Concerning the Transept Basilicas on the Southern Coast of Anatolia in Late Antiquity

Öz

The transept, in the most general sense, is the transverse unit of a basilical church located between the nave and the apse. Since it did not originate from Roman architecture and was rarely included in church planning, several scholars have attempted to understand whether the transept functioned differently from ordinary basilicas since the beginning of the 20th century. Transept basilicas spread over a wide geographical area during Late Antiquity, between the 4th and the 6th centuries, and ceased to be employed after the 6th century in the eastern part of the empire, while they continued to be a substantial unit of churches from the Carolingian through the Romanesque and Gothic periods in the West. Although most transept basilicas seem to occur in Anatolia, no extensive study has been published to date concerning this church type. From this point of view, this study deals with the typology and possible functions of transept basilicas in Anatolia, with special reference to the southern part where the vast majority of the examples were found. Within the scope of this work, including my personal observations on many sites, we can conclude that the transept churches in Anatolia occur in urban environments rather than the countryside and may have functioned mainly as ordinary parish churches, as well as, albeit apparently less often, as episcopal, memorial and funerary.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Asia Minor
• liturgy
• church architecture
• episcopal church
• cathedral

Anadolu’nun Güney Kıyılarındaki Geç Antik Dönem Transept Bazilikaları Üzerine

Öz

Transept, bazilikal planlı kiliselerde bulunan ve yapının nefleri ile apsisi arasına konumlandırılan yatay bir mimari birimdir. Bu birimin Roma mimarisinden miras alınan bir öge olmamasının yanı sıra kilise mimarisinde nadiren uygulanması, özellikle 20. yüzyılın başından itibaren araştırmacıların dikkatini çekmiş; klasik bazilikal planlı kiliselerden daha farklı bir işleve sahip olup olmadığı sorgulanmıştır. Transept bazilikalar, 4 ile 6. yüzyıllar arasında Geç Antik Dönemin geniş bir coğrafyasına yayılmış; Ortadoğu, Kuzey Afrika, Akdeniz ve Ege Adaları, Balkanlar ve Avrupa’nın çeşitli yerlerinde örneklerine rastlanmıştır. İmparatorluğun doğu bölümünde 6. yüzyıl sonrası popülerliğini kaybetmiş olmasına rağmen batıda özellikle Karolenj ile sonrası Romanesk ve Gotik dönemlerde kullanımını sürdürmüştür. Şimdilik en fazla transeptli bazilikaya sahip coğrafya olarak tanımlayabileceğimiz Anadolu’nun bu kilise tipine yönelik detaylı bir çalışma şu ana kadar gerçekleştirilmemiştir. Buradan hareketle bu makalede Anadolu’nun özellikle güney kıyılarında bulunan Lykia, Pamphylia, Kilikia ve Isauria’daki transeptli bazilikal kiliseler tipoloji ve olası işlevler bağlamında incelenmektedir. Söz konusu Akdeniz bölgesinin yanı sıra, Anadolu’nun diğer bölgelerinde tespit edilmiş diğer transept planlı bazilika örnekleri de konu kapsamında kısaca tartışılmaktadır. Arazideki gözlemlerimi de içeren bu çalışma, Anadolu’daki bu tip bazilikaların kırsal yerleşimlerden çok kentlerde yer aldığını; çoğunlukla tipik bir bölgesel-cemaat kilisesi rolü üstlendiğini; bazı durumlarda ise mezar, martyrion ve piskoposluk kilisesi gibi işlevlere de sahip olduğunu göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Küçük Asya
• Litürji
• kilise mimarisi
• piskoposluk kilisesi
• kathedral

Kaynakça

1. Alkan, Mehmet, Klasik Çağ’dan Erken Bizans’a Myra Kenti ve Teritoryumu, Akdeniz University Institute of Social Sciences, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Antalya 2013.
2. Altripp, M., “Die Basilika von Korba in Lykien”, in Die Chora von Kyaneai: Untersuchungen zur politischen Geographie, Siedlungs-und Agrarstruktur des Yavu-Berglandes in Zentrallykien, ed. Frank Kolb, Dr. Rudolf Habelt, Bonn 2006, pp. 75-88.
3. Aydın, Ayşe, “Kanytellis (Kanlıdivane Kiliseleri)”, in Kanytellis (Kanlıdivane): Dağlık Kilikia’da Bir Kırsal Yerleşimin Arkeolojisi, ed. Ümit Aydınoğlu, Ege Yayınları, İstanbul 2015, pp. 191-225.
4. Aydın, Ayşe, “Kilikya ve İsaurya’daki Trikonkhos Planlı Yapılar”, Adalya, Vol. VIII, 2005, pp. 241-262.
5. Bayliss, Richard, Provincial Cilicia and the Archaeology of Temple Conversion, BAR Publishing, Oxford 2004.
6. Belke, Klaus-Mersich, Norbert, Tabula Imperii Byzantini Band 7: Phrygien und Pisidien, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 1990.
7. Borchhardt, Jürgen, Die Steine von Zemuri: archäologische Forschungen an den verborgenen Wassern von Limyra, Phoibos, Wien 1993.
8. Bowden, William, “Epirus and Crete: Architectural Interaction in Late Antiquity”, in Creta Romana e Protobizantina III.1, Atti del Congresso Internazionale, Iraklion, 23-30 settembre 2000, ed. A. Di Vita, AAEP, Padova 2004, pp. 787-800.

9. Brandt, Olof, “Baptistery”, The Eerdmans Encyclopedia of Early Christian Art and Archaeology, Vol. 1, Michigan 2017, pp. 161-163.
10. Buchwald, Hans-Savage, Matthew, “Churches”, in the archaeology of Byzantine Anatolia: from the end of late antiquity until the coming of the Turks, ed. Philipp Niewöhner, Oxford University Press, New York 2017, pp. 129-147.
11. Ceylan, Burcu-Erdoğan, Orçun, “The Architecture and History of the City Basilica of Patara: A Preliminary Report on Four Seasons of Excavations”, in Havva İşkan’a Armağan: Lykiarkhissa Festschrift für Havva İşkan, eds. Erkan Dündar- Şevket Aktaş-Mustafa Koçak-Serap Erkoç, Ege Yayınları, İstanbul 2016, pp. 205- 224.
12. Cortese, Arabella, Cilicia as Sacred Landscape in Late Antiquity. A Journey on the Trail of Apostles, Martyrs and Local Saints, Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden 2022.
13. Çorağan, Nilay, “Olympos’taki Bizans Dönemine Ait Duvar Resimleri”, in Olympos I: 2000-2014 Araştırma Sonuçları, ed. B. Yelda Uçkan, Koç University Press, İstanbul 2017, pp. 145-166.
14. Ćurčić, Slobodan, Architecture in the Balkans from Diocletian to Süleyman the Magnificent, Yale University Press, New Haven 2010.
15. D’Andria, Francesco, Hierapolis of Phrygia (Pamukkale): an archaeological guide, Ege Yayınları, İstanbul 2010.
16. Dönmez, Aytaç, “Xanthos West Agora II: Alteration and Transformation in the Byzantine Period”, Adalya, Vol. 21, 2018, pp. 277-314.
17. Eichner, Ina, Frühbyzantinische Wohnhäuser in Kilikien: baugeschichtliche Untersuchung zu den Wohnformen in der Region um Seleukeia am Kalykadnos, Ernst Wasmuth Verlag, Tübingen 2011.
18. Elton, Hugh-Schneider, Eugenia E.-Wannagat, D., Temple to church: the Transformation of Religious Sites from Paganism to Christianity in Cilicia, Ege Yayınları, İstanbul 2007.
19. Evcim, Seçkin-Öztaşkın, Gökçen Kurtuluş, “Early Byzantine Churches in Olympos”, Arkeoloji ve Sanat, Vol. 161/ Mayıs-Ağustos 2019, pp. 129-162.
20. Eyice, Semavi, “Einige Byzantinische Kleinstadte im Rauhen Kilikien”, in 150 Jahre Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, 1829-1979: Festveranstaltungen und Internationales Kolloquium, 17.-22. April 1979 in Berlin, Zabern, Mainz 1981, pp. 204-209.
21. Eyice, Semavi, “Ricerche e scoperte nella regione di Silifke nella Turchia meridionale”, in Milion: studi e ricerche d‘arte bizantina, atti della giornata di Studio, Roma, 4 dicembre 1986, Bilbioteca di Storia Patria, Roma 1988, pp. 15-33.
22. Eyice, Semavi, “Silifke Çevresinde İncelemeler: Kanlıdivan (=Kanytellis- Kanytelideis) Basilikaları: Bir önçalışma”, Anadolu Araştırmaları, Vol. 4-5, 1976-77, pp. 411-441.
23. Eyice, Semavi, “Un site byzantin de la Cilicie: Öküzlü et ses basiliques”, in Rayonnement grec: hommages à Chares Delvoye, eds. Lydie Hadermann-Misguich- Georges Raepsaet, Editions de l‘Université de Bruxelles, Bruxelles 1982, pp. 355- 367.
24. Feld, Otto-Weber, Hans, “Tempel und Kirche über der Korykischen Grotte (Cennet Cehennem) in Kilikien”, Istanbuler Mitteilungen, Vol. 17, 1967, pp. 252-278.
25. Forsyth, George H., “An Early Byzantine Church at Kanlı Divane in Cilicia”, in De artibus opuscula XL: Essays in Honor of Erwin Panofsky, ed. Millard Meiss, New York University Press, New York 1961, pp. 127-137.
26. Foss, Clive, “Cities and Villages of Lycia in the Life of Saint Nicholas of Holy Sion”, in the Cities, Fortresses, and Villages of Byzantine Asia Minor, Variorum, Aldershot 1996, pp. 303-337.
27. Foss, Clive, “The Cities of Pamphylia in the Byzantine Age”, in the Cities, Fortresses, and Villages of Byzantine Asia Minor, Variorum, Aldershot 1996, pp. 1-62.
28. Foss, Clive, “The Lycian Coast in the Byzantine Age”, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 48, 1994, pp. 1-52.
29. Gough, Michael “Early Churches in Cilicia”, Byzantinoslavica, Vol. XVI/No: 3, 1955, pp. 201-211.
30. Gough, Michael, “Anazarbus”, Anatolian Studies, Vol. II, 1952, pp. 85-150. Gough, Michael, The Early Christians, Praeger, New York 1961.
31. Grabar, André, Martyrium: recherches sur le culte des reliques et l’art chrétien antique: Architecture, College de France, Berthelot 1946.
32. Grossmann, Peter, “Early Christian architecture in Egypt and its relationship to the architecture of the Byzantine world”, in Egypt in the Byzantine World, 300-700, ed. Roger S. Bagnall, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2010, pp. 103-136.
33. Grossmann, Peter, “Zur Typologie des Transepts im Frühchristlichen Kirchenbau”, Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum, Vol. 51, 2008, pp. 97-136. Grossmann, Peter, Christliche Architektur in Ägypten, Brill, Leiden 2002.
34. Grossmann, Peter-Severin, Hans G., “Forschungen in Südöstlichen Lykien, 1977”, Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi, Vol. 25/No: 2, 1981, pp. 111-114.
35. Grossmann, Peter-Severin, Hans G., Frühchristliche und byzantinische Bauten im südöstlichen Lykien: Ergebnisse zweier Surveys, Wasmuth, Tübingen 2003.
36. Harrison, Martin, “Churches and Chapels of Central Lycia”, Anatolian Studies, Vol. 13, 1963, pp. 117-151.
37. Harrison, Martin, Mountain and plain: from the Lycian coast to the Phrygian plateau in the late Roman and early Byzantine period, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Mich 2004.
38. Hellenkemper, Hansgerd, “Early Church Architecture in Southern Asia Minor”, in Churches Built in Ancient Times: Recent Studies in Early Christian Archaeology, ed. Kenneth Painter, Society of Antiquaries of London, Accordia Research Centre, University of London, London 1994, pp. 213-238.
39. Hellenkemper, Hansgerd-Hild, Friedrich, Tabula Imperii Byzantini Band 8: Lykien und Pamphylien, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 2004.
40. Herzfeld, Ernst- Guyer, Samuel, Monumenta Asiae Minoris antiqua. Vol. II, Meriamlik und Korykos: zwei christliche Ruinenstätten des rauhen Kilikiens, Manchester University Press, Manchester 1930.
41. Hild, Friedrich, “Die Westkilikische Küste von Korakesion bis Anemurion in Byzantinischer Zeit”, in Byzantios: Festschrift für Herbert Hunger zum 70. Geburtstag, eds. W. Hörandner-J. Koder-O. Kresten-E. Trapp, Ernst Becvar, Wien 1984, pp. 137-145.
42. Hild, Friedrich-Hellenkemper, Hansgerd, Tabula Imperii Byzantini Band 5: Kilikien und Isaurien, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 1990.
43. Hill, Stephen, The Early Byzantine Churches of Cilicia and Isauria, Variorum, Aldershot 1996.
44. Hohlfelder, R. L.- Vann, R. L., “A Church Beneath the Sea at Aperlae in Lycia”, Adalya, Vol. IV, 1999-2000, pp. 207-219.
45. Hohlfelder, Robert L., “Cabotage at Aperlae in Ancient Lycia”, The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, Vol. 29/No: 1, 2000, pp. 126-135.
46. Honigmann, Ernest, Le synekdèmos d’Hiéroklès et l’opuscule géographique de Georges de Chypre, Éditions de l’institut de philologie et d’histoire orientales et slaves 1939.
47. Jacobek, Roman, “Lykien”, in Reallexikon zur byzantinischen Kunst, Vol. 5, Stuttgart 1995, pp. 856-902.
48. Jacobs, Ine, “From Early Byzantium to the Middle Ages at Sagalassos”, in The Long seventh century: Continuity and discontinuity in the age of transition, eds. Alessandro Gnasso-Emanuele Ettore Intagliata-Thomas J. MacMaster-Bethan N. Morris, Peter Lang, Oxford 2015, pp. 163-198.
49. Kara, Onur, “Perge Antik Kenti Doğu Roma İmparatorluğu (Bizans) Dönemi A Kilisesi Üzerine Notlar”, Arteoloji Dergisi, Vol. 1/No. 2, 2022, pp. 73-93.
50. Karas, Ulrich-Ristow, Sebastian, “Kirchenbauten in Pednelissos (Pisidien)”, Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum, Vol. 46, 2003, pp. 134-155.
51. Karydis, Nikolaos, “The Evolution of the Church of St. John at Ephesos during the Early Byzantine Period”, Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes in Wien, Vol. 84, 2015, pp. 97-128.
52. Keil, Josef- Herzfeld, Ernst, Monumenta Asiae Minoris antiqua. Vol. III: Denkmäler aus dem rauhen Kilikien, Manchester University Press, Manchester 1931.
53. Kirsch, Johann Peter, “Das Querschiff in den stadtrömischen christlichen Basiliken des Altertums”, in Pisciculi: Studien zur Religion und Kultur des Altertums, zum sechzigsten Geburtstage dargeboten von Freunden, Verehrern und Schülern, ed. Franz Joseph Dölger, Aschendorff (Druck von Aschendorff), Münster 1939, pp. 148-156.
54. Koch, Guntram, Early Christian Art and Architecture: An Introduction, CM Press, London 1996.
55. Kolb, Frank, Burg, Polis, Bischofssitz: Geschichte der Siedlungskammer von Kyaneai in der Südwesttürkei, Philipp von Zabern, Mainz am Rhein 2008.
56. Korkut, Taner- Urano, Satoshi, “Detailed Description of the Basilica: The Nave, Narthex, Atrium, and Other Rooms”, in the City Basilica of Tlos, eds. Taner Korkut- Satoshi Urano, Koç University Press, İstanbul 2020, pp. 21-33.
57. Korkut, Taner, “Introduction: Excavation of the Tlos Basilica, 2009-2017”, in the City Basilica of Tlos, eds. Taner Korkut-Satoshi Urano, Koç University Press, İstanbul 2020, pp. 3-16.
58. Korkut, Taner, Akdağlar’ın Yamacında bir Likya Kenti: Tlos, E Yayınları, İstanbul 2015.
59. Krautheimer, Richard, “S. Pietro in Vincoli and the Tripartite Transept in the Early Christian Basilica”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 84/No. 3, May 1941, pp. 353-429.
60. Krautheimer, Richard, “The Transept in the Early Christian Basilica (1957)”, in Studies in Early Christian, Medieval, and Renaissance Art, University of London Press, London 1971, pp. 59-68.
61. Krautheimer, Richard, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, Penguin books, Harmondsworth 1965.
62. Lehmann, Tomas, “Zur Genese der Trikonchosbasiliken”, in Innovation in der Spätantike: Kolloquium Basel 6. and 7. May 1994, Reichert, Wiesbaden 1996, pp. 317-357.
63. Lemerle, Paul, “Saint Démétrius de Thessalonique et les problèmes du martyrion et du transept”, Bulletin de correspondence Hellénique, Vol. 77, 1953, pp. 660-694.
64. Lévêque, Anne-Marie Manière, Corpus of the mosaics of Turkey. 2, Lycia: Xanthos. 2, The West area, trans. David Parrish, Uludaǧ University Press, İstanbul 2012.
65. Mango, Cyril, The Art of the Byzantine Empire, 312-1453: Sources and Documents, Univ. of Toronto Press, Toronto 1986.
66. Mansel, Arif Müfid, Side: 1947-1966 Yılları Kazıları ve Araştırmalarının Sonuçları, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara 1978.
67. Martini, Wolfram- Eschbach, Norbert, Die Akropolis von Perge: die Ergebnisse der Grabungen 1998-2004 und 2008, Koç University Press, İstanbul 2017.
68. Mckenzie, Judith, The Architecture of Alexandria and Egypt: 300 BC-AD 700, Yale University Press, 2007.
69. Mergen, Yalçın, “2014 Yılı Çalışmaları Işığında Phaselis Antik Kenti’nin Geç Antik ve Ortaçağ Mimarisi ile Kentsel Yapısı”, Phaselis, Vol. I, 2015, pp. 277-289.
70. Mergen, Yalçın, “Phaselis Antik Kentinin Dönüşüm Sürecine Dair Yeni Bulgular”, Phaselis, Vol. IV, 2018, pp. 147-159.
71. Mergen, Yalçın-Bilgin, Ali Rıza, “Phaselis Akropolis’indeki Doğu Roma İmparatorluğu Dönemi Yerleşimine Ait Değerlendirmeler”, Phaselis, Vol. II, 2016, pp. 123-132.
72. Michel, Vincent, “Furniture, Fixtures, and Fitting in Churches: Archaeological Evidence from Palestine (4th-8th c.) and the Role of the Diakonikon”, in Objects in Context, Objects in Use: Material Spatiality in Late Antiquity, eds. Luke Lawan-Ellen Swift-Toon Putzeys, Brill, Leiden 2007, pp. 581-606.
73. Mietke, Gabriele, “Bauphasen und Datierung der Basilika von Meriamlik (Ayatekla)”, in Syrien und seine Nachbarn von der Spätantike bis in die islamische Zeit, eds. Ina Eichner-Vasilika Tsamakda, Reichert, Wiesbaden 2009, pp. 37-56.
74. Mietke, Gabriele, “Die Apostelkirche von Anazarbos und Syrien”, Olba, Vol. II, 1999, pp. 227-239.
75. Mitchell, Stephen, Cremna in Pisidia: An Ancient City in Peace and in War, Duckworth- Classical Press of Wales, London 1995.
76. Muluk, Yunus, Öküzlü Kuzey Kilise Örneğinde Erken Bizans Dönemi Kilikia ve Isauria Transeptli Bazilikaları, Hacettepe University Institute of Social Sciences, Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Ankara 2006.
77. Orlandos, Anastasios K., I Xylostegos palaiochristianiki Basiliki tis mesogeiakis lekanis: Meleti peri tis geneseos, tis katagogis, tis architektonik is morfis kai tis diakosmiseos ton christianikon oikon latreias apo ton apostolikon chronon mechris Ioustinianos, S. éd, Athènes 1952.
78. Ovadiah, Asher, Corpus of the Byzantine Churches in the Holy Land, Peter Hansen, Bonn 1970.
79. Öztaşkın, Gökçen Kurtuluş, “Olympos Kenti Episkopeion Yapı Topluluğu”, in Olympos I: 2000-2014 Araştırma Sonuçları, ed. B. Yelda Uçkan, Koç University Press, İstanbul 2017, pp. 49-78.
80. Öztaşkın, Gökçen Kurtuluş-Sertel, Sinan, “Olympos Piskoposluk Kilisesi’ndeki Nef Ayırımı Düzenlemeleri ve Levha Yanı Uygulaması”, Adalya, Vol. XX, 2017, pp. 357-373.
81. Öztaşkın, Gökçen-Öztaşkın, Muradiye, “Olympos Episkopeionu Peristyl Mozaiklerindeki İnsan Betimlemeleri”, Olba, Vol. XXVII, 2019, pp. 443-464.
82. Paribeni, Andrea, “Osservazioni su alcune chiese paleo bizantine della Licia”, in Bisanzio e l’Occidente: arte, archeologia, storia: studi in onore di Fernanda de’ Maffei, eds. C. Barsanti-M. D. Valle-Alessandra G. Guidobaldi-A. Iacobini-C. Pantanella-A. Paribeni, Viella, Roma 1996, pp. 129-145.
83. Paribeni, R.-Romanelli, P., “Studii e ricerche archeologiche nell’Anatolia meridionale”, Monumenti Antichi, Vol. 23, 1914, pp. 262-274.
84. Patricios, Nicholas N., The Sacred Architecture of Byzantium: Art, Liturgy and Symbolism in Early Christian Churches, I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, London 2014.
85. Peschlow, Urs, “Die Bischofskirche in Limyra (Lykien)”, in Actes du Xe Congres International d’archeologie Chretienne, Thessalonique 28 Septembre-4 Octobre 1980, Vol. II: Communications, Pontificio istituto di archeologia cristiana, Città del Vaticano 1984, pp. 409-421.
86. Peschlow, Urs, “Die kirche von Tersane auf Kekova adası. überlegungen zum Lykischen kirschenbau”, in Günışığında Anadolu Cevdet Bayburtluoğlu İçin Yazılar, eds. C. Özgünel-O. Bingöl, Homer Yayınları, İstanbul 2001, pp. 197-208.
87. Peschlow, Urs, “Mount Latmos”, in the archaeology of Byzantine Anatolia: from the end of late antiquity until the coming of the Turks, ed. Philipp Niewöhner, Oxford University Press, New York 2017, pp. 264-268.
88. Philipp Niewöhner, Bauwerke in Milet Teil 1.1: Die Byzantinischen Basiliken von Milet, De Gruyter, Berlin-Boston 2016.
89. Piesker, Katja, “Side”, in the archaeology of Byzantine Anatolia: from the end of late antiquity until the coming of the Turks, ed. Philipp Niewöhner, Oxford University Press, New York 2017, pp. 294-301.
90. Posamentir, Richard, “Anazarbos in Late Antiquity”, in Archaeology and the Cities of Asia Minor in Late Antiquity”, eds. Ortwin Dally-Christopher Ratte, Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 2011, pp. 205-224.
91. Posamentir, Richard-Sayar, Mustafa Hamdi, “Anazarbos: ein Zwischenbericht aus der Metropole des Ebenen Kilikien”, Istanbuler Mitteilungen, Vol. 56, 2006, pp. 317-357.
92. Procopiou, Eline, “The Excavation at Akrotiri-Katalymata ton Plakoton 2007- 2014”, in Medieval Cyprus: A place of Cultural Encounter, eds. Sabine Rogge-Michael Grünbart, Waxmann, Münster 2015, pp. 185-218.
93. Ramsay, W. M.-Bell, Gertrude L., The Thousand and One Churches, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia 2011.
94. Ramsay, William Mitchell, Anadolu’nun Tarihi Coğrafyası, trans. Mihri Pektaş, Milli Eğitim Basımevi, İstanbul 1961.
95. Rheidt, Ulrike Wulf, “Akören: Two Late Antique Villages in Cilicia”, in Archaeology and the Cities of Asia Minor in Late Antiquity”, eds. Ortwin Dally-Christopher Ratte, Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 2011, 189- 203.
96. Robert L. Vann-Robert L. Hohlfelder-Mary Tindle, “The Early Christian Church in Lycia: Evidence from Aperlae”, in Akten des XIV. Internationalen Kongress für Christliche Archäeologie, Wien 19.-26. 9. 1999, Vol 1. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 2006, pp. 735-747.
97. Rott, Hans, Kleinasiatische Denkmäler aus Pisidien, Pamphylien, Kappadokien und Lykien, Dieterich, Leipzig 1908.
98. Russo, Thomas E., “Transept”, The Eerdmans Encyclopedia of Early Christian Art and Archaeology, Vol. 2, Michigan 2017, pp. 617-618.
99. Şahin, Fevzi, “Geç Antik Dönem ve Orta Çağ”, in Lykia’nın Akdeniz’e Açılan Kapısı: Patara, eds. Havva İşkan-Feyzullah Şahin, TC. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayınları, Kütüphaneler ve Yayımlar Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara 2020, pp. 117- 127.
100. Sayar, Mustafa H., “Cilicia”, in Anatolia in the Byzantine Period, eds. Engin Akyürek- Koray Durak, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul 2021, pp. 426-439.
101. Sayın, Esra, Geç Antik Çağ’da Kibyra, Pamukkale University Institute of Archaeology, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Denizli 2022.
102. Scardina, Audrey, “The Churches of Byzantine Aperlae: A Re-appraisal”, in International Young Scholars Conference II: Mediterranean Anatolia, 04-07 November 2015, ed. Tarkan Kahya-Aşkım Özdizbay-Nihal Tüner Önen-Mark Wilson, Koç University, Istanbul 2018, pp. 685-700.
103. Schneider, Alfons M., Die Brotvermehrungskirche von et-Tâbga am Genesarethsee und ihre Mosaiken, Schöningh, Paderborn 1934.
104. Ševčenko, Ihor-Ševčenko, Nancy P., The life of Saint Nicholas of Sion, Hellenic College Press, Brookline 1984.
105. Seyer, Martin, “The City of King Pericle: Limyra”, in From Lukka to Lycia: the Land of Sarpedon and St. Nicholas, eds. Havva İşkan-Erkan Dündar, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul 2016, pp. 260-273.
106. Snively, Carolyn S., “Transepts in the Ecclesiastical Architecture of Eastern Illyricum and the Episcopal Basilica at Stobi”, in Niš and Byzantium, Sixth Symposium, Niš, 3-5 June 2007, the Collection of Scientific Works VI, Ed. Miša Rakocija, NKC, Niš 2008, pp. 59-74.
107. Soteriou, Georgios A.-Soteriou, Maria G., Ἡ βασιλικη τοὑ αγιου Δημητριου Θεσσαλονικης, Ἐν Ἀθηναις 1952.
108. Stanzl, Günther, Längsbau und Zentralbau als Grundthemen der frühchristlichen Architektur: ueberlegungen zur Entstehung der Kuppelbasilika, Oesterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 1979.
109. Stein, Christina, “Die Basilika mit Querhaus-Untersuchungen zur Form und Funktion eines spätantiken Bautyps”, in Architektur und Liturgie, Akten des Kolloquiums vom 25. bis 27. Juli 2003 in Greifswald, eds. Michael Altripp-Claudia Nauerth, Reichert, Wiesbaden 2006, pp. 63-72.
110. Strzygowski, Josef, Kleinasien: Ein Neuland der Kunstgeschichte, J.C. Hinrichs, Leipzig 1903.
111. Talloen, Peter-Vercauteren, Lies, “The Fate of Temples in Late Antique Anatolia”, in The Archaeology of Late Antique Paganism, eds. Luke Lawan-Michael Mulryan, Brill, Leiden 2011, pp. 347-387.
112. Thiel, Andreas, Die Johanneskirche in Ephesos, Reichert, Wiesbaden 2005.
113. Tiryaki, Ayça-Uzbek, Çömezoğlu Özgü, “Byzantine Architecture in the Lower City of Perge”, Art-Sanat, Vol. 21, 2024, pp. 683-720.
114. Uçkan, Yelda Olcay, “Bizans Dönemi Kazı Çalışmalarına Kent Bütününde Bakmak”, in Türkiye’de Bizans Çalışmaları: Yeni Araştırmalar Farklı Eğilimler, eds. Koray Durak-Nevra Necipoğlu-Tolga Uyar, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul 2022, pp. 51-63.
115. Urano, Satoshi, “History of the Episcopal Church of Tlos: The Evidence and its Interpretation”, in The City Basilica of Tlos, eds. Taner Korkut-Satoshi Urano, Koç University Press, Istanbul 2020, pp. 35-69.
116. Üstündağ, S. Emre, Urbanism of Xanthos in the Byzantine Period, Koç University Graduate School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Unpublished PhD Thesis, İstanbul 2022.
117. Uytterhoeven, Inge-Seyer, Martin, “Gün Yüzüne Çıkarılmış bir Geç Antik ve Bizans Dönemi Likya Şehri: Limyra Doğu Şehri’nin Mimari Yüzey Araştırması”, in Türkiye’de Bizans Çalışmaları: Yeni Araştırmalar Farklı Eğilimler, eds. Koray Durak- Nevra Necipoğlu-Tolga Uyar, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul 2022, 65-79.
118. Varinlioğlu, Günder, “Rural Habitat in the Hinterland of Seleucia ad Calycadnum during Late Antiquity”, in Rough Cilicia: New Historical and Archaeological Approaches, eds. Michael C. Hoff-Rhys F. Townsend, Oxbow Books, Oxford 2013, pp. 199- 209.
119. Waelkens, Marc, “Report on the 2005 Excavation and Restoration Campaign at Sagalassos”, in Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 28/ 2, Ankara 2007, pp. 317-340.
120. Yazıcı, Selda U., Anadolu’da Erken Hıristiyanlık Dönemi Vaftizhaneleri: Kilikia, Pamphylia, Lykia, Örnekleri, Anadolu University Institute of Social Sciences, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Eskişehir 2019.
121. Yıldırım, Şener-Yazıcı, Selda U.-Akar, T., “The Problem of Function of the Spaces East of the Apse in Cilician Churches”, Olba, Vol. 32, 2024, pp. 89-111.
122. Yıldırım, Şener, Side Antik Kentinin Bizans Dönemi Dini Mimarisi, Anadolu University Institute of Social Sciences, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Eskişehir 2013.