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İlk Tunç Çağı Çanak-Çömlek Üretiminde Uzmanlaşma: Güneybatı Kapadokya’nın Uzmanlaşmış Üretim Örgütlenmesine İlişkin Yorumlar

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 84 Sayı: 300, 459 - 502, 21.08.2020
https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2020.459

Öz

Kapadokya’da mesleki uzmanlaşma Paleolitiğin son evrelerinden itibaren görülmektedir. Hammadde kaynaklarına ulaşılabilirlik nedeniyle gelişen bu sıradışı erken dönem örnekler dışında iş bölümü ve tam zamanlı uzmanlaşmanın, ekonomik ve politik örgütlenmede görülen gelişmelerle bağlantılı olarak, aslında İlk Tunç Çağı’nda oluştuğu anlaşılmaktadır. Anadolu genelinde elde edilmiş çanak çömlek, maden ve mimari buluntular, bu dönemde uzmanlaşmış üretimin ne derecede kurumsallaştığını göstermektedir. Son yıllarda yapılan etnografik ve etnoarkeolojik çalışmalar, arkeolojik materyallerin üretim sürecinde meydana gelen izlerden yola çıkarak, buluntuların ait oldukları uzmanlaşmış üretim modelleri hakkında yeni yorumlar yapılmasına imkan sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, değişik uzman örgütlenme modellerini yansıtabilecek üç farklı çanak çömlek türü değerlendirilmekte, etnografik ve etnoarkeolojik çalışmalarda yapılan yeni çözümlemeler ve tanımlar ışığında, İlk Tunç Çağı’nın uzman üretim örgütlenmesinin niteliğine ilişkin yorumlar yapılmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Arnold, Philip J., “Dimensional Standardization and Production Scale in Mesoamerican Ceramics”, Latin American Antiquity 2 (1991), ss. 363-370.
  • Bahar, Hasan – Koçak, Özdemir, “Western Links of the Lykaonia Plain in the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age”, Anatolia Antiqua 21 (2003), ss. 21-51.
  • Balkan-Atlı, Nur, “Prehistoric Obsidian Mining in Göllü Dağ (Central Anatolia)”, ed. Ü. Yalçın, H. Özbal, ve A. G. Paşamehmetoğlu, Ancient Mining in Anatolia and Eastern Mediterranean, Ankara 2008, ss. 191-208.
  • Balkan-Atlı, Nur – Slimak, Ludovic – Kuhn, Steve – Açıkgöz, Fazlı, “Kömürcü-Kaletepe Obsidyen Atölyesi Paleolitik Dönem 2006 Yılı Kazısı”, Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 29-2 (2008), ss. 53-72.
  • Bass, George F., “A Hoard of Trojan and Sumerian Jewelry.” American Journal of Archaeology 74-4 (1970), ss. 335-41.
  • Bıçakçı, Erhan – Godon, Martin – Çakan, Yasin G., “Tepecik-Çiftlik”, ed. M. Özdoğan, N. Başgelen, ve P. Kuniholm, The Neolithic in Turkey 3, İstanbul 2012, ss. 89-134.
  • Bilgi, Önder, Protohistorik Çağ’da Orta Karadeniz Bölgesi Madencileri Hind-Avrupalıların Anavatanı Sorununa Yeni Bir Yaklaşım, TASK Vakfı, İstanbul 2001.
  • Binder, Didier, “Stones making sense: what obsidian could tell us about the origins of the central Anatolian Neolithic”, ed. F. Gérard ve L. Thissen, The Neolithic of Central Anatolia. Internal Developments and External Relations during the 9th-6th Millennia cal BC, İstanbul 2002, ss. 79-90.
  • Bittel, Kurt, “Kleinasiatische Studien” Istanbuler Mitteilungen Heft 5, İstanbul 1942.
  • Blackman, James M. – Stein, Gil J. – Vandiver, Pamela B., “The Standardization Hypothesis and Ceramic Mass Production: Technological, Compositional and Metric Indexes of Craft Specialization at Tell Leilan, Syria”, American Antiquity 58 (1993), ss. 60-80.
  • Brumfiel, Elizabeth M. – Earle, Timothy, “Specialization, Exchange, and Complex Societies: An Introduction”, ed. E. Brumfiel ve T. Earle, Specialization, Exchange, and Complex Societies, Cambridge 1987, ss. 1-9.
  • Caneva, Isabella – Köroğlu, Gülgün, Yumuktepe Dokuzbin Yıllık Yolculuk, Ege Yayınları, İstanbul 2010.
  • Cauvin, Marie Claire – Balkan-Atlı, Nur, “Rapport sur les recherches sur l’obsidienne en Cappadoce, 1993- 1995”, Anatolia Antiqua IV (1996), ss. 249-271.
  • Childe, Vere Gordon, “The Urban Revolution”, The Town Planning Review 21-1 (1950), ss. 3-17.
  • Childe, Vere Gordon, Man makes himself, New American Library, New York 1951.
  • Childe, Vere Gordon, What happened in history, Penguin Books, Baltimore 1954.
  • Clark, John E. – Parry, William J., “Craft Specialization and Cultural Complexity”, Research in Economic Anthropology 12 (1990), ss. 289-346.
  • Costin, Cathy L., “Craft Specialization: Issues in Defining, Documenting, and Explaining the Organization of Production”, Archaeological Method and Theory 3 (1991), ss. 1-56.
  • Costin, Cathy L., “The Use of Ethnoarchaeology for the Archaeological Study of Ceramic Production”, Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 7 (2000), ss. 377-403.
  • Costin, Cathy L., – Hagstrum, Melissa B., “Standardization, Labor Investment, Skill, and the Organization of Ceramic Production in Late Prehispanic Highland Peru”, American Antiquity 60-4 (1995), ss. 619-639.
  • During, Bleda S., Küçük Asyanın Tarihöncesi: Karmaşık Avcı-Toplayıcılardan Erken Kentsel Toplumlara, İstanbul, Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2016.
  • Earle, Timothy, “Comment on P. Rice, Evolution of Specialized Pottery Production: A Trial Model”, Current Anthropology 22 (1981), ss. 230-231.
  • Efe, Turan, “New Concepts on Tarsus Troy Relations at the Beginning of the EB 3 Period”, 34th ème Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale (1998), ss. 297-304.
  • Efe, Turan, “Kültür Gruplarından Krallıklara: Batı Anadolu’nun Tarihöncesi Kültürel ve Siyasal Gelişim Profili”, Colloquium Anatolicum 3 (2004), ss. 15-29.
  • Esin, Ufuk, “Copper Objects from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic site of Aşıklı (Kızılkaya Village, Province of Aksaray, Turkey)” The Beginnings of Metallurgy (1999), ss. 22-30.
  • Ezer, Sabahattin, “Kultepe-Kanesh in the Early Bronze Age”, Journal of cuneiform studies supplemental series 4 (2014), ss. 5-24.
  • Frahm Ellery – Hauck, Thomas C., “Origin of an obsidian scraper at Yabroud Rockshelter II (Syria): Implications for Near Eastern social networks in the early Upper Palaeolithic”, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 13 (2017), ss. 415-427.
  • Frangipane, Marcella, “Different types of egalitarian societies and the development of inequality in early Mesopotamia”, World Archaeology 39 (2007), ss. 151-176.
  • Frangipane, Marcella, “Transitions” as an archaeological Concept. Interpreting The Final Ubaid-Late Chalcolithic Transition In The Northern Periphery of Mesopotamia”, ed. C. Marro, After The Ubaid: Interpreting Change From the Caucasus to Mesopotamia at the dawn of Urban Civilization (4500-3500 BC). Varia Anatolica XXVII, Fosseuse: IFEA-De Boccard 2012, ss. 39-64.
  • French, David, “Prehistoric Sites in the Göksu Valley”, Anatolian Studies 15 (1965), ss. 177-201.
  • French, David, Anatolia and the Aegean in the third Millennium BC, PhD thesis, Cambridge University 1969.
  • Friedman, Elizabeth S., Technological Style in Early Bronze Age Anatolia: the Interrelationship between Ceramic and Metal Production at Göltepe, PhD thesis, University of Chicago, 2000.
  • Garstang, John, Prehistoric Mersin: Yümük Tepe in Southern Turkey, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1953.
  • Gathercole, Peter, “Childe’s Revolutions”, ed. C. Renfrew ve P. Bahn, Archaeology: The Key Concept, Routledge 2005, ss. 35-41.
  • Goldman, Hetty, Excavations at Gözlükule, Tarsus II, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1956.
  • Gülçur, Sevil, “Güvercinkayası The Black-Dark Burnished Pottery A General Overview”, Tuba-Ar 7 (2004), ss. 141-164.
  • Gülçur, Sevil, “The Chalcolithic Period in Central Anatolia Aksaray-Niğde Region”, Origini 24 Nuova Serie 5 (2012), ss. 213-227.
  • Güneri, Semih, “Orta Anadolu Höyükleri, Karaman Ereğli Araştırmaları”, Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi 28 (1989), ss. 97-144.
  • Hacar, Abdullah, Kapadokya Bölgesi İlk Tunç Çağı Çanak Çömleği: Göltepe ve Kestel Kazıları ile Aksaray, Nevşehir, Niğde illeri Yüzey Araştırması Buluntuları, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, 2016.
  • Hacar, Abdullah, “Possible Links Between the Highland Regions North of the Central Taurus And West Cappadocia in the Middle Chalcolithic Period (6th And 5th Millennium BC)”, Tuba-Ar 21 (2017), ss. 11-23.
  • Hacar, Abdullah, “İlk Tunç Çağı’na Tarihlenen Anadolu Metalik Çanak Çömleğine İlişkin Yeni Bilgiler: Göltepe Buluntuları”, Adalya XX (2017), ss. 21-40.
  • Jacobs, Jane, The Economy of Cities, New York 1969.
  • Kopytoff, Igor, “The Cultural Biography of Things: commoditization as process”, ed. A. Appadurai, The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective, Cambridge 1986, s. 64-92.
  • Koşay, Hamit Z., Alaca Höyük Kazısı: 1937-1939 daki Çalışmalara ve Keşiflere Ait İlk Rapor, Ankara 1951.
  • Kramer, Carol, “Ceramic Production and Specialization.” Paléorient 11-2 (1985), ss. 117–19.
  • Kvamme, Kenneth L. – Stark, Miriam T. – Longacre, William A., “Alternative Procedures for Assessing Standardization in Ceramic Assemblages”, American Antiquity 61 (1996), ss. 116-126.
  • Lehner, Joseph W. – Yener, Aslıhan K., “Organization and Specialization of Early Mining and Metal Technologies in Anatolia”, ed. B. W. Roberts, ve C. P. Thornton, Global Archaeometallurgy: Methods and Syntheses, Springer, New-York 2014, s. 529-557.
  • Mellaart, James, “Preliminary Report on a Survey of Pre-Classical Remains in Southern Turkey”, Anatolian Studies 4 (1954), ss. 175-240.
  • Mellaart, James, “Early Cultures of the South Anatolian Plateau, II: The Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Ages in the Konya Plain”, Anatolian Studies 13 (1963), ss. 199-236.
  • Mellink, Machteld J., “Anatolia and Foreign Relations of Tarsus in the Early Bronze Age”, ed. K. Emre, M. Mellink, B. Hrouda, ve N. Özgüç, Anatolia and the Near East, Studies in the Honor of Tahsin Özgüç, Ankara 1989, ss. 319-332.
  • Osten, Hans Henning von der, The Alishar Hüyük seasons of 1930-32. Part I-III, Chicago 1937.
  • Özbal Hadi – Çıtakoğlu, Hakan, “Kestel Kasiteritinin Bir Ön Çalışma Niteliğinde Olan Zenginleştirme ve Ergitme Deneyleri”, Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı 9 (1994), ss. 177-184.
  • Özgüç, Tahsin, “Yeni Araştırmalar Işığında Eski Anadolu Arkeolojisi”, Anatolia-Anadolu 7 (1963), ss. 1-42.
  • Özgüç, Tahsin, “New Observations on the Relationship of Kültepe with southeast Anatolia and North Syria during the third Millennium B.C.”, ed. C. Jeanny, ve E. Porada, Ancient Anatolia Aspects of Change and Cultural Development. Essays in Honor of Machteld Mellink, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison 1986, ss. 31-47.
  • Öztan, Aliye, “A group of Early Bronze Age Pottery From the Konya and Niğde Region”, ed. K. Emre, M. Mellink, B. Hruda, ve N. Özgüç, Anatolia and the Near East, Studies in the Honor of Tahsin Özgüç, Ankara 1989, ss. 407-418.
  • Öztan, Aliye, “Köşk Höyük: Anadolu Arkeolojisine Yeni Katkılar”, Tuba-Ar 5 (2002), ss. 55-72.
  • Öztan, Aliye – Açıkgöz, Fazlı – Arbuckle, Benjamin S., “2007 yılı Köşk Höyük Kazıları”, Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 30-3 (2009), ss. 311-328.
  • Rice, Prudence M., “Specialization, Standardization and Diversity: A Retrospective”, ed. R. L. Bishop, ve F. W. Lange, The Ceramic Legacy of Anna O. Shepard, University Press of Colorado, Niwot 1991, ss. 257-279.
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  • Yalçın, Ünsal, “Frühchalkolitische Metallfunde von Mersin-Yumuktepe: Beginn der Extraktiven Metallurgie?” Tuba-Ar 3 (2000), ss. 111-130.
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Specialization in Early Bronze Age Pottery Production: Interpretations on the Organization of the Specialized Production in Southwest Cappadocia

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 84 Sayı: 300, 459 - 502, 21.08.2020
https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2020.459

Öz

In Cappadocia, craft specialization has been observed from the end of the Paleolithic. Apart from such extraordinary early examples, which probably developed due to the local availability of raw materials, it is understood that division of labor and fulltime specialization actually occurred during the Early Bronze Age, in connection with developments in economic and political organization. In this period, pottery, metal and architectural findings throughout Anatolia show that specialized production had become more institutionalized than ever. In this study, three distinctive pottery ware groups are evaluated that reflect the specialized production models of the period. In the analysis of these ceramics, it is understood that each group reflects different production models. In this study, the nature of the organization of specialized production in the Early Bronze Age will be interpreted in light of new definitions and analysis in ethnographic and ethnoarchaeological studies.

Kaynakça

  • Arnold, Philip J., “Dimensional Standardization and Production Scale in Mesoamerican Ceramics”, Latin American Antiquity 2 (1991), ss. 363-370.
  • Bahar, Hasan – Koçak, Özdemir, “Western Links of the Lykaonia Plain in the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age”, Anatolia Antiqua 21 (2003), ss. 21-51.
  • Balkan-Atlı, Nur, “Prehistoric Obsidian Mining in Göllü Dağ (Central Anatolia)”, ed. Ü. Yalçın, H. Özbal, ve A. G. Paşamehmetoğlu, Ancient Mining in Anatolia and Eastern Mediterranean, Ankara 2008, ss. 191-208.
  • Balkan-Atlı, Nur – Slimak, Ludovic – Kuhn, Steve – Açıkgöz, Fazlı, “Kömürcü-Kaletepe Obsidyen Atölyesi Paleolitik Dönem 2006 Yılı Kazısı”, Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 29-2 (2008), ss. 53-72.
  • Bass, George F., “A Hoard of Trojan and Sumerian Jewelry.” American Journal of Archaeology 74-4 (1970), ss. 335-41.
  • Bıçakçı, Erhan – Godon, Martin – Çakan, Yasin G., “Tepecik-Çiftlik”, ed. M. Özdoğan, N. Başgelen, ve P. Kuniholm, The Neolithic in Turkey 3, İstanbul 2012, ss. 89-134.
  • Bilgi, Önder, Protohistorik Çağ’da Orta Karadeniz Bölgesi Madencileri Hind-Avrupalıların Anavatanı Sorununa Yeni Bir Yaklaşım, TASK Vakfı, İstanbul 2001.
  • Binder, Didier, “Stones making sense: what obsidian could tell us about the origins of the central Anatolian Neolithic”, ed. F. Gérard ve L. Thissen, The Neolithic of Central Anatolia. Internal Developments and External Relations during the 9th-6th Millennia cal BC, İstanbul 2002, ss. 79-90.
  • Bittel, Kurt, “Kleinasiatische Studien” Istanbuler Mitteilungen Heft 5, İstanbul 1942.
  • Blackman, James M. – Stein, Gil J. – Vandiver, Pamela B., “The Standardization Hypothesis and Ceramic Mass Production: Technological, Compositional and Metric Indexes of Craft Specialization at Tell Leilan, Syria”, American Antiquity 58 (1993), ss. 60-80.
  • Brumfiel, Elizabeth M. – Earle, Timothy, “Specialization, Exchange, and Complex Societies: An Introduction”, ed. E. Brumfiel ve T. Earle, Specialization, Exchange, and Complex Societies, Cambridge 1987, ss. 1-9.
  • Caneva, Isabella – Köroğlu, Gülgün, Yumuktepe Dokuzbin Yıllık Yolculuk, Ege Yayınları, İstanbul 2010.
  • Cauvin, Marie Claire – Balkan-Atlı, Nur, “Rapport sur les recherches sur l’obsidienne en Cappadoce, 1993- 1995”, Anatolia Antiqua IV (1996), ss. 249-271.
  • Childe, Vere Gordon, “The Urban Revolution”, The Town Planning Review 21-1 (1950), ss. 3-17.
  • Childe, Vere Gordon, Man makes himself, New American Library, New York 1951.
  • Childe, Vere Gordon, What happened in history, Penguin Books, Baltimore 1954.
  • Clark, John E. – Parry, William J., “Craft Specialization and Cultural Complexity”, Research in Economic Anthropology 12 (1990), ss. 289-346.
  • Costin, Cathy L., “Craft Specialization: Issues in Defining, Documenting, and Explaining the Organization of Production”, Archaeological Method and Theory 3 (1991), ss. 1-56.
  • Costin, Cathy L., “The Use of Ethnoarchaeology for the Archaeological Study of Ceramic Production”, Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 7 (2000), ss. 377-403.
  • Costin, Cathy L., – Hagstrum, Melissa B., “Standardization, Labor Investment, Skill, and the Organization of Ceramic Production in Late Prehispanic Highland Peru”, American Antiquity 60-4 (1995), ss. 619-639.
  • During, Bleda S., Küçük Asyanın Tarihöncesi: Karmaşık Avcı-Toplayıcılardan Erken Kentsel Toplumlara, İstanbul, Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2016.
  • Earle, Timothy, “Comment on P. Rice, Evolution of Specialized Pottery Production: A Trial Model”, Current Anthropology 22 (1981), ss. 230-231.
  • Efe, Turan, “New Concepts on Tarsus Troy Relations at the Beginning of the EB 3 Period”, 34th ème Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale (1998), ss. 297-304.
  • Efe, Turan, “Kültür Gruplarından Krallıklara: Batı Anadolu’nun Tarihöncesi Kültürel ve Siyasal Gelişim Profili”, Colloquium Anatolicum 3 (2004), ss. 15-29.
  • Esin, Ufuk, “Copper Objects from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic site of Aşıklı (Kızılkaya Village, Province of Aksaray, Turkey)” The Beginnings of Metallurgy (1999), ss. 22-30.
  • Ezer, Sabahattin, “Kultepe-Kanesh in the Early Bronze Age”, Journal of cuneiform studies supplemental series 4 (2014), ss. 5-24.
  • Frahm Ellery – Hauck, Thomas C., “Origin of an obsidian scraper at Yabroud Rockshelter II (Syria): Implications for Near Eastern social networks in the early Upper Palaeolithic”, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 13 (2017), ss. 415-427.
  • Frangipane, Marcella, “Different types of egalitarian societies and the development of inequality in early Mesopotamia”, World Archaeology 39 (2007), ss. 151-176.
  • Frangipane, Marcella, “Transitions” as an archaeological Concept. Interpreting The Final Ubaid-Late Chalcolithic Transition In The Northern Periphery of Mesopotamia”, ed. C. Marro, After The Ubaid: Interpreting Change From the Caucasus to Mesopotamia at the dawn of Urban Civilization (4500-3500 BC). Varia Anatolica XXVII, Fosseuse: IFEA-De Boccard 2012, ss. 39-64.
  • French, David, “Prehistoric Sites in the Göksu Valley”, Anatolian Studies 15 (1965), ss. 177-201.
  • French, David, Anatolia and the Aegean in the third Millennium BC, PhD thesis, Cambridge University 1969.
  • Friedman, Elizabeth S., Technological Style in Early Bronze Age Anatolia: the Interrelationship between Ceramic and Metal Production at Göltepe, PhD thesis, University of Chicago, 2000.
  • Garstang, John, Prehistoric Mersin: Yümük Tepe in Southern Turkey, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1953.
  • Gathercole, Peter, “Childe’s Revolutions”, ed. C. Renfrew ve P. Bahn, Archaeology: The Key Concept, Routledge 2005, ss. 35-41.
  • Goldman, Hetty, Excavations at Gözlükule, Tarsus II, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1956.
  • Gülçur, Sevil, “Güvercinkayası The Black-Dark Burnished Pottery A General Overview”, Tuba-Ar 7 (2004), ss. 141-164.
  • Gülçur, Sevil, “The Chalcolithic Period in Central Anatolia Aksaray-Niğde Region”, Origini 24 Nuova Serie 5 (2012), ss. 213-227.
  • Güneri, Semih, “Orta Anadolu Höyükleri, Karaman Ereğli Araştırmaları”, Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi 28 (1989), ss. 97-144.
  • Hacar, Abdullah, Kapadokya Bölgesi İlk Tunç Çağı Çanak Çömleği: Göltepe ve Kestel Kazıları ile Aksaray, Nevşehir, Niğde illeri Yüzey Araştırması Buluntuları, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, 2016.
  • Hacar, Abdullah, “Possible Links Between the Highland Regions North of the Central Taurus And West Cappadocia in the Middle Chalcolithic Period (6th And 5th Millennium BC)”, Tuba-Ar 21 (2017), ss. 11-23.
  • Hacar, Abdullah, “İlk Tunç Çağı’na Tarihlenen Anadolu Metalik Çanak Çömleğine İlişkin Yeni Bilgiler: Göltepe Buluntuları”, Adalya XX (2017), ss. 21-40.
  • Jacobs, Jane, The Economy of Cities, New York 1969.
  • Kopytoff, Igor, “The Cultural Biography of Things: commoditization as process”, ed. A. Appadurai, The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective, Cambridge 1986, s. 64-92.
  • Koşay, Hamit Z., Alaca Höyük Kazısı: 1937-1939 daki Çalışmalara ve Keşiflere Ait İlk Rapor, Ankara 1951.
  • Kramer, Carol, “Ceramic Production and Specialization.” Paléorient 11-2 (1985), ss. 117–19.
  • Kvamme, Kenneth L. – Stark, Miriam T. – Longacre, William A., “Alternative Procedures for Assessing Standardization in Ceramic Assemblages”, American Antiquity 61 (1996), ss. 116-126.
  • Lehner, Joseph W. – Yener, Aslıhan K., “Organization and Specialization of Early Mining and Metal Technologies in Anatolia”, ed. B. W. Roberts, ve C. P. Thornton, Global Archaeometallurgy: Methods and Syntheses, Springer, New-York 2014, s. 529-557.
  • Mellaart, James, “Preliminary Report on a Survey of Pre-Classical Remains in Southern Turkey”, Anatolian Studies 4 (1954), ss. 175-240.
  • Mellaart, James, “Early Cultures of the South Anatolian Plateau, II: The Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Ages in the Konya Plain”, Anatolian Studies 13 (1963), ss. 199-236.
  • Mellink, Machteld J., “Anatolia and Foreign Relations of Tarsus in the Early Bronze Age”, ed. K. Emre, M. Mellink, B. Hrouda, ve N. Özgüç, Anatolia and the Near East, Studies in the Honor of Tahsin Özgüç, Ankara 1989, ss. 319-332.
  • Osten, Hans Henning von der, The Alishar Hüyük seasons of 1930-32. Part I-III, Chicago 1937.
  • Özbal Hadi – Çıtakoğlu, Hakan, “Kestel Kasiteritinin Bir Ön Çalışma Niteliğinde Olan Zenginleştirme ve Ergitme Deneyleri”, Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı 9 (1994), ss. 177-184.
  • Özgüç, Tahsin, “Yeni Araştırmalar Işığında Eski Anadolu Arkeolojisi”, Anatolia-Anadolu 7 (1963), ss. 1-42.
  • Özgüç, Tahsin, “New Observations on the Relationship of Kültepe with southeast Anatolia and North Syria during the third Millennium B.C.”, ed. C. Jeanny, ve E. Porada, Ancient Anatolia Aspects of Change and Cultural Development. Essays in Honor of Machteld Mellink, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison 1986, ss. 31-47.
  • Öztan, Aliye, “A group of Early Bronze Age Pottery From the Konya and Niğde Region”, ed. K. Emre, M. Mellink, B. Hruda, ve N. Özgüç, Anatolia and the Near East, Studies in the Honor of Tahsin Özgüç, Ankara 1989, ss. 407-418.
  • Öztan, Aliye, “Köşk Höyük: Anadolu Arkeolojisine Yeni Katkılar”, Tuba-Ar 5 (2002), ss. 55-72.
  • Öztan, Aliye – Açıkgöz, Fazlı – Arbuckle, Benjamin S., “2007 yılı Köşk Höyük Kazıları”, Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 30-3 (2009), ss. 311-328.
  • Rice, Prudence M., “Specialization, Standardization and Diversity: A Retrospective”, ed. R. L. Bishop, ve F. W. Lange, The Ceramic Legacy of Anna O. Shepard, University Press of Colorado, Niwot 1991, ss. 257-279.
  • Roux, Valentine, “Ceramic Standardization and Intensity of Production: Quantifying Degrees of Specialization”, American Antiquity 68-4 (2003), ss. 768-782.
  • Seton-Williams, M. V., “Cilician Survey”, Anatolian Studies 4 (1954), ss. 121-174.
  • Silistreli, Uğur, “Köşk Höyüğü”, Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 6 (1985), ss. 31-36.
  • Stein, Gil J. 2012: “The Development of Indigenous Social Complexity in Late Chalcolithic Upper Mesopotamia in the 5th–4th Millennia BC: An Initial Assessment”, Origini 34, (2012), ss. 125–151.
  • Şenyurt, Yücel – Kamış, Yalçın – Akçay, Atakan, “Ovaören 2012 Yılı Kazıları”, Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 35-2 (2014), ss. 62-80.
  • Trigger, Bruce G., Arkeolojik Düşünce Tarihi, Ankara 2014.
  • Yakar, Jak, “Regional and Local Schools of Metalwork in Early Bronze Age Anatolia Part I”, Anatolian Studies 34 (1984), ss. 59-86.
  • Yakar, Jak, “Regional and Local Schools of Metalwork in Early Bronze Age Anatolia: Part II”, Anatolian Studies 35 (1985), ss. 25-38.
  • Yalçın, Ünsal, “Frühchalkolitische Metallfunde von Mersin-Yumuktepe: Beginn der Extraktiven Metallurgie?” Tuba-Ar 3 (2000), ss. 111-130.
  • Yalçın, Ünsal – Yalçın, Gönül H. – Maass, Alexander – İpek, Önder, “Prähistorischer Kupferbergbau in Derekutuğun”, Der Anschnitt, Anatolien-Brücke der Kulturen 27 (2015), ss. 147-184.
  • Yener, Aslıhan K., “Niğde-Çamardı’nda Kalay Buluntuları”, Arkeolometri Sonuçları Toplantısı 1 (1988), ss. 17-28.
  • Yener, Aslıhan K., “1990 Göltepe, Niğde Kazısı”, Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı XIII-I (1992), ss. 275-290.
  • Yener, Aslıhan K., Domestication of Metal: The Rise of Complex Metal Industries in Anatolia, Brill, Leiden 2000.
  • Yener, Aslıhan K. – Kulakoğlu, Fikri – Yazgan, Evren – Kontani, Ryoichi – Hayakawa, Yuichi S. – Lehner, Joseph W. – Dardeniz, Gonca – Öztürk, Güzel – Johnson, Michael – Kaptan, Ergun – Hacar Abdullah, “New tin mines and production sites near Kültepe in Turkey: a third-millennium BC highland production model”, Antiquity 89 (2015), ss. 596-612.
  • Yener, Aslıhan K. – Vandiver, Pamela B., “Replay to J.D. Muhly: Early Bronze Age Tin and the Taurus”, American Journal of Archaeology 97 (1993), ss. 255- 264.
Toplam 73 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Arkeoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Abdullah Hacar Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-1312-5841

Yayımlanma Tarihi 21 Ağustos 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 84 Sayı: 300

Kaynak Göster

APA Hacar, A. (2020). İlk Tunç Çağı Çanak-Çömlek Üretiminde Uzmanlaşma: Güneybatı Kapadokya’nın Uzmanlaşmış Üretim Örgütlenmesine İlişkin Yorumlar. BELLETEN, 84(300), 459-502. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2020.459
AMA Hacar A. İlk Tunç Çağı Çanak-Çömlek Üretiminde Uzmanlaşma: Güneybatı Kapadokya’nın Uzmanlaşmış Üretim Örgütlenmesine İlişkin Yorumlar. TTK BELLETEN. Ağustos 2020;84(300):459-502. doi:10.37879/belleten.2020.459
Chicago Hacar, Abdullah. “İlk Tunç Çağı Çanak-Çömlek Üretiminde Uzmanlaşma: Güneybatı Kapadokya’nın Uzmanlaşmış Üretim Örgütlenmesine İlişkin Yorumlar”. BELLETEN 84, sy. 300 (Ağustos 2020): 459-502. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2020.459.
EndNote Hacar A (01 Ağustos 2020) İlk Tunç Çağı Çanak-Çömlek Üretiminde Uzmanlaşma: Güneybatı Kapadokya’nın Uzmanlaşmış Üretim Örgütlenmesine İlişkin Yorumlar. BELLETEN 84 300 459–502.
IEEE A. Hacar, “İlk Tunç Çağı Çanak-Çömlek Üretiminde Uzmanlaşma: Güneybatı Kapadokya’nın Uzmanlaşmış Üretim Örgütlenmesine İlişkin Yorumlar”, TTK BELLETEN, c. 84, sy. 300, ss. 459–502, 2020, doi: 10.37879/belleten.2020.459.
ISNAD Hacar, Abdullah. “İlk Tunç Çağı Çanak-Çömlek Üretiminde Uzmanlaşma: Güneybatı Kapadokya’nın Uzmanlaşmış Üretim Örgütlenmesine İlişkin Yorumlar”. BELLETEN 84/300 (Ağustos 2020), 459-502. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2020.459.
JAMA Hacar A. İlk Tunç Çağı Çanak-Çömlek Üretiminde Uzmanlaşma: Güneybatı Kapadokya’nın Uzmanlaşmış Üretim Örgütlenmesine İlişkin Yorumlar. TTK BELLETEN. 2020;84:459–502.
MLA Hacar, Abdullah. “İlk Tunç Çağı Çanak-Çömlek Üretiminde Uzmanlaşma: Güneybatı Kapadokya’nın Uzmanlaşmış Üretim Örgütlenmesine İlişkin Yorumlar”. BELLETEN, c. 84, sy. 300, 2020, ss. 459-02, doi:10.37879/belleten.2020.459.
Vancouver Hacar A. İlk Tunç Çağı Çanak-Çömlek Üretiminde Uzmanlaşma: Güneybatı Kapadokya’nın Uzmanlaşmış Üretim Örgütlenmesine İlişkin Yorumlar. TTK BELLETEN. 2020;84(300):459-502.