Effect of Boldenone Administration on Some Organ Damage Markers in Trained Rats

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 3, 364 - 370, 31.12.2024

Batuhan Karaduman , Sefa Lök

https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1504981

Öz

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of Boldenone administration on skeletal muscle, liver and heart organs in exercised rats. Rats were divided into 4 groups as Control(C), Exercise (E), Boldenone(B) and Boldenone + Exercise (BE). There are 6 rats in the C and E groups and 7 rats in the other groups. The rats in groups E and BE were given a 45-minute treadmill exercise 5 days a week at a speed of 1.5km/hour for 8 weeks. In the statistical evaluation of the data, the results were given as mean±SD using the SPSS 22 package program. ANOVA and Duncan tests were used to compare the data between groups. At the end of the 8-week study, blood samples taken from rats were found to be significantly higher in AST and CK-MB values in B and BE groups than in C and E groups as a result of the statistical analysis (p0,05), it was observed that the mean values of the B and BE groups were higher than the mean values of the C and E groups in both parameters. LDH values were significantly higher in E, B and BE groups compared to C group (p<0.05). With the result obtained from the findings; It has been observed that the use of AAS increases liver enzyme levels (ALT, AST, ALP, LDH) and CK-MB levels, which is a marker of heart muscle damage. With these findings, it can be said that the use of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids has negative effects on the heart and liver. In addition, the fact that the mean values of the BE group were higher than the other groups in all parameters, as exercise did not reduce the amount of these negative side effects of AASs, indicates that exercise may increase these side effects even more.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Skeletal muscle., Boldenone, Anabolic androgenic steroids

Etik Beyan

Etik kurul Onayı alınmıştır.

Destekleyen Kurum

Selçuk Üniversitesi BAP

Proje Numarası

21202124

Boldenon Uygulamasının Egzersiz Yaptırılan Sıçanlarda Bazı Organ Hasarı Belirteçlerine Etkileri

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı boldenon uygulamasının egzersiz yaptırılan sıçanlarda iskelet kası, karaciğer ve kalp organlarına etkilerini incelemektir. Ratlar, kontrol (C), egzersiz (E), boldenon (B) ve boldenon + egzersiz (BE) olmak üzere 4 gruba ayrıldı. C ve E gruplarında 6, diğer gruplarda ise 7’şer sıçan vardı. E ve BE gruplarındaki sıçanlara 8 hafta boyunca 1.5km/saat hızda olacak şekilde haftada 5 gün 45 dakikalık koşu egzersizi yaptırıldı. Buna ek olarak B ve BE grubundaki sıçanlara haftada 10mg/kg dozda Boldenon uygulaması yapıldı. Verilerin istatistiki değerlendirilmesinde SPSS 22 paket programı kullanılarak sonuçlar ort±SS olarak verildi. Verilerin gruplar arası karşılaştırılmalarında ANOVA ve Duncan testi uygulandı. 8 Haftalık çalışmanın sonunda sıçanlardan alınan kan örneklerinde Yapılan istatistiki inceleme sonucunda Aspartat Aminotransferaz (AST) ve Kreatin fosfokinaz (CK-MB) değerlerinin B ve BE gruplarında C ve E gruplarına göre anlamlı ölçüde yüksek çıktığı görülmüştür (p<0,05). Alanin Aminotransferaz (ALT) ve Alkalen Fosfataz (ALP) değerlerinin ise diğer gruplarla kıyaslandığında E grubunda anlamlı ölçüde düşük çıktığı gözlemlenmiştir (p<0,05), her iki parametrede de B ve BE grubu ortalama değerlerinin C ve E grubu ortalama değerlerinden daha yüksek çıktığı görülmüştür. Laktat dehidrogenaz (LDH) değerleri ise E, B ve BE gruplarında C grubuna göre anlamlı ölçüde yüksek çıkmıştır (p<0,05). Bulgulardan elde edilen sonuçla; Anabolik-androjenik steroid (AAS) kullanımının karaciğer enzim seviyelerini (ALT, AST, ALP, LDH) ve kalp kası hasarının belirteci olan CK-MB seviyelerini artırdığı gözlemlenmiştir. Bu bulgularla AAS kullanımının kalp ve karaciğer üzerine olumsuz etkileri olduğu söylenebilir. Ayrıca egzersiz yapmanın AAS’lerin bu olumsuz yan etkilerinin miktarını azaltmadığı gibi, BE grubunun ortalama değerlerinin tüm parametrelerde diğer gruplardan daha yüksek çıkması, egzersizin bu yan etkileri daha da artırıyor olabileceğini gösterebilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Anabolik androjenik steroidler, Boldenon, Egzersiz, İskelet kası, Kalp

Proje Numarası

21202124

Kaynakça

• 1. Roman M, Roman DL, Ostafe V, Ciorsac A, Isvoran A. Computational Assessment of Pharmacokinetics and Biological Effects of Some Anabolic and Androgen Steroids. Pharm Res, 2018; 35(2), 41.
• 2. Mullen C, Whalley BJ, Schifano F, Baker JS,. Anabolic androgenic steroid abuse in the United Kingdom: An update. Br J Pharmacol, 2020; 177(10), 2180–98.
• 3. Basaria S. Androgen abuse in athletes: detection and consequences. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2010; 95(4), 1533–43.
• 4. El Osta R, Almont T, Diligent C, Hubert N, Eschwège P, Hubert J. Anabolic steroids abuse and male infertility. Basic Clin Androl, 2016; 26, 2.
• 5. Rahnema CD, Crosnoe LE, Kim ED. Designer steroids-over-the-counter supplements and their androgenic component: review of an increasing problem. Andrology, 2015; 3(2), 150–5.
• 6. Kanayama G, Hudson JI, PopeHGJr. Illicit anabolic-androgenic steroid use. Horm Behav, 2010; 58(1), 111–21.
• 7. Yan R, Li W, Yin L, Wang Y, Bo J, PURE‐China Investigators. Cardiovascular diseases and risk-factor burden in urban and rural communities in high-, middle-, andlow-incomeregions of china: a large community-based epidemiological study. J AmHeartAssoc, 2017; 6(2), e004445.
• 8. Fiatal S, Ádány R. Application of single-nucleotide polymorphism-relatedrisk estimates in identification of increased genetic susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases: a literatüre review. Front Public Health, 2018; 5, 358.
• 9. Gomez, C., Pozo, O. J., Geyer, H., Marcos, J., Thevis, M., Schänzer, W., Ventura, R. (2012). New potential markers for the detection of boldenone misuse. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 132(3-5), 239-246.
• 10. Schlattner U, Tokarska-Schlattner M, Wallimann T. Mitochondrial creatine kinase in human health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2006; 1762(2), 164–80.
• 11. Missov ED, De Marco T. Clinical insights on the use of highly sensitive cardiac troponin assays. Clin. Chim. Acta, 1999; 284(2), 175–85.
• 12. Bodor GS, Survant L, Voss EM, Smith S, Porterfield D, Apple FS. Cardiac troponin T composition in normal and regenerating human skeletal muscle. Clin. Chem, 1997; 43(3), 476–84.
• 13. Hartgens F, Kuipers H. Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes. Sports Med. 2004; 34(8):513-54.
• 14. Nasseri A, Nadimi A, Nikookheslat SD. Effects of resistance exercise and the use of anabolic androgenic steroids on hemodynamic characteristics and muscle damage markers in bodybuilders. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 2016; 56(9):1041-6.
• 15. de Koning IA, van Bakel BMA, Rotbi H, Van Geuns RM, Cramer GE, Pop GAM, Eijsvogels T, Thijssen DHJ. Association between engagement in exercise training and peak cardiac biomarker concentrations following ST-elevation myocardial infarction. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med, 2023; 11;9(2):e001488.
• 16. Niedfeldt MW. Anabolic Steroid Effect on the Liver. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018; 17(3):97-102.
• 17. Saddick SY. Effect of Nandrolone decanoate induced-oxidative stress on rat testes, prostate, and seminal vesicle: Biochemical, morphometric and histopathological studies. Saudi J Biol Sci, 2021; 28,196-203
• 18. Belviranlı I, Gökbel H, Okudan N, Büyükbaş S. Effects of Grape Polyphenois on Oxidative Damage in Liver Tissue of Acutely and Chronically Exercised Rats. Phytother Res, 2013; 27, 672-7.
• 19. Karbasi S, Zaeemi M, Mohri M, Rashidlamir A, Moosavi Z. Effects of testosterone enanthate and resistance training on myocardium in Wistar rats; clinical and anatomical pathology. Andrologia, 2018; 50(3), 10.1111/and.12908.
• 20. Urhausen A, Albers T, Kindermann W. Arethecardiac effects of anabolic steroid abuse in strength athletes reversible. Heart (British CardiacSociety), 2004; 90(5), 496–501.
• 21. Kulaksız Ö, Lök S. Investigation of the effect of testosterone supplementation on heart and muscle damage in rats subjected to swimming exercise. Master's Thesis, Selçuk University Health Sciences Institute, 2017; Konya.
• 22. Khan A, Butt MZI, Khan S, Nazir S, Asghar E, Khan S, Selamoglu Z, Jamil M, Manan A. Impact of Low Intensity Exercise on Liver Enzymes (ALT & ALP). Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 2021; 33(44B), 370–377.
• 23. Sargazi M, Taghian F. The Effect of Royal Jelly and Exercise on Liver Enzymes in Addicts. Archives of Pharmacy Practice, 2020; 11(2).
• 24. Suarsana IN, Utama IH, Kardena IM. Tempe extract reduces cell damage in the liver and kidneys after intensive physical exercise in rats. Veterinary World, 2020; 13(8), 1510.
• 25. Amiri H, Shabkhiz F, Pournemati P, Quchan, AHSK, Fard RZ. Swimming exercise reduces oxidative stress and liver damage indices of male rats exposed to electromagnetic radiation. Life Sciences, 2023; 317, 121461.
• 26. Uadia PO, Orumwensodia KO, Arainru GE, Agwubike EO, Akpata CBN. Effect of physical and flexibility exercise on plasma levels of some liver enzymes and biomolecules of young Nigerian adults. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2016; 15(2), 421-425.
• 27. Tamaki T, Uchiyama S, Uchiyama Y, Akatsuka A, Roy RR, Edgerton VR. Anabolic steroids increase exercise tolerance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2001; 280(6):E973-81.
• 28. Hassan DAE, Ghaleb SS, Zaki AR, Abdelmenem A, Nabil S, Alim MAA. The toxic effects of anabolic steroids “nandrolone decanoate” on cardiac and skeletal muscles with the potential ameliorative effects of silymarin and fenugreek seeds extract in adult male albino rats. BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2023; 24(1), 17.
• 29. Tasgin E, Lok S, Demir N. Combined usage of testosterone and nandrolone may cause heart damag. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2011; 10(19), 3766-3768.
• 30. Tamaki T, Uchiyama Y, Okada Y, Tono K, Nitta M, Hoshi A, Akatsuka A. Anabolic-androgenic steroid does not enhance compensatory muscle hypertrophy but significantly diminish muscle damages in the rat surgical ablation model. Histochem Cell Biol, 2009;132(1):71-81.
• 31. Afshin, S., Mohammadi, M. O. S. T. A. F. A., Vatankhah, A. M., Alvandian, E., Badalzadeh, R., Mohaddes, G., & Rashidi, B. (2009). Effect of treadmill exercise and diosgenin on biochemical alterations in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 15(1), 23-30.
• 32. Salimeh, A., Mohammadi, M., Mohaddes, G., & Badalzadeh, R. (2011). Protective effect of diosgenin and exercise training on biochemical and ECG alteration in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats.
• 33. Williams, T. (2014). The Effect of Estrogen on Cardiac-Skeletal Muscle Biomarkers Following Prolonged Aerobic Exercise in Eumenorrheic Women.