Araştırma Makalesi
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MS 4. Yüzyılda Isauria Eyaleti’nin Siyasal ve İdari Yapısı

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 82 Sayı: 295, 803 - 828, 01.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2018.803

Öz

Antik çağda kuzeyden Lykaonia ve Toros dağları doğudan Kilikia, batıdan ise Pamphylia ile çevrilmiş sahalar Isauria, halkı da Isaurialılar olarak adlandırılmıştır. Arazi yapısı açısından oldukça engebeli bir görünüm sergileyen bölgenin çok az bir bölümü tarımsal faaliyetler için uygun şartlara sahiptir. Bölge, bütün eskiçağ boyunca ama özellikle de Roma döneminde çok sayıda haydutluk faaliyetine sahne olmuş ve isyanlar görülmüştür. Isauria’nın tanımlanan bu durumunun en somut örneğini ise MS 4. yüzyılda görmek mümkündür. Bölge, özellikle söz konusu yüzyılın ikinci yarısında neredeyse her on yılda bir geniş çaplı haydutluk faaliyetleri ve isyanlara sahne olmuştur. Özellikle kıtlık ve açlığa bağlı olarak sık sık ayaklanmış olan Isaurialılar, hemen her defasında Kilikia ve Pamphylia kıyıları ile Lykaonia ovasına saldırmışlardır. Isauria ayaklanmalarına bir önlem olarak eyaletin yönetiminde bir takım değişikliklere gidildiği de anlaşılmaktadır. Nitekim MS 4. yüzyılda bölgede görülen haydutluk faaliyetleri ve isyanların şiddeti ile Roma’nın Isauria’da uyguladığı yönetim ve yöneticilere verilmiş olan yetkiler arasında bir ilişkinin olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Öyle ki Isauria Eyaleti’nin 4. yüzyılın birinci yarısındaki yöneticileri praeses Isauria unvanı ile sadece sivil yetkiler kullanmışlardır. Ancak aynı yüzyılın ikinci yarısında ise eyalette yaşanan olayların şiddeti ile de bağlantılı olarak askeri yetkilerle güçlendirilmiş comes veya comes et praeses unvanlarını kullandıkları anlaşılmaktadır. Aynı durum Isauria Eyaleti yöneticilerinin seçiminde de kendisini açıkça göstermektedir ki bu bağlamda MS 4. yüzyıl yöneticileri arasında Flavius isimli yöneticilerin sayıca fazlalığı dikkat çekici bir durumdur. Muhtemelen bölgedeki olaylardan kaynaklı hassas durum nedeniyle bu yöneticiler Roma yönetimine yakın olan ve geçmişte başarılı mesleki kariyere sahip insanlar arasından seçilmişlerdir. Özellikle MS 4. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında yaşanan olayların Isauria eyaletinin askeri önemini son derece artırdığı anlaşılmaktadır. Bu sebeple Roma yönetimi bölgede sadece kalıcı lejyonlar konuşlandırılmakla kalmamış, Isauria’daki isyanları bastırmak ve haydutlarla etkin bir mücadele yapabilmek için Torosların stratejik noktalarına kaleler ve kuleler inşa ettirmiştir. Bölgenin tanımlanan bu durumunu en iyi özetleyen belge ise Roma’nın askeri ve idari makamlarını gösteren Notitia Dignitatum’dur. Notitia Dignitatum’da yer alan Isauria ile ilgili görseldeki iki mimari yapı büyük ihtimalle iki lejyon karargâhını tanımlarken, Toros dağlarını ayıran çizginin üst tarafındaki beş adet mimari yapı ise bölgedeki kale ve kuleleri işaret etmelidir. Bunlardan ikisi çok büyük ihtimalle Isauria isyanlarının yoğunlaştığı alanın kuzeydoğu sınırında bulunan Nunu (Antiokheia) ile Aşağı Akın kaleleri olmalı ve diğerleri de yakın çevrede aranmalıdır.

Kaynakça

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Political and Administrative Structure of Isauria Province in the 4th Century AD

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 82 Sayı: 295, 803 - 828, 01.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2018.803

Öz

In ancient times, the Lycaonian and Taurus mountains from the north, Cilicia from the east, and the fields surrounded by Pamphylia from the west were called Isauria and their people called Isaurians. Very few parts of the area which is rugged in terms of land structure are suitable for agriculture. The region has been the scene of many bandits and rebellions throughout the ancient period, especially during the Roman period. It is possible to see the most concrete example of this situation of Isauria in the 4th century AD. The region has been the scene of widespread to banditry activities and revolts in the almost every decade, especially in the second half of the century. The Isaurians, who frequently rebelled due to famine and starvation, attacked to the Cilicia and Pamphylia coasts and the Lycaonia plain almost every time. It is also understood that some changes have been made to the administration of the state as a precaution against the Isauria revolts. As a matter of fact, in the 4th century AD, there is a relationship between the banditry activities in the region and the violence of revolts and the authority which given to the administration and administrators by the Rome in Isauria. In fact, the rulers of the province of Isauria in the first half of the 4th century used only civil powers with the title of praeses Isauria. However, in the second half of the same century, it is understood that they use the titles of comes or comes et praeses, reinforced with military powers, in relation with the violence of the events in the province. The same situation clearly manifests itself in the election of the rulers of the State of Isauria. In this context, the name Flavius is remarkable as name number of managers from the 4th century AD. Probably due to the sensitive situation from the events in the region, these managers were chosen among the people who were close to the Roman administration and had a successful professional career in the past. It is understood that the events in the second half of the 4th century AD increased the military significance of the State of Isauria. For this reason, the Roman government not only deployed permanent legions in the region, but also built fortresses and towers at the strategic points of the Taurus Mountains to suppress the rebellions in Isauria and to fight effectively with the outlaws. The document that best summarizes this situation of the region is Notitia Dignitatum, which shows the military and administrative authorities of Rome. The two architectural structures of Isauria in the Notitia Dignitatum are probably the two legions of the building, while the five architectural structures at the top of the line separating the Taurus Mountains must point to the castles and towers in the region. Two of them are probably Nunu (Antiokheia) and Aşağı Akın fortresses on the northeastern border of the area where Isauria rebellions are concentrated and others should be searched in the immediate vicinity.

Kaynakça

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  • Cons. Porph. Constantinus Porphyrogenitus, De Thematibus et de Administrando Im- perio, (ed. I. Bekkerus), Bonn 1840 (Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae 14).
  • Epiph. adv. Haer. Adversus Haereses (Panarion), K. Holl (ed.), Leipzig 1915-1985.
  • Eunap. frg. The Fragmentary Classicing Historians of the Late Roman Empire: Eunapius, Ol- ympiodorus, Prischus and Malchus (Text, Translation and histographical Notes), Liverpool 1983.
  • Expos. tot. m. Expositio totius mundi et gentium, J. Rougé (ed.), (SC 124), Paris 1966.
  • Hierok. Hieroclis synecdemus et notitiae Graecae episcopatuum: Accedunt Nili Doxapatrii no- titia patriarchatuum et locorum nomina immutata, G. Parthey (ed.), Berolini 1866.
  • Lib. ep. Die Briefe Des Libanius Zeitlich Geordnet von Otto Seeck, Leipzig 1906.
  • Not. Dign. Notitia Dignitatum: Accedunt notitia urbis Constantinopolitane et Laterculi provin- ciarum, O. Seeck (ed.),Berlin 1876.
  • Ptolem. Claudius Ptolemaios, Geographia, K. F. A. Nobbe (ed.), Claudii Ptolemaei Geographia, Leipzig 1845.
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  • AE L’année Épigaphique, Paris.
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  • Alkan, M. - Kurt, M., Isauria Bölgesinde Bir Epigrafi ve Eskiçağ Tarihi Araştırması, Akron 11 (Akdeniz Üniversitesi Akdeniz Dillerini ve Kültürlerini Araştırma Merkezi Dizisi 11), Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul 2016.
  • ____________, Aşağı Akın Isauria Bölgesi’nde Bir Kale Yerleşimi, Akron 15 (Akdeniz Üniversitesi Akdeniz Dillerini ve Kültürlerini Araştırma Merkezi Dizisi 15), Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul 2017.
  • Arce, J., “Aurelius Iustus comes et praeses Isauriae (355-360 d.C.)”, Hispania An- tiqua 3, 1973, ss. 127-133.
  • Barnes, T. D., Ammianus Marcellinus and the Representation of Historical Reality, Cornell University Press, New York, 1998.
  • Bean, G. E. – Mitford, T. B., Journeys in Rough Cilicia 1964–1968. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften Phil.-hist. Kl., Denkschriften 102, Ergänzun- gsbände zu den Tituli Asiae Minoris 3. Vienna 1970.
  • Belke, K. – Restle, M., Galatien und Lykaonien, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 4, (Denks- chriften ÖAW, phil.-hist. Kl. 172), Wien 1984.
  • Burgess, W. D., The Isaurians in the Fifth Century A.D., A thesis submitted in partical fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (His- tory), at the University of Wisconsin-Madison 1985.
  • ____________, “Isauria and the Notitia Dignitatum”, Ancient World 26, 1995, ss. 79-88.
  • Cameron, A. – Long, J., (with a contribution Sherry), Barbarians and Politics at the Court of Arcadius, The Transformation of the Classical Heritage, vol. 19), Ber- keley – Los Angeles – Oxford 1993.
  • Cayla, J.-B., “Bassidius Lauricius Gouverneur De Chypre? Une Nouvelle Hypo- thèse À Propos De La Restauration D’Un Monument Incendié Paphos (Pl. XXIII)”, Centre D’Études Chypriotes Cahier 27-1997, Mélanges Olivier Masson, Édi- tons De Boccard, Paris 1998, ss. 71-76.
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  • CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum.
  • CTh The Theodosian Code, ed. J. Harries – I. Wood, Cornell University Press, Ithaca 1993.
  • Conti, S., Die Inschriften Kaiser Julians, (Altertumswissenschaftliches Kolloquium 10), Stuttgart 2004.
  • Dagron, G., Vie et Miracles de Sainte Thècle. Texte Grec, Traduction et Commentaire (Subsidia Hagiographia 62), Bruxelles 1978.
  • Dagron, G. – Marcillet-Jaubert, J., “Inscriptions De Cilicie et d’Isaurie”, Belleten XLII/167, 1978, ss. 373-420.
  • Dagron, G. – Feissel, D., Inscriptions de Cilicie, Avec Antonie Hermani, Jean Ric- hard et Jean-Pierre Sodini, Paris 1987.
  • Davis, E. J., A Journal Of Travel In Cilicia (Pedias and Trachea), Isauria, And Parts Of Lycaonia And Cappadocia, London 1879.
  • Dmitriev, S., “Observations on the Historical Geoh-graphy of Roman Lycaonia”, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 41, 2000, ss. 349-375.
  • Dodgeon, M. H. – Lieu, S. N. C., The Roman Eastern Frontier And The Persian Wars AD 226-363, A Documentary History, London-New York 2002.
  • Ergin, G., Anadolu’da Roma Hakimiyeti Direniş ve Düzen, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul 2013.
  • Feld, K., Barbarische Bürger: Die Isaurier und das Römische Reich. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin - New–York 2005.
  • French, D. H., Roman Roads& Milestones of Asia Minor, Volume 3: Milestones, Fasc. 3.7 Cilicia, Isauria et Lycaonia (and South-west Galatia), British Institute at Ankara, Electronic Monograph, Ankara 2014.
  • Frye, R. N. (1983), History of Ancient Iran (Handbuch der Altertumswissenshaft: Abt. 3; Teil 7), München 1983.
  • Hall, A. S., “Valerius Valentinianus, Pareses of Isauria”, Anatolian Studies 22, 1972, ss. 213-216.
  • Head, B. V., Historia numorum; a manual of Greek numismatics, Clarendon press, Ox- ford 1887.
  • Hellenkemper, H., “Legionen im Bandenkrieg – Isaurien im 4. Jahrhundert”, Studien zu den Militärgrenzen Roms III (Vorträge des 13. Internationalen Limeskongresses Aalen 1983), Stuttgart 1986, ss. 625-634.
  • Hild, F. – Hellenkemper, H., Kilikien und Isaurien, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 5, (Denkschriften ÖAW, phil.-hist. Kl. 215), Wien 1990.
  • Hill, G. F., Catalogue Of The Greek Coins Of Lycaonia, Isauria And Cilicia, Trustess of the British Museum, London 1900.
  • Hoffmann, D., Das spätrömische Bewegungsheer und die Notitia dignitatum, Epigraphische Studien 7, Düsseldorf 1969-1970.
  • Hopwood, K., “Policing the Hinterland: Rough Cilicia and Isauria”, Armies and Frontiers in Roman and Byzantine Anatolia, Proceedings of a Colloquium Held at Uni- versity College, Swansea, April 1981, ed. Stephen Mitchell, Oxford 1983, ss.173-187.
  • ____________, “Consent and Control: How the Peace was kept in Rough Cilicia”, The Eastern Frontier of the Roman Empire, D. H. French – C. S. Lightfoot (eds.), BAR, International Ser. 553 (i), Oxford 1989, ss.191-201.
  • ____________, “The Links between the Coastal Cities of Western Rouhg Cilicia and the interior during the Roman Period”, Anatolia Antiqua1, Paris 1991, ss. 305-310.
  • “Who Were The Isaurians?”, XI. Türk Tarih Kongresi Bildirileri, Cilt [1990], Ankara 1994, ss. 375-386.
  • ____________, “Ammianus Marcellinus on Isauria”, The late Roman World and its Historian. Interpreting Ammianus Marcellinus, J. W. Drijvers – D. Hunt (Eds.), Lon- don 1999, ss. 198-213.
  • ____________, “Bandits, between Grandees and the State: The Structure of Or- der in Roman Rough Cilicia”, Organised Crime in the Ancient World, K. R. Hopwo- od (ed.), London 1999, ss. 177-206.
  • http://parthiansources.com/texts/skz/ Erişim Tarihi: 28.05.2018.
  • ILS Inscriptionum Latinarum Selectarum.
  • Isaac, B., “The eastern frontier”, The Cambridge Ancient History XIII: The late Empi- re, A.D. 337-425, (Eds. A. Cameron – P. Garnsey), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2008, ss. 437-460.
  • Jones, A. H. M.,The Later Roman Empire 284-602, A Social Economic and Administrative Survey, Blackwell, Oxford 1964.
  • ____________, The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1971.
  • Jones, J. P., “The Inscription from the Sea-Wall at Anemurium”, Phoenix 26/4, 1972, ss. 396-399.
  • Keenan, J. G., “The Names Flavius and Aurelius as Status Designations in Later Roman Egypt”, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigrafik 11, 1973, ss. 33-63.
  • “An Afterthought on the Names Flavius and Aurelius”, Zeitschrift für papyrologie und Epigrafik 53, 1983, ss. 245-250.
  • Laminger-Pascher, G., “Römische Soldaten in Isaurien”, Römische Geschichte, Al- tertumskunde und Epigraphik. Artur Betz için Armağan, E. Weber – G. Dobesch (ed.), Wien 1985, ss. 381–392.
  • Langlois, V., Voyage Dans La Cilicie et Dans Les Montagnes Du Taurus Exécuté pendant les années 1852-1853, Paris 1861.
  • Lenski, N., “Assimilation and Revolt in the Territory of Isauria, from the 1st Cen- tury BC to the 6 th Century AD”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 42/4, 1999, ss. 413-465.
  • ____________, “Basil and the Isaurian Uprising of A. D. 375”, Phoenix 53/3-4, 1999, ss. 308-329
  • “Relations between Coast and Hinterland in Rough Cilicia”, La Cilicie: Espaces et Pouvoirs Locaux Table Ronde Internationale, Istanbul, 2-5 Novembre, Varia Anatolica XIII, 2001, ss. 417-423.
  • Levick, B., Roman Colonies in Southern Asia Minor, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1967.
  • Lewin, A., “Banditismo E Civilitas Nella Cilicia Tracheia Antica E Tardoantica”, Quaderni storici 76, ss. 167-185.
  • Magie, D., Roman Rule In Asia Minor To The End Of The Third Century After Christ, I-II, Princeton University Press, New Jersey 1950.
  • MAMA Monumenta Asiae Minoris Antiquae.
  • Maricq, A., “Classica et Orientalia, 5. Res Gestae Divi Saporis”, Syria 35, 1958, ss. 295-360.
  • Martindale, J. R., “Prosopography of The Later Roman Empire: addenda et cor- rigenda Volume I”, Historia 29, 1980, ss. 474-497.
  • Matthews, J., The Romans Empire of Ammianus with a new introduction, Michigan Clas- sical Press, London 1989.
  • Mitchell, S., “The Siege of Cremna”, The Eastern Frontier of the Roman Empire, ed. D. H. French and C. S. Lightfood, Oxford 1989, s. 111-128.
  • Mitford, T. B. – Andrews, St., “Roman Rough Cilicia”, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, II, 7/2, Berlin 1980, ss. 1230-1257.
  • Mócsy, A., “Der Name Flavius als Rangbezeichnung in der Spätantike „, Akten des IV. internationalen Kongresses für griechische und latinische Epigraphik (Wien 1962), Wien 1964, ss. 257-263.
  • Néroutsos, T. D., “La forteresse d’Antioche en Isaurie et le praeses Bassidius Lau- ricius”, Bulletin de correspondance hellénique 2, 1878, ss.16-19.
  • Nischer, E. C., “The Army Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine and their Modifications up to the Time of the Notitia Dignitatum”, Journal of Roman Studies 13, 1923, ss. 1-55.
  • OGIS, Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae.
  • d’Orbelini, R., “Inscriptions and Monuments from Galatia”, The Journal of Helle- nic Studies 44/1, 1924, ss. 24-44.
  • Özyıldırım, M., “Arminum ve Seleucia ad Calycadnum Konsilleri 359 İkiz Kon- siller Yılı”, Olba XV, 2007, ss. 103-143.
  • Paris, P. – Radet, G. A.,“Inscriptions de Pisidie, de Lycaonie et d’Isaurie”, Bulletin de correspondance hellénique 10, 1886, ss. 500-514.
  • PLRE I, The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire I, A.D. 260-395, H. M. Jones – J. R. Martindale – J. Morris (edd.), Cambridge 1971.
  • PLRE II, The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, volume II, A.D. 395-527, J. R. Martindale (Ed.), Cambridge 1980.
  • Pottier, B., “Banditisme et révolte en Isaurie au IVe et Ve siècles vus par les Isau- riens eux-mêmes. La Vie de saint Conon”, Mediterraneo antico. Economie, società, culture, 8 fas. 2, 2005, ss. 443-474.
  • Ramsay, W. M., The Historical Geography of Asia Minor (Royal Geographical Society, Supplementary Papers IV), London 1890.
  • RE, Pauly-Wissowa-Kroll, Real Encyclopādie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, Stutt- gart.
  • Rougé, J., “L’Histoire Auguste et l’Isaurie au IVe Siècle”, Revue des études anciennes LXVIII, nos. 3-4, Bordeaux 1966, ss. 282-315.
  • Ruge, W., “Domitiopolis”, RE V/1-2, 1905, s. 1313.
  • ____________, “Eirenopolis”, RE V/1-2, 1905, s. 2135.
  • ____________, “Isauria”, RE IX/2, 1916, s. 2056.
  • ____________, “Kietis”, RE XI/1, 1921, ss. 380-381.
  • Seeck, O., “Castricius 4”, RE III/2, 1899, s. 1076.
  • ____________, “Lauricius 1”, RE XI/1, 1924, ss. 1023-1024
  • Shaw, B. D., “Bandit Highlands and Lowland Peace: The Mountains of Isauria-Cilicia”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient XXXIII/3, Leiden 1990, ss. 237-270.
  • Sterrett, J. R. S., The Wolfe Expedition to Asia Minor. Papers of the American School at Athens III, Boston 1888.
  • Şahin, S., “Inschriften aus Seleukeia am Kalykadnos (Silifke)”, Epigraphica Anatolica 17, 1991, ss. 139-166.
  • Ünal, A. – Girginer, K. S., Kilikya-Çukurova İlk Çağlardan Osmanlılar Dönemine Kadar Kilikya’da Tarihi Coğrafya, Tarih ve Arkeoloji, Homer Kitabevi, İstanbul 2007.
  • Woods, D., “Arbazacius, Fravitta, and the Goverment of Isauria ca. A. D. 396- 404”, Phoenix 52, 1998, ss. 109-119.
Toplam 98 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Mehmet Kurt Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 82 Sayı: 295

Kaynak Göster

APA Kurt, M. (2018). MS 4. Yüzyılda Isauria Eyaleti’nin Siyasal ve İdari Yapısı. BELLETEN, 82(295), 803-828. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2018.803
AMA Kurt M. MS 4. Yüzyılda Isauria Eyaleti’nin Siyasal ve İdari Yapısı. TTK BELLETEN. Aralık 2018;82(295):803-828. doi:10.37879/belleten.2018.803
Chicago Kurt, Mehmet. “MS 4. Yüzyılda Isauria Eyaleti’nin Siyasal Ve İdari Yapısı”. BELLETEN 82, sy. 295 (Aralık 2018): 803-28. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2018.803.
EndNote Kurt M (01 Aralık 2018) MS 4. Yüzyılda Isauria Eyaleti’nin Siyasal ve İdari Yapısı. BELLETEN 82 295 803–828.
IEEE M. Kurt, “MS 4. Yüzyılda Isauria Eyaleti’nin Siyasal ve İdari Yapısı”, TTK BELLETEN, c. 82, sy. 295, ss. 803–828, 2018, doi: 10.37879/belleten.2018.803.
ISNAD Kurt, Mehmet. “MS 4. Yüzyılda Isauria Eyaleti’nin Siyasal Ve İdari Yapısı”. BELLETEN 82/295 (Aralık 2018), 803-828. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2018.803.
JAMA Kurt M. MS 4. Yüzyılda Isauria Eyaleti’nin Siyasal ve İdari Yapısı. TTK BELLETEN. 2018;82:803–828.
MLA Kurt, Mehmet. “MS 4. Yüzyılda Isauria Eyaleti’nin Siyasal Ve İdari Yapısı”. BELLETEN, c. 82, sy. 295, 2018, ss. 803-28, doi:10.37879/belleten.2018.803.
Vancouver Kurt M. MS 4. Yüzyılda Isauria Eyaleti’nin Siyasal ve İdari Yapısı. TTK BELLETEN. 2018;82(295):803-28.