Arkeolojik ve Filolojik Veriler Işığında M.Ö. 2. Binde Frit, Fayans ve Cam Malzeme Üzerine Bir Çalışma

Yıl 2013, , 15 - 72, 01.04.2013

Nazlı Çınardalı-karaaslan

https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2013.15

Öz

Frit, fayans ve cam kullanımı Ege, Mısır, Mezopotamya ve Anadolu'da M.Ö. 2. bin kültürünün önemli bir bölümünü oluşturmaktadır. Gerek arkeolojik gerekse filoloji verilerin ortaya koyduğu gibi özellikle Geç Tunç Çağı'nda, başta cam olmak üzere fayans ve frit malzemenin üst düzey uluslararası yazışmalara konu olabilecek kadar değerli ve yalnızca elit kesimin hizmetinde olan bir hammadde özelliği taşıdığı açıkça görülmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra söz konusu malzemenin üretiminde kullanılan atölyelerin çoğunlukla saray içinde ya da saray ile bağlantılı kesimlerde yer alması ve dağılımının saray kontrolünde yapılmış olması frit, fayans ve camın değerli materyaller arasında yer aldığını ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Frit, Fayans, Cam, M.Ö. 2. Bin, Ege, Mısır, Mezopotamya, Anadolu

A Study About Frit, Faience and Glass Material During 2nd Millenium BC in the Light of Archaeological and Philological Data

Öz

Frit, faience and glass usage form the important part of the 2nd millennium BC culture in Aegean, Egypt, Mesopotamia and Anatolia. As both the archaeological and philological data show, especially during the Late Bronze Age, glass, faience and frit material were as important as to be the subject of the international letters of the upper class of the society and be important as raw materials in the service of the elite class. Apart from these, the workshops which were used for the production of these materials were found generally in the palace or in the places which were related with the palaces and their control were in the control of the palace. These confirm the place of frit, faience and glass between the valuable materials.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Frit, Faience, Glass, 2nd millennium BC, Aegean, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Anatolia

Kaynakça

• Albright, William Foxwell, "A New Hebrew Word for "Glaze" in Proverbs", American Schools of Oriental Research, 98 (1945), s. 24.
• Aldred, Cyril, Jewels of the Pharaohs: Egyptian Jewelry of Dynastic Period, New York 1971.
• Atik, Şeniz, "Çağlar Boyu Boncuk" bk. Boncuk: İnanç, Güç ve Güzellik, Rezan Has Müzesi, İstanbul 2007, ss. 14-17.
• Barag, Dan, "Mesopotamian Glass Vessels of the Second Millennium B.C.", Journal of Glass Studies, IV (1962), ss. 9-27.
• Barag, Dan, "Mesopotamian Core-formed Glass Vessels (1500-500 BC)", bk.: AL. Oppenheim, R.H. Brill ve A. Von Salderen (eds.) Glass and Glassmaking in Ancient Mesopotamia, Corning Museum of Glass, New York 1970, ss. 129-199.
• Barag, Dan, Catalogue of Westem Asiatic Glass in the British Museum, Jarusalem 1985.
• Barber, Edwin A., "Mosaic and Millefiori Glass", Bulletin of the Pennsylvania Museum, 13/51 (1915), ss. 31-40.
• Barnett, Richard D., "'The Excavations of the British Museum at Toprak Kale Near Van", Iraq, 12 (1950), ss. 1-43.
• Bass, George, "Cape Gelidonya: A Bronze Age Shipwreck" Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 57, Part 8 (1967).
• Bass, George, "A Bronze Age Shipwreck at Uluburun (Kas): 1984 Campaign", American Journal of Archaeology, 90 (3) (1986), ss. 269-296.
• Bass, George, "Doğu Akdeniz'de Tunç Batıkları" bk.: Ü. Yalçın, C. Pulak ve R. Slotta (eds.) Uluburun Gemisi: 3000 Yıl Önce Dünya Ticareti, Zero Prod. Ltd, Bochum 2006, ss. 305-310.
• Baykal-Seeher, Ayşe ve Jürgen Seeher, "Götterbilder aus Babylonstein? Eine hethitische GuBform aus Boğazköy-Hattusa" (2003), Istanbuler Mitteilungen 53, ss. 99-111.
• Beck, Horace C., "Classification and Nomenclature of Beads and Pendants" Archaeologia 77 (1928), ss. 1-76.
• Beck, Horace C. ve J.F.S. Stone, "Faience Beads of the British Bronze Age", Antiquity LXXXV (1935), ss. 200-217.
• Benter, Mathias, "Milas'daki Pilavtepe Miken Oda Mezarı", Frank Rumscheid (ed.), Die Karer und die Anderen: Internationales Kolloquium an der Freien Universitat Berlin 13. Bis 15. Oktober 2005, Berlin 2006, ss. 1-6.
• Berman, Howard, "A Hittite Parallel to a Section of the Akkadian" in Kurt Bittel, Philo Hendrik, Jan Houwink ten Cate ve Erica Reiner (eds.), Uitgaven van het Nederlands Historich-Archaeologisch Instituut te İstanbul, 35, 2008.
• Bikai, Patricia M., The Pottery of Tyre, Aris & Philips Ltd., Warminster 1978.
• Bittel, Kurt, "Archaologische Funde aus der Türkei 1934-1938", Archaologischer Anzeiger 54, s.94.
• Bilgen, Nejat, Çavlum: Eskişehir/Alpu Ovası'nda Bir Orta Tunç Çağı Mezarlığı, Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları, No: 1668; Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları, No: 24, Eskişehir (2005).
• Blegen, Carl W. ve Pierce Blegen E., Prosymna: the Helladic Settlement Preceding the Argive Heraeum, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1937).
• Blegen, Carl, J.L. Caskey ve Marion Rawson, Troy III: Sixth Settlements, Princeton University Press, Princeton (1953).
• Boehmer, Rainer Michael, Die Kleinfunde von Boğazköy aus den Grabungen 1931- 1939 und 1952-1969, Berlin (1972).
• Boysal, Yusuf, "Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Müsgebi Kazısı 1963 Yılı Kısa Raporu" Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi XlIl (1964), ss. 81-85.
• Boysal, Yusuf, "Karya Bölgesindeki Yeni Araştırmalar/ New Excavations at Karya" Anadolu/Anatolia XI (1967), ss. 1-56.
• Branigan, Keith, The Tombs of Mesara. A Study of Funerary Architecture and Ritual in Southern Crete, 2800-1700 B.C. London 1970.
• Brosman, Paul W. Jr., "The Neuter Plural of Hittite i- and u- Stems", Journal of the American Oriental Society 84, 4, (1964), s. 344-348.
• Buchholz, Hans Günther ve Vassos Karageorghis, Altagais und Altkypros, Ernst Wasmuth, Tübingen 1971.
• Chicago Assyrian Dictionary (CAD).
• Cooney, John D. Catalogue of Egyptian Antiquities in the British Museum: IV Class, London 1976.
• Corning, Museum, Glass from the Ancient World: The Ray Winfield Collection, New York 1957.
• Coşkun, Yaşar, "Cam Hamuru, Fayans", Archivum Anatolicum Anadolu Arşivleri Emin Bilgiç Anı Kitabı, Ankara Üniversitesi, Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi, Eskiçağ Dilleri ve Kültürleri, Yayın No: 381, Sayı 3, ss. 67-73.
• Çınardalı, Nazlı, "Panaztepe Kazısında Ele Geçen Bir Grup Süs Eşyası" bak. A. Erkanal vd. (eds.) İ. Metin Akyurt ve Bahattin Devam Anı Kitabı, Eski Yakındoğu Kültürleri Üzerine İncelemeler, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul 1995, ss. 79-90.
• Çınardalı, Nazlı, MÖ. 2. Bine Tarihlendirilen Panaztepe Süs Eşyasının Ege Arkeolojisindeki Yeri ve Önemi (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Ankara 1997.
• Çınardalı-Karaaslan, Nazlı, "The East Mediterranean Late Bronze Age Glass Trade within the Context of the Panaztepe Finds", Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 31 (2) (2012), s. 121-141.
• Çınaroğlu, Aykut, "Kastamonu Kökenli Bir Grup Hitit Gümüş (?) Eseri", Müze-Museum 4 (1990-1991), ss. 53-59.
• Daux, Georges, "Chronique des Fouilles et Decouvertes Archeologiques en Grece en 1959", Bulletin de Correspondance Hellenique LXXXIV (1960), ss. 617-868.
• Davies, Norman de Garis, The Tomb of Puyemre at Thebes, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 1923.
• Demakopoulou, Katie, O Thisavros ton Aidonion. Sfragides kai Kosmimata tis Ysteris Epohis tou Khalkou, Ministry of Culture, Athens, 1998.
• Demirci, Şahinde, "Şimdiye Kadar Yapılan Arkeometrik Çalışmalarda Cam Ham Maddeleri, Üretimi ve Çeşitliliği Üzerine Elde Edilen Bilgiler", II. ODTÜ Arkeometri Çalıştayı, Türkiye Arkeolojii'sinde Cam: Arkeolojik ve Arkeometrik Çalışmalar, Elma Teknik Basım Matbaacılık, Ankara, s. 20-24.
• Desborough, Vincent Robin, The Last Mycenaean and their Successors: An Archaeological Survey ,C. 1200-1000 B.C., Clarendon Press, Oxford 1966.
• Eicholz, D.E., Pliny Natural History X, Libri XXXVI-XXXVII, Harvard 1962.
• Emre, Kutlu, Yanarlar-Afyon Yöresinde Bir Hitit Mezarlığı, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara 1978.
• Erkanal, Armağan, "Panaztepe Kazısının 1985 Yılı Sonuçları" VIII. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı I (1987), ss. 253-261.
• Erkanal-Öktü, Armağan, "İzmir Bölgesi Arkeolojik Araştırmalarında Panaztepe Kazısının Yeri" İzmir Kent Kültür Dergisi (2002), ss. 188- 195.
• Erkanal-Öktü, Armağan, "The Late Bronze Age Cemeteries of Panaztepe" bk.:A. Erkanal-Öktü, S. Günel and U. Deniz (ed.), Batı Anadolu ve Doğu Akdeniz Geç Tunç Çağı Kültürleri Üzerine Yeni Araştırmalar, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yayınları, Ankara 2008, ss. 70-90.
• Erkanal-Öktü, Armağan, Panaztepe I, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara (Baskıda).
• Erkanal-Öktü, Armağan ve Nazlı Çınardalı-Karaaslan, "Panaztepe 2003 Yılı Kazıları", 26. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 2 (2005), ss. 25-36.
• Erkanal-Öktü, Armağan ve Nazlı Çınardalı-Karaaslan, "Panaztepe 2008 Yılı Çalışmaları" 31. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 2 (2010), ss. 101-116.
• Erten, Emel, "Glass in Hittites" V. Uluslararası Hititoloji Kongresi Bildirileri (2005), ss. 319-329.
• Erten, Emel, "Camın Erken Tarihi: Anadolu'da Tunç Çağı'nda Cam Konusunda Düşünceler. Early History of Glass: Comments on the Bronze Age Glass in Anatolia", Camgeran 2010-Uluslarası Uygulamalı Cam Sempozyumu: Applied Glass Symposium with International Participation, Eskişehir 2010, ss. 59-64.
• Erten, Emel, "Eskiçağ Camcılığında Renk ve Biçim İlişkileri", II. ODTÜ Arkeometri Çalıştayı. Türkiye Arkeoloji'sinde Cam: Arkeolojik ve Arkeometrik Çalışmalar, Elma Teknik Basım Matbaacılık, Ankara 2012, ss. 80-101.
• Evans, Arthur, "'The Palace of Knossos", The Annual of the British School at Athens IX (1903), ss. 1-153.
• Evans, Arthur, The Palace of Minos at Knossos, Volume I-IV, Macmillan, London 1921.
• Evans, Arthur, The Palace of Minos. A Comparative of Successive Stages of the Early, Cretan Civilizations as Illustrated by the Discoverie, Volume IV, Part II, Mac Millan and Co. Limited, London 1935.
• Evely, Doniert, Minoan Crafts: Tools and Techniques, an Introduction, Volume 2 (SIMA 92), Aström, Jonsered 2000.
• Forbes, Robert James, Studies in Ancient Technology V, Leiden 1957.
• Fossing, Poul, Glass Vessels Before Glass Blowing, Copenhagen 1940.
• Foster, Karen Polinger, Aegean Faience of the Bronze Age, Yale University Press, New Haven 1979.
• Frankforth, Henry, Iraq Excavations of the Oriental Institute 1932/33: Third Preliminary Report of the Iraq Expedition, The University of Chicago Press, Illinois 1934.
• Francis, Peter, A Handbook of Bead Materials, Lapis Route Books, Lake Placid 1982.
• Friedman, Florence D., Gifts of the Nile: Ancient Egyptian Faience, Thames and Hudson, New York 1998.
• Friedrich, Johannes, Hethitisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg 1952.
• Galili, Ehud, N. Shmueli ve Michal Artzy, "Bronze Age Ship's Cargo of Copper and Tin" The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 15 (1986), ss. 25-37.
• Gallas, Klaus, Kreta. Ursprung Europas, München 1984.
• Goldman, Hetty, Excavations at Gözlükule, Tarsus. From the Neolithic through the Bronze Age I-II, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1956.
• Goldstein, Sidney M., Pre-Roman and Early Roman Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass, Corning 1979.
• Graziadio, Giampaola, "'The Process of Social Stratification at Mycenae in the Shaft Grave Period: A Comparative Examination and Evidence" American Journal of Archaeology 95 (1991), ss. 403-427.
• Greenwell, William, "On Some Rare Forms of Bronze Weapons and Implements" Archaeologia 58 (1902), ss. 5-6.
• Grose, David F., The Toledo Museum of Art Early Ancient Glass. Core-Formed, Rod-Formed and Cast Vessels and Objects from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Roman Empire, 1600 BC to AD 50, New York 1989.
• Haevernick, T.Elisabeth., Beitrage zur Geschichte des antiken Glasses, III: Mykenishes Glas. Jahrbuch des Römish-Germanischen Zentralmuseums, von Zabern Mainz 1960, ss. 36-53.
• Haevernick, T.Elisabeth., "Mycenaean Glasses", Archaeology 16 (1963), no: 3, ss. 190-193.
• Haevernick, T.Elisabeth, Beitrage zur Glasforschung die Wictigscten Aufsatze von 1938 bis 1981, Mainz 1981.
• Hall, H.R. A Season's Work at Ur, London 1930.
• Harden, Donald B., "Ancient Glass I: Pre-Roman" The Archaeological Journal CXXV (1969): ss. 46-71.
• Harden, Donald B., "Ancient Glass II: Roman", The Archaeological Journal, CXXVI (1970), ss. 44-77.
• Harden, Donald B., Glass of the Caesars, Published by Olivetti, Milan 1987.
• Haussperger, Martha, Die Einflihrungsszene. Entwicklung eines Mezopotamischen Motivs von der Altakkadischen bis zum Ende der Altbabylonischen Zeit, Profil Verlag, München 1991.
• Heltzer, Michael, Goods, Prices and the Organization of Trade in Ugarit, Wiebaden 1978.
• Higgins, Reynolds, Greek and Roman Jewellery, Methuen and Co., London 1980.
• Höckmann, O., "M.Ö. 2. Binde Doğu Akdeniz'de Gemi Yolculuğu" bk.: Ü. Yalçın, C. Pulak ve R. Slotta (eds.), Uluburun Gemisi: 3000 Yıl Önce Dünya Ticareti, Zero Prod. Ltd, Bochum 2006, ss. 311-326.
• Hughes-Brock, Helen, "Mycenaean Beads: Gender and Social Contexts" Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 18 (3) (1999), ss. 277-293.
• Hughes-Brock, Helen ve J.N. Coldstream, Knossos: The Sanctuary of Demeter, Oxford 1973.
• Izre'el, Shlomo, The Amarna Scholary Tablets, Groningen 1997.
• Jackson, Caroline M. ve Paul T. Nicholson "The Provenance of Some Glass Ingots from the Uluburun Shipwreck", Journal of Archaeological Science, 37 (2010), ss. 295-301.
• Jacopi, Giulio, "Nuovi Scavi nella Mecropoli Micenea di Jalisso" Annuario XIII-XIV (1933), ss. 253-345.
• Kaczmarczyk, Alexander ve Hedges Robert E.M. 1983 Ancient Egyptian Faience: An Analytical Survey of Egyptian Faience from Predynastic to Roman Times, Aris and Philips, Warminster 1983.
• Knudtzon, Jorgen Alexander, Die El-Amarna Tafeln, Leipzig 1915.
• Korfmann, Manfred, "Beşik-Yassıtepe ve Beşik-Sivritepe 1983 Ön Raporu" VI Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı (1984), ss. 107-120.
• Korfmann, Manfred, "Beşik-Tepe Vorbericht über die Ergebnisse der Grabungen von 1984" Archaologischer Anzeiger 3 (1986), ss. 304-330.
• Kulakoğlu, Fikri ve Kangal Selinin, Anadolu'nun Önsözü: Kültepe Kaniş-Karumu: Asurlular İstanbul'da, Kayseri Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları, No: 78, İstanbul 2011.
• Kurinsky, Samuel, Glassrnakers: An Odyssey, of the Jews: The First Three Thousand Years. 1991.
• Lamb, Winfred, "Excavations at Kusura near Afyon Karahisar-I" Archaeologia, LXXXVI (1936).
• Lamb, Winfred, "Excavations at Kusura near Afyon Karahisar-II", Archaeologia, LXXXVII (1937), ss. 217-273.
• Lilyquist, Christine "Granulation and Glass: Chronological and Stylistic Investigations at Selected Sites, ca. 2500-1400 B.C.", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 290-291 (1993), ss. 29-94.
• Lilyquist, Christine ve Robert H. Brill, Studies in Early Egyptian Glass, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 1993.
• Lucas, Alfred, Ancient Egyptian Materials Industries, London 1962.
• Luckner, Kurt T., "Ancient Glass", Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies, Vol: 2, No:1 (1994), ss. 78-91.
• Mariacher, Giovanni, Glass from Antiquity,to the Renaissance, Milan 1976.
• Marshall, Frederick H. Catalogue of the Jewellery, Greek, Etruscan and Roman in the Departments of Antiques, British Musetan, Trustees William Clowes and Sons Ltd, London 1911.
• Matsumura, Kimiyoshi, "Büklükale Kazısı 2010", 33. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 4 (2012), ss. 421-427.
• Matthaus, Harmut,"Geç Tunç Çağında Akdeniz'de Kültürler Arası İlişkiler ve 'Ticaret Seferleri" bk.: Ü. Yalçın, C. Pulak ve R. Slotta (eds.) Uluburun Gemisi: 3000 Yıl Önce Dünya Ticareti,: Zero Prod. Ltd, Bochum 2006, ss. 335-368.
• Maxwell-Hyslop, K.R., Western Asiatic Jewellery, c. 3000-612 B.C, London 1971.
• McGovern, Patrick, S.J. Fleming ve C.P. Swann, "The Beads from Tomb 10 a B 27 at Dinkha Tepe and the Beginnings of Glassmaking in the Ancient Near East", American Journal of Archaeology 95 (1991), ss. 395-402.
• Mellink, Machteld, A Hittite Cemetery at Gordion, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philaderphia 1956.
• Montelius, Oscar, La Grece Preclasique, Premiere Partie, Stockholm 1924.
• Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart, Ancient Mesopotamia Materials and Industries, The Archaeological Evidence, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1994.
• Mylonas, George E., Ancient Mycenae, Princeton 1957.
• Mylonas, George E., Mycenaean ad the Mycenaean Age, Princeton 1966.
• Newberry, Percy E. "A Glass Chalice of Tuthmosis III", Journal of Egyptian Archaeology VI (1920), ss. 155-160.
• Newton, Maryanne W., Sahra Talamo, Cemal Pulak, Bernd Kromer ve Peter Kuniholm, "Uluburun Batığının Tarihlendirilmesi" bk.: Ünsal Yalçın, Cemal Pulak ve Rainer Slotta (eds.) Uluburun Gemisi: 3000 Yıl Önce Dünya Ticareti, Zero Prod. Ltd., Bochum 2006, ss. 117- 118.
• Nicholson, Paul T., Egyptian Faience and Glass, 1993.
• Nicholson, Paul T., "Glassmaking and Glassworking at Amarna: Some New Work", Journal of Glass Studies, 43, 1995.
• Nicholson, Paul T. "Glass and Faience Production Sites in New Kingdom Egypt: a Review of the Evidence" C.M. Jackson-E.C. Wager (ed.), Vitreous Materials in the Late Bronze Age Aegean, Oxbow Books, Oxford 2008, ss. 1-13.
• Nicholson, Paul T. ve E. Peltenburg "Egyptian Faience", bk.: P.T. Nicholson ve I. Shaw (ed.), Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2000, ss. 177-194.
• Nightingale, George "Tiny, Fragile, Common, Precious Mycenaean Glass and Faience Beads and Other Objects" bk.: C. M. Jackson-E.C. Wager (ed), Vitreous Materials in the Late Bronze Age Aegean, Oxbow Books, Oxford 2008, ss. 64-104.
• Nikita, Kalliopi "Mycenaean Glass Beads", Bead Study Trust Newsletter 38 (2001), ss. 15-17.
• Nikita, Kalliopi "Mycenaean Glass Beads: Technology, Forms and Function" bk.: Ian C. Glover, Helen Hughes-Brock ve Julian Henderson (ed) Ornaments from the Past: Bead Studies After Beck, Bead Study Trust, London and Bangkok 2003, ss. 23-37.
• Noble, J.Veach "The Technique of Egyptian Faience" American Journal of Archaeology 73 (1969), ss. 435-439.
• Oates, David, Joan Oates ve Helen McDonald, Excavations at Tell Brak, The Mitanni and Old Babylonian Periods, McDonald Institute Monograph Series, Oxford 1997.
• Omura, Sachiro "1996 Yılı Kaman Kalehöyük Kazıları", XIX, Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı I, (1998).
• Oppenheim, A.Leo, "The Cuneiform Texts" GGAM (1970), ss. 1-231.
• Oppenheim, A. Leo, "A Note on Research in Mesopotamian Glass", Journal of Glass Studies, XV, (1973), ss. 9-11.
• Oppenheim, A.Leo, "Towards a History of Glass in the Ancient Near East" Journal of American Oriental Society 93 (1973), ss. 259-266.
• Oppenheim, A.Leo, Glass and Glassmaking in Ancient Mesopotamia. Corning, The Corning Museum of Glass Press, New York 1988.
• von der Osten, Hans Henning, The Alishar Höyük Seasons of 1930-1932, Part II, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1937.
• Özet, Aynur, "Ankara Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesindeki Cam Örnekleri ile Antik Çağda Cam Yapımı", Belleten LI, 200,(1987), s. 587.
• Özet, Aynur, "An Amphoriskos in the Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology" Journal of Glass Studies 35 (1993), ss. 142-145.
• Özet, Aynur, Dipten Gelen Parıltı, Ankara 1998.
• Özgen, Engin, A. Engin, B. Uysal, H.K. Ensert ve F. Ay Şafak, "Oylum Höyük 2010" 32. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı (2012), ss. 497-509.
• Özgüç, Nimet, "Alişar Eti Buluntularının Tarihlendirilmesi" Arkeoloji Araştırmaları II (1945), ss. 73-90.
• Özgüç, Nimet, "Kültepe Kaniş'in Anadolu Arkeolojisindeki Yeri", I. Atatürk Konferansları, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, XVII. Dizi, Sayı 1, Ankara 1964, ss. 179-188.
• Özgüç, Nimet, "Acemhöyük Kazıları", Anadolu X (1966), ss. 1-28.
• Özgüç, Tahsin, Kültepe-Kaniş. Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınlan, Ankara 1959.
• Özgüç, Tahsin, "The Art and Architecture of Ancient Kanish", Anadolu/Anatolia VIII (1964), ss. 27-48.
• Özgüç, Tahsin ve Nimet Özgüç, Türk Tarih Kurumu Tarafından Yapılan Kültepe Kazısı Raporu, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara 1953.
• Özgüç, Tahsin, Maşat Höyük II, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi V.Dizi, Ankara, 1982.
• Özgüç, Tahsin, "New Observations on the Relationship of Kültepe with Southeast Anatolia and North Syria during the Third Millennium B.C.", Aspect of Change and Cultural Development Essay in Honor of M.J. Mellink, Wisconsin, 1986.
• Özgüç, Tahsin, Kültepe-Kaniş II: Eski Yakındoğu'nun Ticaret Merkezinde Yeni Araştırmalar. New Researches at the Trading Center of the Ancient Near East Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara, 1986.
• Özgüç, Tahsin, Kültepe/Kaniş-Nesha. The Earliest International Trade Center of the Ancient World and the Oldest Hittite Capital Town, Tokyo 2003.
• Özgüç, Tahsin, Kültepe Kanis/Neşa, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul 2005.
• Özgümüş, Üzfirat, "Miken Döküm Boncukları Üzerine Düşünceler", Sanat Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 11 (1992), ss. 78-80.
• Özgümüş, Üzfirat, Anadolu Camcılığı" , Pera Yayıncılık, İstanbul 2010.
• Özgünel, Coşkun, "Batı Anadolu ve İçlerinde Myken Etkinlikleri" Belleten CLXXXVII (1983), ss. 697-743.
• Panagiotaki, Marina, "Preliminary Technical Observations on Knossian Faience", Oxford Journal of Archaeology 14 (1995), 137-149.
• Panagiotaki, Marina,"Production Technology of Aegean Bronze Age Vitreous Materials" bk.: J. Bourriau-J. Phillips (ed.), Invention and Innovation. The Social Context of Technological Change 2: Egypt, the Aegean and the Near East, 1650-1150 BC., Oxbow Books, Oxford 2004, ss. 149-175.
• Panagiotaki, Marina, "The Technological Development of Aegean Vitreous Materials in the Bronze Age" bk.: C. M. Jackson-E.C. Wager (eds.), Vitreous Materials in the Lale Bronze Age Aegean, Oxbow Books, Oxford 2008, ss. 34-63.
• Pappa, M., "Toumba Aghiou Mamanthos, Khalkidikis" AEMTh 6, ss. 475-484.
• Perrot, Georges ve Charles Chipiez, History of Art in Primitive Greece, Mycenean Art, I-II, Chapman and Hall Ltd., London 1885.
• Persson, Axel W., The Royal Tombs at Dendra Near Midea, Oxford University Press, Lond 1931.
• Petrie, W.M. Flinders, Tell el Amarna, Warminster 1974.
• Polikreti, Kyriaki, Joanne M.A. Murphy, Vasilike Kantarelou ve Andreas Germanos Karydas, "XFR Analysis of Glass Beads from the Mycenean Palace of Nestor at Pylos, Peloponnesus, Greece: New Insight into the LBA Glass Trade", Journal of Archaeological Science, 38 (2011), ss. 2889-2896.
• Polvani, Anna Maria, "KBo XXXI 55 e il Problem adi Della Fabbricazione del Vetro in Anatolia", Poikilma: Studi in Onore di Michele R. Cataudella in Occasione del 60. Compleanno, Vol. 2, La Spezia, Agora Edizioni (2001), ss. 1045-1048.
• Pulak, Cemal, "Excavations at Uluburun: The Final Campaign " INA Quaterly 21.4 (1994), s. 9.
• Pulak, Cemal, "The Uluburun Shipwreck: An Overview" International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 27, no.3 (1998), ss. 188-224.
• Pulak, Cemal., "The Cargo of the Uluburun ship and Evidence for Trade with the Aegean and Beyond" bk.: L. Bonfante-V. Karageorghis (ed.) Italy and Cyprus in Antiquity 1500-450 BC: Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America at Colombia University, November 16-18 2000, Nicosia 2001, ss. 13-60.
• Pulak, Cemal, "Uluburun Batığı" bk.: Ü. Yalçın, C. Pulak ve R. Slotta (ed.) Uluburun Gemisi: 3000 Yıl Önce Dünya Ticareti, Zero Prod. Ltd., Bochum 2006, ss. 57-104.
• Pulak, Cemal, "The Uluburun Shipwreck and Late Bronze Age Trade" bk.: J. Aruz, K. Benzel ve J. M. Evans (ed.) Beyond Babylon. Art, Trade and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B.C., Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 2008, ss. 289-310.
• Pulak, Cemal, "Uluburun Shipwreck" bk. E.H. Cline (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean: 849-861, Oxford University Press, New York 2010.
• Rehren, Thilo, "Geç Tunç Çağında Cam Ticareti" bk.: Ü. Yalçın, C. Pulak ve R. Slotta (eds.) Uluburun Gemisi: 3000 Yıl Önce Dünya Ticareti, Zero Prod. Ltd., Bochum 2006, ss. 535-541.
• Rehren, Thilo, Edgar B. Pusch ve A. Herold "Glass Coloring Works within a Copper-Centred Industrial Complex in late Bronze Age Egypt" bk.: P. McCray (ed.) The Prehistory and History of Glassmaking Technology, Westerville 1998, ss. 227-250.
• Renfrew, Colin, Problems in European Prehistory, Edinburg University Press, Edinburg 1979.
• Riemschneider, Kaspar K., "Die Glassherstellungen in Anatolien nach Nethitischen Quellen", Anatolian Studies XXXV, Presented to H.G. Gitterbock on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday, İstanbul, 1974, ss. 263-278.
• Rubinson, Karen C., "A Mid-Second Millennium Tomb at Dinkha Tepe", American Journal of Archaeology 95 (1981), ss. 373-395.
• Sakallakis, John "Minoan Cemeteries at Arkhanes" Archaeology 20/1 (1967), ss. 276-281.
• Salje, Beate, Der "Common Style" der Mitanni-Glptik und die Glyptik der Levante und Zyperns in der Spaten Bronzeit, Philipp von Zabern, Mainz am Rhein 1990.
• Schliemann, Heinrich, Mycenae: A Narrative of Researches and Discoveries at Mycenae and Tiryns, London 1878.
• Schliemann, Heinrich, Tiryns: The Prehistoric Palace of the Kings of Tiryns, C. Scribner's Sons, New York 1885.
• Schliemann, Heinrich, Mykenae, bericht über Meine Forschungen und Entdeckungen in Mykenae und Tıryns, Darmstad 1964.
• Schmidth, Eric F., The Alishar Hüyük, Season of 1928 and 1929, I, Oriental Institut Publications XIX, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1932.
• Schuler, F., "Ancient Glassmaking Techniques, The Egptian Core Vessel Process", Archaeology, 15, (1962), ss. 32-37.
• Seeher, Jürgen, Die Bronzezeitlitliche Necropole von Demircihüyük-Sarıket, Ernst Wasmuth Verlag, Tübingen, 2000.
• Seeher, Jürgen, "Boğazköy-Hattuşa 2002 Yılı Çalışmaları", 25. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, 2 (2004), ss. 11-18.
• Sertok, M. Kemal, F. Kulakoğlu ve F. F. Squadrone, "2002 Yılı Şaraga Höyük Kurtarma Kazıları", 25. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 2 (2004), ss. 139-152.
• Sertok, M. Kemal, F. Kulakoğlu ve F. F. Squadrone, "Şaraga Höyük Salvage Excavations", 26. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 2 (2005), ss. 281- 290.
• Sertok, M. Kemal, F. Kulakoğlu ve F. Flomena Squadrone "Şaraga Höyük 2002 Yılı Kazıları", bk.: N. Tuna-O. Doonan (eds.), Ilısu ve Karkamış Baraj Gölleri Altında Kalacak Arkeolojik ve Kültür Varlıklarını Kurtarma Projesi 2002 Yılı Çalışmaları, Cilt. I, Ankara 2011, ss. 215-239.
• von der Sleen, W.N.G., A Handbook on Beads, Liege 1973.
• Spaer, Maud, Ancient Glass in the Israel Museum: Beads and Other Small Objects (Israel Museum Catalogue 447), Israel Museum, Jerusalem 2001.
• Star, R.F.S., Nuzi Report on the Excavations at Yorgan Tepe near Kerkuk, Iraq Conducted by Harvard Universiry in Conjuction with the American Schools of Oriental Research and the Universiry Museum of Philaderphia 1927-1931, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1939, ss. 446-456.
• Stern, E.Marianne, "Glass and Rock Crystal: A Multifaceted Relationship", Journal of Roman Archaeology 10, 1997, ss. 192-206.
• Symenoglou, Sarantis, The Topography of Thebes from the Bronze Age to Modern Times, Princeton 1985.
• Taylour, L.William, E.B. French ve K.A. Wardle, Well Built Mycenae: The Helleno-British Excavations within the Citadel at Mycenae, 1959-1969, The Short Run Press, Oxford 1992.
• Thompson, Campbell, A Dictionary of Assyrian Chemistry and Geology., Clarendon Press, Oxford 1936.
• Thompson, D.Burr, Ptolemaic Oinochoai and Portraits in Faience, Aspect of the Ruler-Cult. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1973.
• Tite, Michael, Andrew Shortland, Gareth Hatton, Yannis Maniatis, Despina Kavoussanaki, Mathilda Pyrli ve Marina Panagiotaki, "The Scientific Examination of Aegean Vitreous Materials-Problems and Potential" bk.: Caroline M. Jackson-Emma C. Wager (eds.), Vitreous Materials in the Late Bronze Age Aegean, Oxbow Books, Oxford 2008, ss. 105-125.
• Vandiver, Pamela, "The Manufacture of Faience", bk. Alexander Kaczmarczyk and Robert E.M. Hedges (eds.), Ancient Egyptian Faience, Aris and Philipps, Warminster 1983.
• Vermeule, Emily T., "A Mycenaean Jeweler's Mold", Bull. Museum Fine Arts LXV (1967), ss. 19-31.
• Wace, Alan J.B., " Mycenae: An Archaeological History and Guide", The Annual of the British School at Athens XXV (1949), ss. 211-254.
• Wainwright, G.A. ve B.A. Peet, "The Excavations at Balabish: Preliminary Notice", Journal of Egyptian Archaeology II (1915), ss. 202-203.
• Waterhouse, H. "The Knossos Town Mosaic Reconsidered", Cretan Studies 4, ss. 165-174.
• Wiener, J., Glass Finds and Glassmaking in Mycenean Greece. An Achaeological Study, Los Angeles 1983.
• Wooley, C. Leonard., Ur Excavations II: The Royal Cemetery, London 1934.
• Wooley, C. Leonard, Alalakh. An Account of Excavations at Tell Atchana in Hatay, 1937-1949, Burlington House, London 1955.
• Wulf, Hans E., Hildegard S. Wulff ve Leo Koch, "Egyptian Faience", Archaeology 21/2 (1968), ss. 98-107.
• Xenaki-Sakellariou, Agnes, Oi Thalamotoi Tafoi ton Mykinon Anaskafis Ch. Tsounta (1887-1898), Diffusion de Boccard, Paris (1985).
• Yağcı, Emel, "İ.Ö. İkinci Binde Anadolu'da Cam", OLBA I (1998), ss. 29-44.
• Yalouris, Nicholas, "An Unreported Use for Some Mycenean Glass Paste Beads" Journal of Glass Studies X (1968), ss. 9-16.
• Yıldırım, Tayfun, "An Early Bronze Age Cemetery at Resuloğlu, Near Uğurludağ, Çorum. A Preliminary Report of the Archaeological Work Carried out Between Years 2003-2005", Anatolia Antiqua (2006), ss. 1-14.
• Yıldırım, Tayfun ve İsmet Ediz, "Resuloğlu, Çorum'un Güneybatısında Yeni Bir Erken Tunç Devri Mezarlığı", Çorum Kültür Sanat Dergisi 1 (2004), ss. 6-9.
• Yıldırım, Tayfun ve İsmet Ediz, "2003 Yılı Resuloğlu Mezarlık Kazısı", 26. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 2, (2005), ss. 193-196.
• Yıldırım, Tayfun ve İsmet Ediz, "2005 Yılı Resuloğlu Eski Tunç Çağı Mezarlık Kazısı", 28. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 2, (2007), ss. 211-222.
• Yıldırım, Tayfun ve İsmet Ediz, "2006 Yılı Resuloğlu Mezarlık Kazısı", 29. Kazı Sonuçları: Toplantısı 2, (2008), ss. 443-454.
• Yıldırım, Tayfun ve İsmet Ediz, "2004 Yılı Resuloğlu Mezarlık Kazısı", 27. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 2, (2009), ss. 57-59.
• Yıldırım, Tayfun ve Önder İpek, "2008 Yılı Resuloğlu Eski Tunç Çağı Mezarlık Kazısı", 31. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 3, (2010), ss. 21-35.