentric muscle actions using relative loading. European journal of applied physiology, 96(5), 551-557.
• Lindstedt SL, LaStayo P, Reich T, 2001. When active muscles lengthen: properties and consequences of eccentric contractions. Physiology, 16, 6, 256-61.
• McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL, 2010. Exercise physiology: nutrition, energy, and human performance, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, p.
• Miller, L. E., Pierson, L. M., Nickols-Richardson, S. M., Wootten, D. F., Selmon, S. E., Ramp, W. K., & Herbert, W. G. (2006). Knee extensor and flexor torque development with concentric and eccentric isokinetic training. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 77(1), 58-63.
• Monroy, J. A., Powers, K. L., Gilmore, L. A., Uyeno, T. A., Lindstedt, S. L., & Nishikawa, K. C. (2012). What is the role of titin in active muscle?. Exercise and sport sciences reviews, 40(2), 73-78.
• Morgan, R. S. (1977). Actin rotates as myosin translates. Journal of theoretical biology, 67(4), 769-771.
• Nishikawa, K. C., Monroy, J. A., Uyeno, T. E., Yeo, S. H., Pai, D. K., & Lindstedt, S. L. (2012). Is titin a ‘winding filament’? A new twist on muscle contraction. Proceedings of the royal society B: Biological sciences, 279(1730), 981-990.
• Plowman SA, Smith DL, 2013. Exercise physiology for health fitness and performance, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, p.
• Roig, M., O’Brien, K., Kirk, G., Murray, R., McKinnon, P., Shadgan, B., & Reid, W. D. (2009). The effects of eccentric versus concentric resistance training on muscle strength and mass in healthy adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis. British journal of sports medicine, 43(8), 556-568.
• Seger, J. Y., Arvidsson, B., Thorstensson, A., & Seger, J. Y. (1998). Specific effects of eccentric and concentric training on muscle strength and morphology in humans. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, 79(1), 49-57.
• Suchomel, T. J., Nimphius, S., Bellon, C. R., & Stone, M. H. (2018). The importance of muscular strength: training considerations. Sports medicine, 48(4), 765-785.
• Tatlıcı A, 2017. Elit boksörlerde akut besinsel nitrat takviyesinin anaerobik güç üzerine etkisi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
• Tomberlin, J. P., Basford, J. R., Schwen, E. E., Orte, P. A., Scott, S. G., Laughman, R. K., & Ilstrup, D. M. (1991). Comparative study of isokinetic eccentric and concentric quadriceps training. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 14(1), 31-36.
• Unlu G, Cevikol C, Tuba M, 2020. Comparison of the effects of eccentric, concentric, and eccentric-concentric isotonic resistance training at two velocities on strength and muscle hypertrophy. Journal of strength and conditioning research: the research journal of the NSCA, 34, 2, 337-44.
• Vogt, M., & Hoppeler, H. H. (2014). Eccentric exercise: mechanisms and effects when used as training regime or training adjunct. Journal of applied Physiology.