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The Effect of 3 Breathing Techniques on 25 m Freestyle Swimming Performance Level in Swimming Branch

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 3, 574 - 583, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1498030

Öz

The purpose of the study; It is aimed to evaluate different breathing techniques such as mouth-to-mouth exhale, mouth-to-nose exhale and mouth-to-mouth and nose exhale to determine which one may have more effect on swimming performance. 16 female participants who joined swimming training for 1 year were determined as the study group. This group was called (age 24.441.09 years, height 166.065.85cm, weight 58.193.22 body). The exercise program applied for 120 minutes, for 2 days a week and lasted 8 weeks. There were 4 techniques (freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly) with varying movements of each technique, with different breathing methods within each training unit. These breathing methods were mouth-to-mouth exhale (MM), mouth-to-nose exhale (MN) and mouth-to-mouth and nose exhale (MMN). These breathing methods were planned and practiced. Windows Excel and SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) 25.0 computer programs were used to analyze the data from the research. Numerical variables are expressed as percentages and mean ± standard deviation. Skewness and kurtosis values were examined to determine whether the data obtained showed a normal distribution or not. In this context, the -2, +2 skewness and kurtosis values determined by George and Mallery (10) were taken into account and it was determined that the distribution was normal. Since the data showed normal distribution, Paired-Sample T test, which is one of the parametric tests, was used to compare dependent variables within groups. One Way Anova test was used for intergroup comparison. The significance level was accepted as (p<0.05). When intergroup comparisons before and after training were examined, no statistically significant difference was found between pre-test and post-test values in the MM group regarding possible effects on 25-meter freestyle swimming performances (p>0.05). On the other hand, in the intergroup comparisons made in the MN and MMN groups, an improvement of 1.01% and. 99%, respectively, was observed and the differences were found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). In the intergroup comparison between the pre-test and post-test values of MM, MN and MMN groups, no statistically significant difference was found (p>0.05).
In conclusion; No statistically significant difference was found between 3 different breathing techniques within the training group. In order to reveal this difference, it is recommended to increase and expand the intensity and scope of training time in different studies. Statistically significant differences were found between the pre-and post-test breathing types of inhaling through the mouth (IM), exhaling through the nose (EN), and inhaling through the mouth (IM) and exhaling through both mouth and nose (EMN), thus revealing that they could significantly affect performance.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Adam EK, Kumari M. Assessing salivary cortisol in large-scale, epidemiological research. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2009; 34(10): 1423-1436.
  • 2. Aliverti A. The respiratory muscles during exercise. Breathe, 2006; 12(2): 165-168.
  • 3. Ambareesha K, Rao BM, Suresh M, Ranı KS, Chandrasekar M. Effect of yogic exercise on static spirometery values in normal healthy individuals, 2020; 6: 2682–2684.
  • 4. Burtch AR, Ogle BT, Sims PA, Harms CA, Symons TB, Folz RJ, Zavorsky GS. Controlled frequency breathing reduces inspiratory muscle fatigue. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2017; 31(5): 1273-1281.
  • 5. Dicker SG, Lofthus GK, Thornton NW, Brooks GA. Bağlı kontrollü frekanslı solunum yüzmeye solunum ve kalp atış hızı tepkileri. Med Sci S1980por Egzersizi, 1980; 12: 20-23.
  • 6. Edward SD. A psychology of breathing metods. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 2005; 7(4): 28-34.
  • 7. Eisenegger C, Haushofer J, Fehr E. The role of testosterone in social interaction. Trends in cognitive sciences, 2011; 15(6): 263-271.
  • 8. Formosa DP, Sayers MG, Burkett B. Anlık bir net sürükleme kuvveti profili kullanarak önden taramalı yüzmede nefes alma eylemi sırasında vuruş koordinasyonunun ölçülmesi. Spor bilimleri dergisi, 2014; 32(18): 1729-1737.
  • 9. Fox BF, 1999. Beden Eğitimi ve Sporun Fizyolojik Temelleri, Cerit M (Çeviri), Bağırgan Yayınevi, 2010: 241-266, Ankara.
  • 10. George D, Mallery P. SPSS for Windows step by step. A simple study guide and reference (10. Baskı). In GEN, Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc, 2010.
  • 11. Gray TO, Pritchett R, Pritchett K, Burnham T. Yarış Öncesi Derin Nefes Alma, NCAA Kadın Yüzücülerin 50 ve 100 m Yüzme Performansını İyileştirir. Yüzme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2018; 26.
  • 12. Hakked CS, Balakrishnan R, Krishnamurthy MN. Yogic breathing practices improve lung functions of competitive young swimmers. Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine, 2017; 8(2): 99-104.
  • 13. Ito K, Nonaka K, Ogaya S, Ogi A, Matsunaka C, Horie J. Surface electromyography activity of the rectus abdominis, internal oblique, and external oblique muscles during forced expiration in healthy adults. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 2016; 28: 76-81.
  • 14. Jakovljevic DG, McConnell AK. Influence of different breathing frequencies on the severity of inspiratory muscle fatigue induced by high-intensity front crawl swimming. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2009; 23(4): 1169-1174.
  • 15. Kesavachandran C, Nair HR, Shashidhar S. Lung volumes in swimmers performing different styles of swimming. Indian Journal of Medicine Science, 2001; 55(12): 669-676.
  • 16. Key, M. A., Eschbach, C. L., & Bunn, J. A. (2014). Assessment of the effects of controlled frequency breathing on lactate levels in swimming. J Athl Enhancement, 2014; 3(5): 2.
  • 17. Kift J, Williams EM. The respiratory time and flow profile at volitional exercise termination. Journal of sports sciences, 2007; 25(14): 1599-1606.
  • 18. Lavin KM, Guenette JA, Smoliga JM, Zavorsky GS. Controlled‐frequency breath swimming improves swimming performance and running economy. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 2015; 25(1): 16-24.
  • 19. Leahy MG, Summers MN, Peters CM, Molgat-Seon Y, Geary CM, Sheel AW. The mechanics of breathing during swimming. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 2019; 51(7): 1467-1476.
  • 20. Lindholm P, Wylegala J, Pendergast DR, Lundgren CEG. Resistive respiratory muscle training improves and maintains endurance swimming performance in divers. Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine, 2007; 34(3): 169.
  • 21. Linsenbardt ST, Thomas TR, Madsen RW. Effect of breathing techniques on blood pressure response to resistance exercise. British journal of sports medicine, 1992; 26(2): 97-100.
  • 22. Manenschijn L, Koper JW, Lamberts SW, Van Rossum EF. Evaluation of a method to measure long term cortisol levels. Steroids, 2011; 76(10-11): 1032-1036.
  • 23. McCabe CB, Sanders RH, Psycharakis SG. Upper limb kinematic differences between breathing and non- breathing conditions in front crawl sprint swimming. Journal of Biomechanics, 2015; 48(15): 3995-4001.
  • 24. Murlasits Z, Laszlo S, Prokai J, Sebesi B, Scherer J, Tovari F, Vaczi M. Physiological responses to an incremental swim test with different breathing frequencies in competitive male youth swimmers. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 2023; 23(3): 697-703.
  • 25. Naranjo J, Centeno RA, Galiano D, Beaus M. A nomogram for assessment of breathing patterns during treadmill exercise. British journal of sports medicine, 2005;39(2): 80-83.
  • 26. Öcal T, Göncü BS. Sporda Mücadele ve Tehdit Algısı ile Brunel Ruh Hali Arasındaki İlişki. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2023; 6(1): 215-224.
  • 27. Penelope L. Updating the principles of the Pilates method-Part 2. Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies, 2002; 2(6): 94-101.
  • 28. Psycharakis, S. G., & McCabe, C. (2011). Shoulder and hip roll differences between breathing and non- breathing conditions in front crawl swimming. Journal of Biomechanics, 44(9), 1752-1756.
  • 29. Sable M, Vaidya SM, Sable SS. Comparative study of lung functions in swimmers and runners. Indian Journal Physiol Pharmacol. 2012; 56(1): pp.100-4.
  • 30. Saibene F, Mognoni P, Lafortuna CL, Mostardi R. Oronasal breathing during exercise. Pflügers Archiv, 1978; 378: 65-69.
  • 31. Salazar-Martínez E, De Matos TR, Arrans P, Santalla A, Orellana JN. Ventilatory efficiency response is unaffected by fitness level, ergometer type, age or body mass index in male athletes. Biology of sport, 2018; 35(4): 393-398.
  • 32. Sever MO, Bayrakdaroğlu S, Şenel E, Koç M. 12–15 yaş müsabık yüzme sporcularının solunum parametrelerinin müsabaka dereceleri ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 2021; 10(3): 560-567.
  • 33. Sheel AW, Taylor JL, Katayama K. The hyperpnoea of exercise in health: Respiratory influences on neurovascular control. Experimental Physiology, 2020; 105(12): 1984-1989.
  • 34. Stavrou V, Voutselas V, Karetsi E, Gourgoulianis KI. Acute responses of breathing techniques in maximal inspiratory pressure. Sport sciences for health, 2018; 14: 91-95.
  • 35. Tan M, Liang Y, Lv W, Ren H, Cai Q. The effects of inspiratory muscle training on swimming performance: A study on the cohort of swimming specialization students. Physiology & Behavior, 2023; 271: 114347.
  • 36. Town, GP, Vanness JM. Yarışmacı yüzücülerde kontrollü solunum sıklığına metabolik tepkiler. Med Sci Spor Egzersizi, 1990; 22: 112-116.
  • 37. Tutal V, Göncü BS. Duygusal zeka ve spor. Dr. Öğretim Üyesi Mustafa TÜRKMEN, Dr. Öğretim Üyesi Mehmet Şerif ÖKMEN (Editörler), Spor bilimleri alanında özgün araştırmalar, EĞİTİM Yayınevi İstanbul, 2023; 5-15.
  • 38. Vezos N, Gourgoulis V, Aggeloussis N, Kasimatis P, Christoforidis C, Mavromatis G. Solunum ve nefes tutan ön taramalı yüzme sırasında su altı vuruş kinematiği. Spor bilimi ve tıbbı dergisi, 2007; 6 (1): 58.
  • 39. Vyacheslavovna PN, Andreevna RE. Correct breathing in water as the main component of teaching swimming children with mental disorders. Педагогико-психологические и медико-биологические проблемы физической культуры и спорта, 2020; 15(3 (eng)): 23-27.
  • 40. Wallden M. The diaphragm–more than an inspired design. Journal of bodywork and movement therapies, 2017; 21(2): 342-349.
  • 41. Welch JF, Kipp S, Sheel AW. Respiratory muscles during exercise: mechanics, energetics, and fatigue. Current Opinion in Physiology, 2019; 10: 102-109.
  • 42. Woorons X, Gamelin FX, Lamberto C, Pichon A, Richalet JP. Swimmers can train in hypoxia at sea level through voluntary hypoventilation. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, 2014; 190: 33-39.
  • 43. Xie Y, Bowe B, Li T, Xian H, Yan Y, Al-Aly Z. Higher blood urea nitrogen is associated with increased risk of incident diabetes mellitus. Kidney international, 2018; 93(3): 741-752.

Yüzme Branşında 3 Nefes Tekniğinin 25 m Serbest Teknik Yüzme Performansı Düzeyine Etkisi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 3, 574 - 583, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1498030

Öz

Çalışmanın amacı; farklı nefes tekniklerinin ağızdan al ağızdan ver, ağızdan al burundan ver, ağızdan al ağız-burun birlikte ver, hangisinin yüzme performansı üzerine daha etki olabileceğinin tespiti yönünde değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmaya 1 yıldır yüzme antrenmanlarına katılan 16 kadın katılımcı çalışma grubu olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu grup (yaş 24,441,09yıl, boy 166,065,85cm kilo 58,193,22 vücut) olarak adlandırıldı. Uygulanacak olan egzersiz programında 8 hafta boyunca, haftada 2 gün 120 dk. 4 teknik olan (serbest, sırt üstü, kurbağalama, kelebek) her tekniğin değişen diriller içeriğinde hazırlanan programlar, her antrenman birimi içerisinde farklı nefes yöntemleri olan; Ağızdan al Ağızdan ver (AA), Ağızdan al Burundan ver (AB), Ağızdan al Ağız-Burun birlikte ver (AAB) bu nefes yöntemleri planlanarak antrenmanlar uygulatılmıştır. Yapılan araştırmadan elde edilen verilerin istatistiksel analizi için Windows Excel ve SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) 25.0 bilgisayar programları kullanılmıştır. Sayısal değişkenler, yüzde ve ortalama ± standart sapma olarak ifade edilmiştir. Elde edilen verilerin normal dağılım gösterip göstermediğini belirlemek için çarpıklık basıklık değerleri incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda George ve Mallery (10) tarafından belirlen -2, +2 çarpıklık basıklık değerleri dikkate alınmış ve dağılımın normal olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Veriler normal dağılım gösterdiği için, grup içi bağımlı değişkenlerin karşılaştırılmasında parametrik testlerden Paired-Sample T testi, gruplar arası karşılaştırmada ise One Way Anova testi kullanılmıştır. Anlamlılık düzeyi p<0,05 olarak kabul edilmiştir. Antrenman öncesi ve sonrası grup içi karşılaştırmalar incelendiğinde, 25 metre serbest yüzme performansları üzerindeki olası etkiler üzere AA grubunda ön-test ve son-test değerleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık tespit edilmemiştir (p>0,05). Buna karşın AB ve AAB gruplarında yapılan grup içi karşılaştırmalarda sırasıyla %1.01 ve %.99 gelişme gözlemlenmiş ve elde edilen farklar istatistiksel olarak anlamlı tespit edilmiştir (p<0,05). AA, AB ve AAB gruplarının ön-test ve son-test değerleri arasında yapılan gruplar arası karşılaştırmada ise istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık tespit edilmemiştir (p>0,05).
Sonuç olarak; Antrenman grubu içerisinde 3 farklı nefes tekniği arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunamadı. Bu farklılığı ortaya koyabilmek için antrenman süresi şiddeti ve kapsamının farklı çalışmalarda arttırılması ve genişletilmesi önerilmektedir. Nefesi ağızdan al burundan ver ve ağızdan al ağız burun birlikte nefes ver nefes tipinin ön ve son test arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılıklar bulunmuştur böylelikle de performansı önemli ölçüde etkileyebileceği ortaya koyulmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Adam EK, Kumari M. Assessing salivary cortisol in large-scale, epidemiological research. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2009; 34(10): 1423-1436.
  • 2. Aliverti A. The respiratory muscles during exercise. Breathe, 2006; 12(2): 165-168.
  • 3. Ambareesha K, Rao BM, Suresh M, Ranı KS, Chandrasekar M. Effect of yogic exercise on static spirometery values in normal healthy individuals, 2020; 6: 2682–2684.
  • 4. Burtch AR, Ogle BT, Sims PA, Harms CA, Symons TB, Folz RJ, Zavorsky GS. Controlled frequency breathing reduces inspiratory muscle fatigue. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2017; 31(5): 1273-1281.
  • 5. Dicker SG, Lofthus GK, Thornton NW, Brooks GA. Bağlı kontrollü frekanslı solunum yüzmeye solunum ve kalp atış hızı tepkileri. Med Sci S1980por Egzersizi, 1980; 12: 20-23.
  • 6. Edward SD. A psychology of breathing metods. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 2005; 7(4): 28-34.
  • 7. Eisenegger C, Haushofer J, Fehr E. The role of testosterone in social interaction. Trends in cognitive sciences, 2011; 15(6): 263-271.
  • 8. Formosa DP, Sayers MG, Burkett B. Anlık bir net sürükleme kuvveti profili kullanarak önden taramalı yüzmede nefes alma eylemi sırasında vuruş koordinasyonunun ölçülmesi. Spor bilimleri dergisi, 2014; 32(18): 1729-1737.
  • 9. Fox BF, 1999. Beden Eğitimi ve Sporun Fizyolojik Temelleri, Cerit M (Çeviri), Bağırgan Yayınevi, 2010: 241-266, Ankara.
  • 10. George D, Mallery P. SPSS for Windows step by step. A simple study guide and reference (10. Baskı). In GEN, Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc, 2010.
  • 11. Gray TO, Pritchett R, Pritchett K, Burnham T. Yarış Öncesi Derin Nefes Alma, NCAA Kadın Yüzücülerin 50 ve 100 m Yüzme Performansını İyileştirir. Yüzme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2018; 26.
  • 12. Hakked CS, Balakrishnan R, Krishnamurthy MN. Yogic breathing practices improve lung functions of competitive young swimmers. Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine, 2017; 8(2): 99-104.
  • 13. Ito K, Nonaka K, Ogaya S, Ogi A, Matsunaka C, Horie J. Surface electromyography activity of the rectus abdominis, internal oblique, and external oblique muscles during forced expiration in healthy adults. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 2016; 28: 76-81.
  • 14. Jakovljevic DG, McConnell AK. Influence of different breathing frequencies on the severity of inspiratory muscle fatigue induced by high-intensity front crawl swimming. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2009; 23(4): 1169-1174.
  • 15. Kesavachandran C, Nair HR, Shashidhar S. Lung volumes in swimmers performing different styles of swimming. Indian Journal of Medicine Science, 2001; 55(12): 669-676.
  • 16. Key, M. A., Eschbach, C. L., & Bunn, J. A. (2014). Assessment of the effects of controlled frequency breathing on lactate levels in swimming. J Athl Enhancement, 2014; 3(5): 2.
  • 17. Kift J, Williams EM. The respiratory time and flow profile at volitional exercise termination. Journal of sports sciences, 2007; 25(14): 1599-1606.
  • 18. Lavin KM, Guenette JA, Smoliga JM, Zavorsky GS. Controlled‐frequency breath swimming improves swimming performance and running economy. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 2015; 25(1): 16-24.
  • 19. Leahy MG, Summers MN, Peters CM, Molgat-Seon Y, Geary CM, Sheel AW. The mechanics of breathing during swimming. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 2019; 51(7): 1467-1476.
  • 20. Lindholm P, Wylegala J, Pendergast DR, Lundgren CEG. Resistive respiratory muscle training improves and maintains endurance swimming performance in divers. Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine, 2007; 34(3): 169.
  • 21. Linsenbardt ST, Thomas TR, Madsen RW. Effect of breathing techniques on blood pressure response to resistance exercise. British journal of sports medicine, 1992; 26(2): 97-100.
  • 22. Manenschijn L, Koper JW, Lamberts SW, Van Rossum EF. Evaluation of a method to measure long term cortisol levels. Steroids, 2011; 76(10-11): 1032-1036.
  • 23. McCabe CB, Sanders RH, Psycharakis SG. Upper limb kinematic differences between breathing and non- breathing conditions in front crawl sprint swimming. Journal of Biomechanics, 2015; 48(15): 3995-4001.
  • 24. Murlasits Z, Laszlo S, Prokai J, Sebesi B, Scherer J, Tovari F, Vaczi M. Physiological responses to an incremental swim test with different breathing frequencies in competitive male youth swimmers. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 2023; 23(3): 697-703.
  • 25. Naranjo J, Centeno RA, Galiano D, Beaus M. A nomogram for assessment of breathing patterns during treadmill exercise. British journal of sports medicine, 2005;39(2): 80-83.
  • 26. Öcal T, Göncü BS. Sporda Mücadele ve Tehdit Algısı ile Brunel Ruh Hali Arasındaki İlişki. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2023; 6(1): 215-224.
  • 27. Penelope L. Updating the principles of the Pilates method-Part 2. Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies, 2002; 2(6): 94-101.
  • 28. Psycharakis, S. G., & McCabe, C. (2011). Shoulder and hip roll differences between breathing and non- breathing conditions in front crawl swimming. Journal of Biomechanics, 44(9), 1752-1756.
  • 29. Sable M, Vaidya SM, Sable SS. Comparative study of lung functions in swimmers and runners. Indian Journal Physiol Pharmacol. 2012; 56(1): pp.100-4.
  • 30. Saibene F, Mognoni P, Lafortuna CL, Mostardi R. Oronasal breathing during exercise. Pflügers Archiv, 1978; 378: 65-69.
  • 31. Salazar-Martínez E, De Matos TR, Arrans P, Santalla A, Orellana JN. Ventilatory efficiency response is unaffected by fitness level, ergometer type, age or body mass index in male athletes. Biology of sport, 2018; 35(4): 393-398.
  • 32. Sever MO, Bayrakdaroğlu S, Şenel E, Koç M. 12–15 yaş müsabık yüzme sporcularının solunum parametrelerinin müsabaka dereceleri ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 2021; 10(3): 560-567.
  • 33. Sheel AW, Taylor JL, Katayama K. The hyperpnoea of exercise in health: Respiratory influences on neurovascular control. Experimental Physiology, 2020; 105(12): 1984-1989.
  • 34. Stavrou V, Voutselas V, Karetsi E, Gourgoulianis KI. Acute responses of breathing techniques in maximal inspiratory pressure. Sport sciences for health, 2018; 14: 91-95.
  • 35. Tan M, Liang Y, Lv W, Ren H, Cai Q. The effects of inspiratory muscle training on swimming performance: A study on the cohort of swimming specialization students. Physiology & Behavior, 2023; 271: 114347.
  • 36. Town, GP, Vanness JM. Yarışmacı yüzücülerde kontrollü solunum sıklığına metabolik tepkiler. Med Sci Spor Egzersizi, 1990; 22: 112-116.
  • 37. Tutal V, Göncü BS. Duygusal zeka ve spor. Dr. Öğretim Üyesi Mustafa TÜRKMEN, Dr. Öğretim Üyesi Mehmet Şerif ÖKMEN (Editörler), Spor bilimleri alanında özgün araştırmalar, EĞİTİM Yayınevi İstanbul, 2023; 5-15.
  • 38. Vezos N, Gourgoulis V, Aggeloussis N, Kasimatis P, Christoforidis C, Mavromatis G. Solunum ve nefes tutan ön taramalı yüzme sırasında su altı vuruş kinematiği. Spor bilimi ve tıbbı dergisi, 2007; 6 (1): 58.
  • 39. Vyacheslavovna PN, Andreevna RE. Correct breathing in water as the main component of teaching swimming children with mental disorders. Педагогико-психологические и медико-биологические проблемы физической культуры и спорта, 2020; 15(3 (eng)): 23-27.
  • 40. Wallden M. The diaphragm–more than an inspired design. Journal of bodywork and movement therapies, 2017; 21(2): 342-349.
  • 41. Welch JF, Kipp S, Sheel AW. Respiratory muscles during exercise: mechanics, energetics, and fatigue. Current Opinion in Physiology, 2019; 10: 102-109.
  • 42. Woorons X, Gamelin FX, Lamberto C, Pichon A, Richalet JP. Swimmers can train in hypoxia at sea level through voluntary hypoventilation. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, 2014; 190: 33-39.
  • 43. Xie Y, Bowe B, Li T, Xian H, Yan Y, Al-Aly Z. Higher blood urea nitrogen is associated with increased risk of incident diabetes mellitus. Kidney international, 2018; 93(3): 741-752.
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Antrenman
Bölüm Makeleler
Yazarlar

Ebru Ceviz 0000-0002-8515-0803

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Haziran 2024
Kabul Tarihi 31 Aralık 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 26 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Ceviz, E. (2024). The Effect of 3 Breathing Techniques on 25 m Freestyle Swimming Performance Level in Swimming Branch. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 26(3), 574-583. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1498030
AMA Ceviz E. The Effect of 3 Breathing Techniques on 25 m Freestyle Swimming Performance Level in Swimming Branch. Turk J Sport Exe. Aralık 2024;26(3):574-583. doi:10.15314/tsed.1498030
Chicago Ceviz, Ebru. “The Effect of 3 Breathing Techniques on 25 M Freestyle Swimming Performance Level in Swimming Branch”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 26, sy. 3 (Aralık 2024): 574-83. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1498030.
EndNote Ceviz E (01 Aralık 2024) The Effect of 3 Breathing Techniques on 25 m Freestyle Swimming Performance Level in Swimming Branch. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 26 3 574–583.
IEEE E. Ceviz, “The Effect of 3 Breathing Techniques on 25 m Freestyle Swimming Performance Level in Swimming Branch”, Turk J Sport Exe, c. 26, sy. 3, ss. 574–583, 2024, doi: 10.15314/tsed.1498030.
ISNAD Ceviz, Ebru. “The Effect of 3 Breathing Techniques on 25 M Freestyle Swimming Performance Level in Swimming Branch”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 26/3 (Aralık 2024), 574-583. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1498030.
JAMA Ceviz E. The Effect of 3 Breathing Techniques on 25 m Freestyle Swimming Performance Level in Swimming Branch. Turk J Sport Exe. 2024;26:574–583.
MLA Ceviz, Ebru. “The Effect of 3 Breathing Techniques on 25 M Freestyle Swimming Performance Level in Swimming Branch”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, c. 26, sy. 3, 2024, ss. 574-83, doi:10.15314/tsed.1498030.
Vancouver Ceviz E. The Effect of 3 Breathing Techniques on 25 m Freestyle Swimming Performance Level in Swimming Branch. Turk J Sport Exe. 2024;26(3):574-83.
Türk Spor ve Egzersiz Dergisi (TJSE) Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.