Araştırma Makalesi
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The Dutch in the Levant: Trade and Travel in the Seventeenth Century

Yıl 2011, , 373 - 386, 01.08.2011
https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2011.373

Öz

Although Dutch connections with the Levant, especially in terms of pilgrimages to the Holy Land, and also within the context of the Crusades, may go back to the Middle Ages and perhaps even before, it was from the late sixteenth century onwards that these connections took a dramatic turn and were fully developed. Despite the political, economic, administrative and military problems with Spain after the 1560s, historically termed as the Eighty Years War (1567-68 to 1647-48), the States General of the Dutch Republic prudently took courageous steps and put in place sober policies to establish diplomatic relations with the Ottornan Empire and become a major player in the so-called "riches trade" with the Levant. Indeed, the Republic and the Ottoman Empire were both enthusiastic about forging their cooperation for mutual interests, and, from 1612 onwards, when the first Dutch diplomatic mission was set up in lstanbul, the Dutch primacy in the Levant was consolidated. Dutch merchants were granted by the Ottoman government special privileges and exemptions (i.e. the "capitulations") and, thus, strongly competed with, and even outplayed, other European trade colonies, especially the English, in the Levant. Along with the development of Dutch trade with the Ottoman Empire, there also began Dutch travels to the region. Among the early Dutch travellers, especially Cornelis de Bruijn (1652-1727), who stayed in Izmir and Istanbul for nearly three years (1678-1681) is of particular interest.

Kaynakça

  • De Bruyn, Cornelis [Corneille le Brun]. Voyage au Levant. Paris: Chez Guillaume Cavelier, 1714.
  • De Busbecq, Ogier Ghiselin. The Turkish Letters of Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, Imperial Ambassador at Constantinople 1554-1562. Trans. and Introd. Edward Seymour Forster. 1927. Oxford: Clarendon, 1968.
  • Barnett, R.D. “The European Merchants in Angora.” Anatolian Studies, 24 (1974): pp. 135-41.
  • Bridge, Antony. The Crusades. London: Granada, 1980.
  • Clark, Steve, ed. Travel Writing and Empire: Postcolonial Theory in Transit. London: Zed, 1999.
  • Çelikkol, Zeki, Alexander de Groot and Ben J. Slot. It Began with the Tulip: The History of Four Centuries of Relationship between Turkey and the Netherlands in Pictures. Ankara: Turkish Historical Society, 2000.
  • De Groot, A.H. The Ottoman Empire and the Dutch Republic: A History of the Earliest Diplomatic Relations, 1610-1630. Leiden: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut, 1978.
  • Forster, Edward Seymour. “Introduction,” in Busbecq, pp. ix-xvi.
  • Heyd, W. Yakın-Doğu Ticaret Tarihi. Trans. Enver Ziya Karal. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1975.
  • Horn, Kersten. “Suleiman's Empire in the Memoirs of a European Diplomat.” Rev. of The Turkish Letters of Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, Imperial Ambassador at Constantinople 1554-1562, by Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq. H-German, H-Net Reviews (April, 2007). 19 June 2008 .
  • Israel, Jonathan. The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477-1806. Oxford: Clarendon, 1995.
  • _________. Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585-1740. 1989. Oxford: Clarendon, 1992.
  • _________. Empires and Entrepots: The Dutch, the Spanish Monarchy, and the Jews,1585- 1713. London: Hambledon, 1990.
  • Runciman, Steven. A History of the Crusades. 3 vols. 1951-54. Harmondsworth: Pelican- Penguin, 1971.
  • Umunç, Himmet. “Türkiye’de Hollandalı Bir Seyyah: Cornelis de Bruyn ve Gözlemleri [A Dutch Traveller in Turkey: Cornelis de Bruyn and His Observations].” Belleten, LXXIII, 266 (April, 2009): pp. 145-63.
  • _____________. “The Other Geography: Representations of the Turkish Landscape in English Travel Writings.” Belleten, LXX, 261 (August, 2007): pp. 721-43.
  • Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı. Osmanlı Tarihi. Vol. III, Part 2: XVI. Yüzyıl Ortalarından XVII. Yüzyıl Sonuna Kadar [Ottoman History. Vol. III, Part 2: From the MidSixteenth Century to the End of the Seventeenth Century]. 4th ed. 1954. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1988.

On Yedinci Yüzyılda Hollandalılar ve Doğu Akdeniz Ticareti

Yıl 2011, , 373 - 386, 01.08.2011
https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2011.373

Öz

Hollandalıların Doğu Akdeniz ile ilgileri, özellikle Kutsal Topraklara yapılan haclar bakımından ve de Haçlı Seferleri bağlamında, Orta Çağlara ve belki de daha öncesine gitmekle birlikte, bu bağlantıların çarpıcı bir dönüşüme uğraması ve enikonu gelişmesi on altıncı yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren gerçekleşmiştir. 1560'lardan sonra İspanya ile yaşanan ve tarihi olarak Seksen Yıl Savaşları (1567-68'den 1647-48'e kadar) olarak adlandırılan siyasi, iktisadi, idari ve askeri meselelere rağmen Hollanda Cumhuriyetinin Genel Meclisi Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ile diplomatik ilişkiler kurmak ve Doğu Akdeniz ile "servet ticareti" diye adlandırılan faaliyette önemli bir aktör olmak için cesur adımlar atıp ciddi politikaları devreye sokmuştur. Gerçekten de, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ile Hollanda Cumhuriyeti her ikisi de karşılıklı çıkarlar çerçevesinde işbirliğini geliştirmeye arzuluydular ve İstanbul'da ilk Hollanda diplomatik misyonunun kurulduğu 1612'den itibaren Doğu Akdeniz'deki Hollanda önceliği pekişti. Osmanlı hükümeti Hollandalı tacirlere imtiyazlar (kapitülasyonlar) ve muafiyetler tanıdı ve böylece Hollandalı tüccarlar Doğu Akdeniz'de diğer Avrupalı ticaret kolonileriyle, özellikler İngilizlerle zorlu bir rekabete girdi ve hatta onlara üstünlük sağladı. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ile Hollandalıların ticaretinin gelişmesine paralel olarak, bölgeye aynı zamanda Hollandalı seyahatleri de başladı. İlk Hollandalı seyyahlar arasında, İzmir ve İstanbul'da üç yıla yakın bir süre (1678-1681) kalan Cornelis de Brujin (1652-1727) özel öneme sahiptir.

Kaynakça

  • De Bruyn, Cornelis [Corneille le Brun]. Voyage au Levant. Paris: Chez Guillaume Cavelier, 1714.
  • De Busbecq, Ogier Ghiselin. The Turkish Letters of Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, Imperial Ambassador at Constantinople 1554-1562. Trans. and Introd. Edward Seymour Forster. 1927. Oxford: Clarendon, 1968.
  • Barnett, R.D. “The European Merchants in Angora.” Anatolian Studies, 24 (1974): pp. 135-41.
  • Bridge, Antony. The Crusades. London: Granada, 1980.
  • Clark, Steve, ed. Travel Writing and Empire: Postcolonial Theory in Transit. London: Zed, 1999.
  • Çelikkol, Zeki, Alexander de Groot and Ben J. Slot. It Began with the Tulip: The History of Four Centuries of Relationship between Turkey and the Netherlands in Pictures. Ankara: Turkish Historical Society, 2000.
  • De Groot, A.H. The Ottoman Empire and the Dutch Republic: A History of the Earliest Diplomatic Relations, 1610-1630. Leiden: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut, 1978.
  • Forster, Edward Seymour. “Introduction,” in Busbecq, pp. ix-xvi.
  • Heyd, W. Yakın-Doğu Ticaret Tarihi. Trans. Enver Ziya Karal. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1975.
  • Horn, Kersten. “Suleiman's Empire in the Memoirs of a European Diplomat.” Rev. of The Turkish Letters of Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, Imperial Ambassador at Constantinople 1554-1562, by Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq. H-German, H-Net Reviews (April, 2007). 19 June 2008 .
  • Israel, Jonathan. The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477-1806. Oxford: Clarendon, 1995.
  • _________. Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585-1740. 1989. Oxford: Clarendon, 1992.
  • _________. Empires and Entrepots: The Dutch, the Spanish Monarchy, and the Jews,1585- 1713. London: Hambledon, 1990.
  • Runciman, Steven. A History of the Crusades. 3 vols. 1951-54. Harmondsworth: Pelican- Penguin, 1971.
  • Umunç, Himmet. “Türkiye’de Hollandalı Bir Seyyah: Cornelis de Bruyn ve Gözlemleri [A Dutch Traveller in Turkey: Cornelis de Bruyn and His Observations].” Belleten, LXXIII, 266 (April, 2009): pp. 145-63.
  • _____________. “The Other Geography: Representations of the Turkish Landscape in English Travel Writings.” Belleten, LXX, 261 (August, 2007): pp. 721-43.
  • Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı. Osmanlı Tarihi. Vol. III, Part 2: XVI. Yüzyıl Ortalarından XVII. Yüzyıl Sonuna Kadar [Ottoman History. Vol. III, Part 2: From the MidSixteenth Century to the End of the Seventeenth Century]. 4th ed. 1954. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1988.
Toplam 17 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Himmet Umunç Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ağustos 2011
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2011

Kaynak Göster

APA Umunç, H. (2011). The Dutch in the Levant: Trade and Travel in the Seventeenth Century. BELLETEN, 75(273), 373-386. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2011.373
AMA Umunç H. The Dutch in the Levant: Trade and Travel in the Seventeenth Century. TTK BELLETEN. Ağustos 2011;75(273):373-386. doi:10.37879/belleten.2011.373
Chicago Umunç, Himmet. “The Dutch in the Levant: Trade and Travel in the Seventeenth Century”. BELLETEN 75, sy. 273 (Ağustos 2011): 373-86. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2011.373.
EndNote Umunç H (01 Ağustos 2011) The Dutch in the Levant: Trade and Travel in the Seventeenth Century. BELLETEN 75 273 373–386.
IEEE H. Umunç, “The Dutch in the Levant: Trade and Travel in the Seventeenth Century”, TTK BELLETEN, c. 75, sy. 273, ss. 373–386, 2011, doi: 10.37879/belleten.2011.373.
ISNAD Umunç, Himmet. “The Dutch in the Levant: Trade and Travel in the Seventeenth Century”. BELLETEN 75/273 (Ağustos 2011), 373-386. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2011.373.
JAMA Umunç H. The Dutch in the Levant: Trade and Travel in the Seventeenth Century. TTK BELLETEN. 2011;75:373–386.
MLA Umunç, Himmet. “The Dutch in the Levant: Trade and Travel in the Seventeenth Century”. BELLETEN, c. 75, sy. 273, 2011, ss. 373-86, doi:10.37879/belleten.2011.373.
Vancouver Umunç H. The Dutch in the Levant: Trade and Travel in the Seventeenth Century. TTK BELLETEN. 2011;75(273):373-86.