The Effects of Var Implementation in The Turkish Football Super League

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 1, 40 - 46, 30.04.2025

Enes Sucular , Kemal Göral

Öz

Technological advances have significantly impacted the field of sport, revolutionizing various aspects of training, performance analysis and supporter participation. The development of data analysis systems, especially in football, has been particularly influential in recent times. One of the latest technologies to enter our lives in football is the Video Assistant Referee (VAR) system. The implementation of technologies such as the VAR system has aimed to reduce errors and increase the accuracy of referees' decisions, emphasizing the importance of their role in the application of the rules of the game. For this reason, according to the variable of being the home team; when the first decisions made by the referee before the VAR system was activated and the decisions made after the VAR system was activated in the positions where the VAR system was activated; Would there be an advantage to the home team in the decisions made by the referee if there was no VAR system? As a result of the analysis related to this question; in 243 positions (49.7%), the home team had an advantage while in 246 positions (50.3%) the away team had an advantage. There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) when it was analyzed whether the advantage given to the home team or the advantage given to the away team was dependent on the season variable. In 489 positions where the VAR system was activated, it was observed that without VAR, full stands, pitch advantage or noise did not provide an advantage to the home team in wrong refereeing decisions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Video assistant referee , Home ownership in football , Football referee

Kaynakça

• 1.Armenteros M, Benitez A J, Betancor M Á. The Use of Video Technologies in Refereeing Football and Other Sports. New York: Routledge. 2020. doi: 10.4324/9780429455551
• 2.Başkaya G, Metin SN. Evaluation of the effect of the VAR system on the matches played in the 2022 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Women's EURO 2022. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2023;8(3):486-499. doi:10.25307/jssr.1270857.
• 3.Buraimo B, Forrest D, Simmons R. The 12th man?: refereeing bias in english and german soccer. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society). 2009;173(2):431-449. doi:10.1111/j.1467-985x.2009.00604.x
• 4.Buraimo B, Simmons R, Maciaszczyk M. Favoritism and referee bias in european soccer: evidence from the spanish league and the uefa champions league. Contemporary Economic Policy. 2011;30(3):329-343. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7287.2011.00295.x
• 5.Cruz PMC. Tomada de decisão do árbitro de futebol de primeira categoria [Master's thesis]. Lisboa: Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana; 2012.
• 6.Cueva C. Animal spirits in the beautiful game. testing social pressure in professional football during the covid-19 lockdown. 2020. doi:10.31219/osf.io/hczkj
• 7.Dai Z. Statistical analysis for the influencing factors on average score of players in football matches. 2023. doi:10.1117/12.2671870
• 8.Dawson P, Dobson S, Goddard J, Wilson J. Are football referees really biased and inconsistent?: evidence on the incidence of disciplinary sanction in the english premier league. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society). 2006;170(1):231-250. doi:10.1111/j.1467-985x.2006.00451.x
• 9.Demir O, Bektaş M. Video Yardımcı Hakem uygulamasının (VAR) Türk futbolu üzerindeki etkilerinin incelenmesi. Enderun. 2022;6(2):168-180.
• 10.Dohmen T, Sauermann J. Referee bias. Journal of Economic Surveys. 2015;30(4):679-695. doi:10.1111/joes.12106
• 11.Dyer B. The controversy of sports technology: a systematic review. SpringerPlus. 2015;4:524. doi:10.1186/s40064-015-1331-x
• 12.Ekizoğlu Ö, Akyüz MS. Türk futbolunda seyircilerin Video Yardımcı Hakem (VAR) uygulamasına bakış açılarının incelenmesi. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 2022;5(Özel Sayı 1):622-635. doi: 10.38021/asbid.1202971
• 13.Erdoğan ÇH. Futbolcuların Video Yardımcı Hakem “VAR” sistemi hakkındaki görüşleri. Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 2021;4(2):113-123.
• 14.Errekagorri I, Castellano J, Echeazarra I, Lago-Peñas C. The effects of the Video Assistant Referee system (VAR) on the playing time, technical-tactical and physical performance in elite soccer. Int J Perform Anal Sport. 2020;20(5):808-817.
• 15.Fontenla M, Izón G. The effects of referees on the final score in football. Estudios Económicos. 2018;35(70):79-98. doi:10.52292/j.estudecon.2018.1098
• 16.Ford GG, Gallagher SH, Lacy BA, Bridwell AM, Goodwin F. Repositioning the home plate umpire to provide enhanced perceptual cues and more accurate ball-strike judgments. J Sports Behav. 1999;22(1):28–44.
• 17.Gasparetto T, Loktionov K. Does the Video Assistant Referee (VAR) mitigate referee bias on professional football? PLoS One. 2023;18(11):e0294507. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294507
• 18.Gore G, Rix G, Wathelet O, Cazemajou A. Eliciting and tacit: interviewing to understand bodily practices. In: Skinner J, editor. The Interview: An Ethnographic Approach. 2nd ed. Bloomsbury Academic; 2012. p. 127–42. doi:10.4324/9781003087014-8
• 19.Goumas C. Home advantage and referee bias in european football. European Journal of Sport Science. 2012;14(S1). doi:10.1080/17461391.2012.686062
• 20.Hamsund T, Scelles N. Fans’ perceptions towards video assistant referee (VAR) in the English Premier League. J Risk Financial Manag. 2021;14(12):573. doi:10.3390/jrfm14120573.
• 21.Han B, Qiu C, Lago-Peñas C, Wang C, Liu T. The influence of the video assistant referee on the chinese super league. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. 2020;15(5-6):662-668. doi:10.1177/1747954120938984
• 22.Holder U, Ehrmann T, König A. monitoring experts: insights from the introduction of video assistant referee (var) in elite football. Journal of Business Economics. 2021;92(2):285-308. doi:10.1007/s11573-021-01058-5
• 23.International Federation of Football History and Statics. 2024. Accessed March 15, 2024. https://iffhs.com/posts/3336
• 24.Işın A. Video yardımcı hakem uygulamasının hakem kararları üzerine etkileri: Tanımlayıcı araştırma. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Sports Sciences. 2023;15(2).
• 25.Karafil AY. Examination of football referees' attitudes towards video assistant referee system (VAR) by Q method. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2023;8(1):99-112. doi: 10.25307/jssr.1178303
• 26.Lex H, Pizzera A, Kurtes M, Schack T. Influence of players' vocalisations on soccer referees' decisions. Eur J Sport Sci. 2015;15(5):24–8. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2014.962620
• 27.Mallo J, González-Frutos P, Juárez D, Navarro E. Effect of positioning on the accuracy of decision making of association football top-class referees and assistant referees during competitive matches. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2012;30(13):1437-1445. doi:10.1080/02640414.2012.711485
• 28.Paolo-Spagnolo ML, Pier LM, Massimiliano N, Ettore S, Arcangelo D. Non-invasive soccer goal line technology: a real case study. In: 2013 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops; 2013 Jun 23–28; Portland, OR, USA. IEEE Computer Society; 2013. doi: 10.1109/CVPRW.2013.147
• 29.Rahizad M, Razak T, Fauzi S, Gining R, Ismail M. Designing an iot-based system to detect the out-of-pitch balls in a football match. Journal of Computing Research and Innovation. 2020;5(3):34-42. doi:10.24191/jcrinn.v5i3.164
• 30.Rocha-Lima E, Tertuliano I, Fischer C. The influence of ball possession, passes and shots on target in winning premier league football matches. Research Society and Development. 2021;10(8) doi:10.33448/rsd-v10i8.17824
• 31.Samuel RD, Galily Y, Filho E, Tenenbau G. Implementation of the Video Assistant Referee (VAR) as a career change-event: The Israeli Premier League case study. Front Psychol. 2020;11:564855. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.564855.
• 32.Sarmento H, Marcelino R, Anguera M, Campaniço J, Matos N, Leitão J. Match analysis in football: a systematic review. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2014;32(20):1831-1843. doi:10.1080/02640414.2014.898852
• 33.Spitz J, Moors P, Wagemans J, Helsen W. The impact of video speed on the decision-making process of sports officials. Cognitive Research Principles and Implications. 2018;3(1). doi:10.1186/s41235-018-0105-8
• 34.Spitz J, Wagemans J, Memmert D, Williams AM, Helsen WF. Video assistant referees (VAR): The impact of technology on decision making in association football referees. J Sports Sci. 2021;39(2):147–53. doi:10.1080/02640414.2020.1809163
• 35.Türkiye Futbol Federasyonu. 2021. Accessed February 25,2025. https://www.tff.org/default.aspx?pageID=687&ftxtID=35476
• 36.Türkiye Futbol Federasyonu. 2021. Accessed February 25,2025. https://www.tff.org/default.aspx?pageID=285&ftxtID=36327
• 37.Transfermarkt. 2025. Accessed February 25,2025. https://www.transfermarkt.com.tr/super- lig/besucherzahlen/wettbewerb/TR1/plus/1?saison_id=2022
• 38.Ugondo PL, Tsokwa M. Interpreting video assistant referee and goalline technology communication: the pitch-based referees' perspectives. Int J Trend Sci Res Dev. 2019;3(4):105862. doi:10.31142/ijtsrd23914
• 39.Viduka D, Ilić L, Dimitrijević V. Modern technologies in sport, with reference to video technologies. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference - Sinteza 2021. 2021. doi:10.15308/sinteza-2021-277-281
• 40.Zhang Y, Li D, Gómez-Ruano M, Memmert D, Li C, Fu M. The effect of the video assistant referee (var) on referees' decisions at fifa women's world cups. Frontiers in Psychology. 2022;13. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.984367
• 41.Zglinski J. Futbol, spor, etik ve felsefede kurallar, standartlar ve video yardımcı hakem. Sport Ethics Philos. 2022;16(1):3-19. doi:10.1080/17511321.2020.1857823.