Women Patrons in Medieval Anatolia And a Discussion of Māhbarī Khātūn’s Mosque Complex in Kayseri

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 78 Sayı: 282, 475 - 526, 01.08.2014

Patricia Blessıng

https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2014.475

Öz

This article traces the role of female patrons of architecture in thirteenth- and early fourteenth-century Anatolia. At the center stands Māhbarī Khātūn, the mother of the Seljuk Sultan Ghiyāth al-Dīn Kaykhusraw II (R 1237-46). During the rule of her son, Māhbarī Khātūn was active as a patron of architecture, building most notably the Huand Hatun complex in Kayseri in 1238, and several caravanserais. The foundation inscriptions of these monuments, and the funerary inscription on Māhbarī Khātūn’s cenotaph in the Huand Hatun mausoleum present the founder both as the mother of the sultan, and as a pious Muslim woman. The insistence on Māhbarī Khātūn’s position as the sultan’s mother points to her activity in a later stage of life, after the dead of her husband, ‘Alā’ al-Dīn Kayqubād (R 1220-37), when her status was akin to that of the valide sultan in later Ottoman practice. This article compares Māhbarī Khātūn to other known female patrons, active in Anatolia during Seljuk and Ilkhanid rule, who are mostly recorded in their foundation inscriptions. Thus, the importance of these inscriptions as sources to trace patrons who are marginal in the chronicles and hagiographies of the time, as is the case for female members of the Seljuk court, clearly emerges.

Anahtar Kelimeler

‘Alā’ al-Dīn Kayqubād, Ghiyāth al-Dīn Kaykhusraw II, Māhbarī Khātūn, Women Patrons, Huand Hatun complex, Seljuk, Ilkhanid

Ortaçağ Anadolu'sunda Kadın Bânîler ve Mahperî Hâtun’un Kayseri’deki Manzûme Hakkında Bir Tartışma

Öz

Bu makale XIII. ve erken XIV. yüzyılı Anadolu’sunda kadın bânîlerin rollerini üzerine olup, incelememizin merkezinde Selçuklu Sultanı Alaeddin Keykubad’ın (saltanatı 1220-37) eși ve II. Giyaseddin Keyhüsrev’in (saltanatı 1237-46) annesi olan Mahperi Hatun bulunmaktadır.Oğlunun saltanat yıllarında oldukça aktif bir bânî olan Mahperi Hatun, bu dönemde Kayseri’deki 1238'de tamamlanan Huand Hatun Külliyesinin yanında, birçok kervansaray inșâ ettirmiștir. Aynen Osmanlı vâlide sultanları gibi, ancak eși Alaeddin Keykubad ölünce bir vâlide sultan olarak aktif bir bânî olan, Mahperi Hatun, inșa ettirdiği binaların kitabelerinde ve kendisinin Huand Hâtun külliyesinde yer alan türbesindeki mezar kitabesinde, kendini dindâr bir Müslüman olarak takdim etmiștir. Bu makale, kitabelerden yola çıkarak, Mahperi Hatun ile Selçuklu ve İlhanlı döneminın diğer kadın bânîlerini karșılaștırmaktadır. Bu șekilde, dönemin tarihlerinde ve menkıbelerinde göz ardı edilen Selçuklu ve İlhanlı dönemi saray kadınlarının hayatına ıșık tutan bu kitabelerin önemi vurgulanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Alaeddin Keykubad, II. Giyaseddin Keyhüsrev, Mahperi Hatun, Kadın Bânîler, Huand Hatun Külliyesi, Selçuklu, İlhanlı

Kaynakça

• Abbott, Nabia, Two Queens of Baghdad: Mother and Wife of Hārūn Al Rashīd. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1946.
• ‘Abd al-Raziq, Ahmad “Trois foundations féminines dans l’Egypte ma- melouke,” Revue des Etudes Islamiques, XLI (1973), pp. 95-126.
• Aflākī, Shams al-Dīn Aḥmad, Ariflerin Menkibleri, 2 vols.,tr. Tahsin Yazıcı, Kabalcı, Istanbul 2006 [first published in 1953].
• Ahmed, Leila, Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate, Yale University Press, New Haven and London 1992.
• Akok, Mahmut, “Kayseri’de Hunad Mimari Külliyesinin Rölövesi,” Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi, XVI/ 1 (1967), pp. 5-44.
• -------------------, “Kayseri’de Gevher Nesibe Sultan Darüşşifası ve Sahabiye Medresesi Rölöve ve Mimarisi,”Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi, XVII/ 1 (1968), pp. 133-184.
• Akşit, Ahmet, “Melike-i Adiliye Kümbetinde Selçuklu Devri Salatanat Mücadelesine Dair İzler,”Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Der- gisi, 11 (2002), pp. 239-245.
• Al-Aqsarāyī, Karīm al-Dīn Maḥmūd b. Muḥammad, Müsâmeretü’l-ahbâr, tr. Mürsel Öztürk, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara 2000.
• Arık, Rüçhan, Kubadabad – Selçuklu Saray ve Çinileri, Türkiye İş Bankası, Istanbul 2000.
• Aslanapa, Oktay, Turkish Art and Architecture, Praeger Publishers, New York 1971.
• Atıl, Esin, “Islamic Women as Rulers and Patrons,” Asian Art 6.2 (1993), pp. 3-12.
• Bar Hebraeus, The Chronography of Gregory Abû'l Faraj, the Son of Aaron, the Hebrew Physician, Commonly Known as BarHebraeus; Being the First Part of his Political History of the World, tr. Ernest A. Wallis Budge, 2 vols., Oxford Univesity Press and H. Milford, London 1932.
• Bates, Ülkü, “The Anatolian Mausoleum of the Twelfth, Thirteenth, and Fourteenth Centuries,” unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Michigan, 1970.
• -------------------, “Women as Patrons of Architecture in Turkey,” in: Lois Beck and Nikki Keddie (eds.) Women in the Muslim World. Cam- bridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978, pp. 245-60.
• -------------------, “The Architectural Patronage of Ottoman Women,” Asian Art, 6.2 (1993), pp. 51-65.
• -------------------, “The Impact of the Mongol Invasion on Turkish Architec- ture,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, XV (1978), pp. 23- 32.
• Berchem, Max van, “Epigraphie des Danishmendides,” Zeitschrift für Assy- riologie und verwandte Gebiete, 27 (1912), pp. 85-91.
• Blessing, Patricia, “Allegiance, Praise, and Space: Monumental Inscrip- tions in thirteenth-century Anatolia as Architectural Guides,” in: Mohammad Gharipour and İrvin Cemil Schick (eds.) Calligraphy and Architecture in the Muslim World, in press, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2013, pp. 431-446.
• -------------------, “Reframing the Lands of Rūm: Architecture and Style in Eastern Anatolia, 1240-1320,” unpublished PhD dissertation, Prin- ceton University, 2012.
• Cahen, Claude, The Formation of Turkey – The Seljukid Sultanate of Rūm: Ele- venth to Fourteenth Century, tr. P. M. Holt, Harlow, UK: Longman, 2001.
• Çayırdağ, Mehmet, “Huand Hatun Külliyesi,” Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, vol. 18, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, Istanbul 1998, pp. 261- 262.
• Crane, Howard, “Notes on Saljūq Architectural Patronage in 13th- century Anatolia,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 36.1 (1993), pp. 1-57.
• -------------------, “Materials for the Study of Muslim Patronage in Saljuq Ana- tolia: The Life and Works of Jalāl al-Dīn Qarāṭāī,” unpublished PhD dissertation, Harvard University, 1975.
• Dodd, Erica Cruikshank and Shereen Khairallah, The Image of the Word: A Study of Quranic Verses in Islamic Architecture, Beirut: American Univer- sity of Beirut, 1981.
• Durukan, Aynur, “Anadolu Selçuklu Sanatında Kadın Baniler,” Vakıflar Dergisi, XVII (1998), pp. 15-36.
• Eastmond, Antony, “Gender and Patronage between Christianity and Islam in the Thirteenth Century,” in: Ayla Ödekan, Engin Akyürek and Nevra Necipoğlu (eds.) Change in the Byzantine world in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, 1 Uluslararasi Sevgi Gönül Bizans Araştirmalari Sempozyumu / First International Sevgi Gönül Byzantine Studies Symposium, Vehbi Koç Vakfı, Istanbul 2010, pp. 78-88.
• Erdmann, Kurt, Das anatolische Karavansaray des 13. Jahrhunderts. 3 vols., Istanbuler Forschungen Bd. 21, 31. Berlin: Verlag Gebr. Mann, 1961-1976.
• Ferit, M., and M. Mesut, Selçuk Veziri Sahip Ata ile Oğullarının Hayat ve Eser- leri, Türkiye Matbaası, Istanbul 1934.
• Gabriel, Albert, Les monuments turcs d’Anatolie, 2 vols., E. de Boccard, Paris 1931.
• Halil Edhem (Eldem), Qayṣarîye Şehrî: Mebânî-yi İslâmîye ve Kitâbeleri: Selçukî Târihinden Bir Ḳıt’a, Matbaa-yı Orhânîye, Istanbul 1334 [1918- 1919].
• Halil Edhem (Eldem), Kayseri Şehri – Selçuklu Tarihinden Bir Bölüm, ed. Kemal Göde, Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara 1982.
• Hambly, Gavin R. G., “Becoming Visible: Medieval Islamic Women in Historiography and History,” in: Gavin R. G. Hambly (ed.) Women in the Medieval Islamic World: Power, Patronage, and Piety, St. Martin’s Press, New York 1998, pp. 3-27.
• Humphreys, R. Stephen, “Women as Patrons of Religious Architecture in Ayyubid Damascus,” Muqarnas, 11 (1994), pp. 35-54.
• Ibn Bībī, al-Ḥusain b. Muḥammad, al-Avāmirü ‘l-ʿAlāʾiyye fī ‘l-Umūri ‘l- ʿAlāʾiyye, ed. Adnan Sadık Erzi, vol.1, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Anka- ra 1956.
• Ibn Bībī, al-Ḥusain b. Muḥammad, Selçuknâme, tr. Mükrimin Halil Yi- nanç, second edition, Kitabevi, Istanbul 2007 (first published in 1944).
• Jacobi, Renate, “Zubayda bt. Ḏj̲aʿfar,” Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edi- tion. Brill Online, 2012, Stanford University, accessed 09 Decem- ber 2012 http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/ encyclo- paedia-of-islam-2/zubayda-bt-djafar-SIM_8187
• Karamağaralı, Hâlûk, “Sâhıb Atâ Câmii’nin Restitüsyonu Hakkında Bir Deneme,” Rölöve ve Restorasyon Dergisi, 3 (1982), pp. 49-75.
• -------------------, “Kayseri'deki Hunat Camisinin Restitüsyonu ve Hunat Manzumesinin Kronolojisi Hakkında Bazı Mülahazalar,” Ankara Universitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 21 (1976), pp. 199-245.
• Katoğlu, Murat, “XIII. Yüzyıl Anadolu Türk Mimarisinde ‘Külliye’,” Belleten, XXI/ 123 (July, 1967), pp. 335-344.
• Kayaalp, Pınar, “Vakfiye and Inscriptions: An Interpretation of the Writ- ten Records of the Atik Valide Mosque Complex,” International Journal of Islamic Architecture, 1/ 2 (2012), pp. 301–324.
• Kayaalp-Aktan, Pınar “The Endowment Deed of the Atik Valide Mos- que Complex: A Textual Anaolysis,” in: Nina Ergin, Christoph K. Neumann, and Amy Singer (eds.) Feeding People, Feeding Power - Im- arets in the Ottoman Empire, Istanbul: Eren, 2007, pp. 261-273.
• Kaymaz, Nejat, Pervâne Mu'înü'd-dîn Süleyman. Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi, Ankara 1970.
• -------------------, Anadolu Selçuklu Sultanlarından II. Giyâsü’d-dîn Keyhüsrev ve Devri, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara 2009.
• Konyalı, İbrahim Hakkı, Âbideleri ve Kitabeleri ile Konya Tarihi, second edi- tion, Enes Kitap Sarayı, Konya 1997 (first published in 1964).
• -------------------, Âbideleri ve Kitabeleri ile Erzurum Tarihi, Erzurum Tarihini Araştırma ve Tanıtma Derneği Yayınları, Istanbul 1960.
• Korn, Lorenz, Ayyubidische Architektur in Ägypten und Syrien: Bautätigkeit im Kontext von Politik und Gesellschaft 564-658/1169-1260. 2 vols., Hei- delberger Orientverlag, Heidelberg 2004.
• Kuran, Abtullah, Anadolu Medreseleri, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 1969.
• Küçükhüseyin, Şevket, Selbst- und Fremdwahrnehmung im Prozess kultureller Transformation – Anatolische Quellen über Muslime, Christen und Türken (13. – 15. Jahrhundert), Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna 2011.
• Lambton, Ann K. S., Continuityand Change in Medieval Persia: Aspects of Ad- ministrative, Economic, and Socıal History, 11th-14th Century, NY: Biblio- theca Persica, Albany 1988.
• “Maryam”, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill Online, 2012, Stanford http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of- islam-2/maryam-COM_0692> 09 December 2012
• Meinecke, Michael, Fayencedekorationen seldschukischer Sakralbauten in Kleina- sien, 2 vols., Istanbuler Mitteilungen, Beiheft, 13. Tübingen: Was- muth, 1976.
• Otto-Dorn, Katharina, “Die menschlichen Figurendarstellungen auf den Fliesen von Kobadabad, ” in: Oktay Aslanapa and Rudolf Nau- mann (eds.) Forschungen zur Kunst Asiens – In memoriam Kurt Erdmann, Baha Matbaası, Istanbul 1969, pp. 111-139.
• -------------------, “Bericht über die Grabung in Kobadabad 1966,” Archäolo- gischer Anzeiger, 84 (1969), pp. 438-506.
• Otto-Dorn, Katharina and Mehmet Önder, “Bericht über die Grabung in Kobadabad (Oktober 1965),” Archäologischer Anzeiger, 81 (1966), pp. 170-183.
• Önge, Mustafa, “Caravanserais as Symbols of Power in Seljuk Anatolia,” in: Jonathan Osmond and Ausma Cimdina (eds.) Power and Culture: Identity, Ideology, Representation, Pisa University Press, Pisa 2007, pp. 49-69.
• Önge, Yılmaz, “Kayseri Huand (Mahperi Hatun) Külliyesinin Hamamı ve Yeni Bulunan Çini Tezyinatı,” Önasya, IV/ 47 (1969), pp. 10-11, 17.
• Önkal, Hakkı, Anadolu Selçuklu Türbeleri, Atatürk Kültür Merkezi, Ankara 1996.
• Özbek, Yıldıray, “Women’s tombs in Kayseri,” Kadin/ Woman 2000 3 (2002): 65-114. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-114284640. html, accessed 4 December 2012.
• Pancaroğlu, Oya, “The Mosque-Hospital Complex at Divriği: A History of Relations and Transitions,” Anadolu ve Çevresinde Ortaçağ, 3 (2009), pp. 169-198.
• Peirce, Leslie P., The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire, Oxford University Press, New York 1993.
• -------------------, “Gender and Sexual Propriety in Ottoman Royal Women’s Patronage,” in: D. Fairchild Ruggles (ed.) Women, Patronage, and Self- representation in Islamic Societies, State University of New York Press, Albany 2000, pp. 53-68.
• Redford, Scott, “The Inscription of the Kırkgöz Hanı and the Problem of Textual Transmission in Seljuk Anatolia,” Adalya, XII (2009), pp. 347-359.
• -------------------, “Paper, Stone, Scissors: ‘Alā’ al-Dīn Kayqubād, ‘Iṣmat al- Dunyā wa ‘l-Dīn and the Writing of Seljuk History,” in: Andrew C. S. Peacock and Sara Nur Yıldız (eds.) The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East, I.B. Tauris, London 2013, pp. 151-170.
• -------------------, “The Inscription of the Kırkgöz Hanı and the Problem of Textual Transmission in Seljuk Anatolia,” Adalya, XII (2009), pp. 347-359.
• Répertoire chronologique d'épigraphie arabe, ed. Etienne Combe, Jean Sauvaget, and Gaston Wiet. Cairo: Imprimerie de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale, 18 vols.,1931-1991.
• Rogers, J. Michael, “Waqf and Patronage in Seljuk Anatolia: The Epi- graphic Evidence,” Anatolian Studies 26 (1976), pp. 69-103.
• -------------------, “The Çifte Minare Medrese at Erzurum and the Gök Me- drese at Sivas: A Contribution to the History of Style in the Seljuk Architecture of 13th Century Turkey,” Anatolian Studies, 15 (1965), pp. 63-85.
• -------------------, “The Date of the Çifte Minare Medrese at Erzurum,” Kunst des Orients, 8, no. 1-2 (1972), pp. 77-119.
• -------------------, “Patronage in Seljuk Anatolia, 1200-1300,” unpublished PhD dissertation, Oxford University, 1971.
• -------------------, “Royal Caravansarays and Royal Inscriptions in Seljuk Ana- tolia,” Atatürk Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Araştırma Dergisi – In Memo- riam Prof. Albert Louis Gabriel, 9 (1978), pp. 397-431.
• Ruggles, D. Fairchild, “Vision and Power – An Introduction,” in: D. Fairchild Ruggles (ed.) Women, Patronage, and Self-representation in Is- lamic Societies, State University of New York Press, Albany 2000, pp. 1-15.
• Savaş, Saim, “Tokat’ta Hoca Sünbül Zaviyesi,” Vakıflar Dergisi, XXIII (1993), pp. 199-206.
• Sevim, Ali, “Keyhüsrev II.,” Türkiye Diyanet Vakfi İslam Ansiklopedisi vol. 25, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, Istanbul 2002, pp. 348-350.
• Shukurov, Rustam, “Harem Christianity: The Byzantine Identity of Sel- juk Princes,” in: Andrew C. S. Peacock and Sara Nur Yıldız (eds.) The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East. I.B. Tauris, London 2013, pp. 115-150.
• Sözen, Metin, Anadolu Medreseleri: Selçuklu ve Beylikler Devri. 2 vols, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi - Mimarlık Tarihi ve Rölöve Kürsüsü, Istanbul 1970.
• Stowasser, Barbara Freyer. Women in the Qur’an, Traditions, and Interpreta- tions. New York and Oxford University Press, Oxford 1994.
• Şahin, M. Kemal, “Pervane Muineddin Süleyman ve Oğullarının yaptırdığı yapılar üzerine bazı gözlemler.” In: Haşim Karpuz and Osman Eravşar (eds.) Konya Kitabı, Yeni İpek Yolu Dergisi,Özel Sayı, X (2007), pp. 543-578.
• Tabbaa, Yasser, “Ḍayfa Khātūn, Regent Queen and Architectural Pa- tron,” in: D. Fairchild Ruggles (ed.) Women, Patronage, and Self- representation in Islamic Societies, State University of New York Press, Albany 2000, pp. 17-34.
• Thys-Şenocak, Lucienne, “Space: Architecture – Ottoman Empire,” Suad Joseph (ed.) Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures, Brill On- line, accessed 29 November 2012, http://referenceworks.brillon- line.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-women-and-islamic-cultures/art- and-architecture-COM_0279.
• -------------------, “The Yeni Valide Complex of Eminönü, Istanbul (1597- 1665): Gender and Vision in Ottoman Architecture,” in: D. Fair- child Ruggles (ed.), Women, Patronage, and Self-representation in Islamic societies, State University of New York Press, Albany 2000, pp. 69- 89.
• -------------------, OttomanWomen Builders: the Architectural Patronage of Hadice Tur- han Sultan, VT: Ashgate, Burlington 2006.
• al-Tirmidhī, Muḥammad ibn ‘Isā, Sunan al-Tirmidhī, Jamʻīyat al-Maknaz al-Islāmī, Vaduz, Liechtenstein 2000.
• Tuncer, Orhan Cezmi, “Kayseri Yedi Selçuklu Taçkapısında Geometrik Düzen,” Vakıflar Dergisi,XXVI (1997), pp. 105-152.
• -------------------, “Tunceli-Mazgirt Elti Hatun Camii,” Önasya,VII/ 75 (1971- 72), pp. 14-17.
• Turan, Osman, “Les souverains seldjoukides et leurs sujets non- musulmans,” Studia Islamica, 1 (1953), pp. 65-100.
• -------------------, Selçuklular Zamanında Türkiye: Siyasî Tarih Alp Arslan’dan Osman Gazi’ye, 1071-1318, eighth edition, Ötüken, Istanbul 2004.
• -------------------, “Selçuklu devri vakfiyeleri III - Celâleddîn Karatay vakıfları ve vakfiyeleri,”Belleten, XII/ 45 (1948), pp. 17-170.
• Uyumaz, Emine, “Türkiye Selçuklu Sultanları, Melikleri ve Melikelerinin Evlilikleri,” in: I. Uluslararası Selçuklu Kültür ve Medeniyeti Kongresi Bildi- rileri, vol. 2. T. C. Selçuk Üniversitesi, Konya 2001, pp. 397-421.
• Uzluk, Şehabettin, Mevlâna'nın Türbesi, Yeni Kitap Basımevi, Konya 1946.
• Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı, Tûḳâd, Nîksâr, Zîle, Ṭûrkhâl, Pâzâr, Amâsya Vilâye- ti, Ḳazâ ve Nâḥiye Merkezlerindeki Kitâbeleri, Millî Maṭbaʿsi, Istanbul 1345 [1927].
• -------------------, Osmanlı Devleti Teşkilâtına Medhal, third edititon, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara 1984.
• Üçok, Bahriye, İslâm Devletlerinde Türk Naibeler ve Kadın Hükümdarlar, third edition, Bilge Kültür Sanat, Ankara 2011.
• Watenpaugh, Heghnar Zeitlian, “Art and Architecture,” in: Suad Joseph (ed.) Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures, Brill Online, accessed 29 November 2012,http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries /encyclopedia-of-women-and-islamic-cultures/art-and- architecture-COM_0044.
• Watt, W. Montgomery, “K̲h̲adīd̲j̲a,” Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edi- tion. Brill Online , 2012. Reference. Stanford University. 09 De- cember 2012 http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/ency- clopaedia-of-islam-2/khadidja-SIM_4116
• Wolper, Ethel Sara, “Princess Safwat al-Dunyā wa al-Dīn and the pro- duction of Sufi buildings and hagiographics in pre-Ottoman Anato- lia.” In: D. Fairchild Ruggles (ed.) Women, Patronage, and Self- representation in Islamic societies. State University of New York Press, Albany 2000, pp. 35-52.
• Wolper, Ethel Sara, Cities and Saints: Sufism and the Transformation of Urban Space in Medieval Anatolia, University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003.
• Yalman, Suzan, “Building the Sultanate of Rum: Memory, Urbanism, Architectural Patronage of 'Alā' al-Din Keyqubad (r. 1220-1237) ”, unpublished PhD dissertation, Harvard University, 2011.
• Yazıcızâde Ali, Tevârih-i Âl-i Selçuk Oğuznâme-Selçuklu Târihi, ed. Abdullah Bakır, Çamlıca/Istanbul 2009.
• Yıldız, Sara Nur, “The rise and fall of a tyrant in Seljuk Anatolia: Sa’d al- Din Köpek’s reign of terror, 1237-38,” in: Firuza Abdullaeva, Ro- bert Hillenbrand, and A.C.S. Peacock (eds.) Ferdowsi, The Mongols and Iranian History – Festschrift in Honor of Professor Charles Melville, I.B. Tauris, London 2014.
• -------------------, Mongol Rule In Thirteenth-Century Seljuk Anatolia: The Politics of Conquest and History Writing, 1243-1282, Brill, forthcoming, Leiden 2013.
• -------------------, “Mongol Rule in thirteenth-century Seljuk Anatolia: the Politics of Conquest and History Writing,”unpublished PhD disser- tation, University of Chicago, 2006.
• Yurdakul, Erol, “Son Buluntulara Göre Kayseri'deki Hunat Hamamı,” Selçuklu Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2 (1970), pp. 141-151.
• -------------------, Kayseri-Külük Camii ve Medresesi, T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı, Anka- ra 1996.
• Yürekli, Zeynep, Architecture and Hagiography in the Ottoman Empire: The Poli- tics of Bektashi Shrines in the Classical Age, VT: Ashgate, Burlington 2012.