The Role of Artisans in the Circumcision Festival of 1675 During the Reign of Sultan Mehmed IV

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 88 Sayı: 311, 111 - 146, 02.04.2024

M. Fatih Torun Nalan Turna

https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2024.111

Öz

In 1675, the Ottoman state held an imperial festival (sur-ı hümayun) in Edirne to celebrate the military achievements, the circumcision of the sons of Sultan Mehmed IV (r. 1648-1687) and the marriage of his daughter. Drawing from seventeenth- century official and non-official sources concerning the festival, this essay focuses mainly on the role of the artisans. It shows how the practices of the artisans at the festival resembled those of the army artisans who, too, paraded at the initial stage of the military campaigns. However, rather than the mere theatrical aspects of the guilds’ pageantry, it emphasizes other yet multiple functions of the artisans. In particular, showing the role of the Istanbul and Edirne guilds in front of and behind the stage, this essay argues that they not only benefited from participating in such events but also bore their burdens as they provided various services, labor, and funding. In this regard, it also pays attention to the other side of the coin where not only artisans but also other actors were involved. To this end, after a brief introduction, this essay focuses on the day-to-day parades of the artisans, the practices of gift-giving, the burdens and benefits of the festival for the different classes, and finally its military tone by considering the actively involved artisans and their auxiliaries.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sultan Mehmed IV, Edirne, Ottoman Circumcision Festival of 1675, imperial festival (sur-ı hümayun), artisans, guild/artisan pageants, army artisans, auxiliary artisans

Sultan IV. Mehmed Döneminde 1675 Tarihli Sünnet Şenliğindeki Esnafın Rolü

Öz

1675’te Osmanlı Devleti, askerî başarıları ile Sultan IV. Mehmed (1648-1687)’in oğullarının sünnetini ve kızının evliliğini kutlamak için Edirne’de bir imparatorluk şenliği (sur-ı hümayun) düzenledi. Şenlikle ilgili on yedinci yüzyıldan resmî ve resmî olmayan kaynaklara dayanan bu makale, esas olarak esnafın rolüne odaklanmaktadır. Ayrıca şenlikteki esnafın uygulamalarının askerî seferlerin ilk aşamasında geçit töreni yapan ordu esnafınınkilere nasıl benzediğini göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, şenliklerdeki geçit törenlerinin sadece teatral yönlerinden ziyade, esnafın diğer fonksiyonlarına vurgu yapmaktadır. Özellikle İstanbul ve Edirne loncalarının sahne önünde ve arkasında oynadığı rolü gösteren bu makale, bu tür etkinliklere katılmaktan sadece fayda sağlamakla kalmayıp aynı zamanda hizmet, emek ve finans sundukları için külfetini de taşıdıklarını savunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, sadece esnafın değil, aynı zamanda diğer aktörlerin de yer aldığı madalyonun diğer yüzüne de dikkat çekmektedir. Bu amaçla, kısa bir girişten sonra, bu makale esnafın günlük geçit törenlerine, hediyeleşme pratiklerine, şenliğin farklı sınıflar için getirdiği yüklere ve faydalara ve son olarak da aktif olarak katılan esnafları ve yamaklarını göz önünde bulundurarak şenliğin askerî tonuna odaklanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sultan IV. Mehmed, Edirne, 1675 Osmanlı Sünnet Şenliği, imparatorluk şenliği (sur-ı hümayun), esnaf, lonca/esnaf alayları, orducu esnafı, yamak esnafı

Kaynakça

• Archival Sources
• The British Library, Additional MS 22912, John Covel, Autograph Journal of Dr. John Covel During His Travels in Asia and Italy, 1670-1678.
• Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı Devlet Arşivleri Başkanlığı, Osmanlı Arşivi (Turkish State Archives) (BOA)
• Ali Emirî – Ahmed III (AE.SAMD.III), 3/220.
• Ali Emirî – Mehmed IV (AE.SMMD.IV), 84/10048; (AE.SMMD.IV), 84/10049.
• Ali Emirî – Mustafa II (AE.SMST.II), 70/7506.
• Bab-ı Defteri – Başmuhasebe Sur-ı Hümayun Kalemi Defterleri (DBŞM.SRH.d.), 20605.
• Bab-ı Defteri – Başmuhasebe Kalemi Defterleri, 295. Cevdet – Askeriye (C.AS.), 494/20648.
• İbnülemin – Askeriye (İE.AS.), 89/8245. Mühimme Defteri (A.{DVNSMHM.d.), 91/8.
• Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Arşivi Defterleri (TSMA.d.), 154. MŞH – Meşihat – MŞH.ŞSC.d., 3925.
• Published Archival Sources
• Majer, Hans Georg, Das Osmanische Registerbuch der Beschwerden (Şikayet Defteri) vom Jahre 1675, Österreichisches Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 1984.
• Yılmaz, Çoşkun, İstanbul Kadı Sicilleri İstanbul Mahkemesi 18 Numaralı Sicil (H.1086- 1087/M.1675-1676), Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi (İSAM), İstanbul 2010.
• Published Narrative Sources
• Abbott, George Frederick, Under the Turk in Constantinople: A Record of Sir John Finch’s Embassy 1674-1681, Macmillan and Co., Limited St. Martin’s Street, London 1920.
• Arslan, Mehmet, Osmanlı Saray Düğünleri ve Şenlikleri 4-5: Lebib Sûrnâmesi, Hâfız Mehmed Efendi (Hazin) Sûrnâmesi, Abdi Sûrnâmesi, Telhîsü’l-Beyân’ın Sûrnâme Kısmı, Sarayburnu Kitaplığı, Istanbul 2011.
• Arslan, Mehmet, Türk Edebiyatında Manzum Surnâmeler: Osmanlı Saray Düğünleri ve Şenlikleri, Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Başkanlığı, Ankara 1999.
• Atasoy, Nurhan, 1582: Surname-i Hümayun: an Imperial Celebration, Koçbank, Istanbul 1997.
• Coke, Thomas, A True Narrative of The Great Solemnity of The Circumcision of Mustapha Prince of Turkie Eldest Son of Sultan Mahomet Present Emperour of The Turks. Together with and Account of The Marriage of His Daughter To His Great Favourite Mussaip at Adrianople, As It Was Sent In A Letter To Person of Honor, Printed by James Cottrell for William Crook, at the Green Dragon without Temple-bar, London 1676.
• Danişmend, İsmail Hami, İzahlı Osmanlı Tarihi Kronolojisi, Vol. 1, Türkiye Yayınevi, Istanbul 1947.
• Derin, Fahri Ç., Abdurrahman Abdi Paşa Vekâyi’-nâmesi: Osmanlı Tarihi (1648-1682), Çamlıca, Istanbul 2008.
• Hajda, Lubomyr Andrij, “Two Ottoman Gazanames Concerning the Chyhyryn Campaign of 1678”, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge 1984.
• İlgürel, Sevim, Hezarfen Hüseyin Efendi: Telhîsü’l-beyân fî kavânîn-i Âl-i Osmân, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Istanbul 1998.
• Örik, Nahid Sırrı, Antoine Galland: Istanbul’a Ait Günlük Hâtıralar (1672-1673), Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara 1987.
• Özcan, Abdülkadir, Zübde-i Vekayiât, Tahlil ve Metin (1066-1116-1656-1704), Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara 1995.
• Pétis de la Croix, François, Mémoires du Sieur, Cy-Devant Secretaire de l’Ambassade de Constantinople, Seconde Partie, Paris 1684.
• Rycaut, Paul, History of the Turks, Comprehending the Origin of That Nation, and the Growth of the Othoman Empire, with the Lives and Conquests of Their Several Kings and Emperors, Vol. 2, Printed for Isaac Cleave in Chancery-Lane, Abel Roper, A. Bosvile and Rie. Basset in Fleetstreet, London 1701.
• Rycaut, Paul, The Turkish History, Vol. 2, Printed for Tho. Basset, at the George near St. Dunstan’s Church in Fleetstreet, London 1687.
• Shirley, John, The History of the Turks, Printed by Ralph Holt and John Richardson for Thomas Passinger, William Thackery, and Thomas Sawbridge, London 1683.
• Vandal, Albert, L’odyssée d’un Ambassadeur: les Voyages du Marquis de Nointel, 1670- 1680, Plon-Nourrit et cie, Paris 1900.
• Yılmazer, Ziya, ʻÎsâ-zâde Târı̂hi (Metin ve Tahlı̂l), İstanbul Fetih Cemiyeti, Istanbul 1996.
• Secondary and Electronic Sources
• Abou-El-Haj, Rifa’at ‘Ali, Formation of the Modern State: The Ottoman Empire Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries, State University of New York Press, Albany 1991.
• And, Metin, Kırk Gün Kırk Gece, Taç Yayınevi, Ankara 1959.
• Barkey, Karen, Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2008.
• Bekar, Cumhur, “‘The Ottoman Revolution of 1661’: The Reconfiguration of Political Power under Mehmed IV and Köprülü Grand Viziers”, Journal of Early Modern History, Vol. 1, 2022, pp. 1-30.
• “Bottle”, The British Museum, https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/ image/330620001 (accessed: 22.04.2023).
• Çelik, Bülent, Osmanlı Seferleri’nde Orducu Esnafı’nın Fonksiyonları, Vakanüvis- Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, Vol. 3/ No. 1, 2018, pp. 136-147.
• Çelik, Şenol, Orducu, in TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Vol. 33, 2007, pp. 370-373 https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/orducu (accessed: 22.04.2023).
• Davis, Natalie Zemon, The Gift in Sixteenth-Century France, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison 2000.
• Emecen, Feridun, Yamak, in TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Vol. 43, 2013, pp. 310-311, https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/yamak (accessed: 22.04.2023).
• Erdoğan-İşkorkutan, Sinem, “Kimmiş Bu Tulumcular?”, Toplumsal Tarih, Vol. 297, 2018, pp. 32-36.
• Erdoğan-İşkorkutan, Sinem, The 1720 Imperial Circumcision Celebrations in Istanbul, Brill, Leiden; Boston 2021.
• Faroqhi, Suraiya, “Guildsmen and Handicraft Producers”, in The Cambridge History of Turkey, Vol.3, The Later Ottoman Empire, 1603-1839, ed. Suraiya Faroqhi, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2006, pp. 336-355.
• Faroqhi, Suraiya, “Introduction, or Why and How One Might Want to Study Ottoman Clothes”, in Ottoman Costumes: From Textile to Identity, ed. Suraiya Faroqhi- Christoph K. Neumann, Eren, Istanbul 2004, pp. 15-48.
• Faroqhi, Suraiya, “Labor Recruitment and Control in the Ottoman Empire (Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries)”, in Manufacturing in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey, 1500-1950, ed. Donald Quataert, State University of New York, Albany 1994, pp. 13-57.
• Faroqhi, Suraiya, “The Parades of Ottoman Guildsmen: Self-Assertion and Submission to the Sultan’s Command”, in Material Culture–Präsenz und Sichtbarkeit von Künstlern, Zünften und Bruderschaften in der Vormoderne/Presence and Visibility of Artists, Guilds, Brotherhoods in the Premodern, ed. Andreas Tacke-Birgit Ulrike Münch- Wolfgang Augustyn-Michael Imhof Verlag, 2018, pp. 157-173.
• Faroqhi, Suraiya, “The Sultan Nourishing His Subjects – But Was the Reverse not More Close to the Truth?”, (forthcoming).
• Faroqhi, Suraiya, “When the Sultan Planned a Great Feast, Was Everyone in Festive Mood? Or Who Worked on the Preparation of Sultanic Festivals”, in Celebration, Entertainment and Theatre in the Ottoman World, ed. Suraiya Faroqhi-Arzu Öztürkmen, Seagull Books, London; New York; Calcutta 2014, pp. 208-224.
• Faroqhi, Suraiya, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Ekonomik ve Sosyal Tarihi: 1600-1914, Vol. II, ed. Halil İnalcık-Donald Quataert, trans. Halil Berktay, Eren Yayıncılık, Istanbul 2004.
• Faroqhi, Suraiya-Öztürkmen, Arzu, Celebration, Entertainment and Theatre in the Ottoman World, Seagull Books, London; New York; Calcutta 2014.
• Faroqhi, Suraiya, Subjects of the Sultan: Culture and Daily Life in the Ottoman Empire, Tauris, London; New York 2005.
• Felek, Özgen, Erdoğan-İşkorkutan, Sinem, “Introduction: Ceremonies, Festivals, and Rituals in the Ottoman World”, Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association, Vol. 6/ No. 1, 2019, pp. 9-19.
• Genç, Mehmet, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Devlet ve Ekonomi, Ötüken Neşriyat, 2000.
• Gerber, Haim, Oppression and Salvation: Annotated Legal Documents from the Ottoman Book of Complaints of 1675, Klaus Schwarz Verlag GmbH, Berlin 2018.
• İnalcık, Halil, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Ekonomik ve Sosyal Tarihi, 1300-1600, Vol I, ed. Halil İnalcık-Donald Quataert, trans. Halil Berktay, Eren Yayıncılık, Istanbul 2000.
• Ingram, Anders, Writing the Ottomans: Turkish History in Early Modern England, Palgrave Macmillan, London 2015.
• Kafadar, Cemal, “Janissaries and Other Riffraff of Ottoman İstanbul: Rebels Without a Cause?”, International Journal of Turkish Studies, Vol. 13/ No. 1-2, 2007, pp. 113-134.
• Kafescioğlu, Çiğdem, “Sokağın, Meydanın, Şehirlilerin Resmi: On Altıncı Yüzyıl Sonu İstanbul’unda Mekân Pratikleri ve Görselliğin Dönüşümü,” YILLIK: Annual of Istanbul Studies 1/ No. 1, 2019, pp. 7-43.
• Karateke, Hakan, “Illuminating Ottoman Ceremonial”, in God Is the Light of the Heavens and the Earth: Light in Islamic Art and Culture, ed. Jonathan Bloom-Sheila Blair, Yale University Press, New Haven 2015, pp. 282-307.
• Kazan, Hilâl, XVI. Asırda Sarayın Sanatı Himayesi, İSAR Vakfı Yayınları, Istanbul 2010.
• Kołodziejczyk, Dariusz, The Ottoman Survey Register of Podolia (ca. 1681), Defter-i Mufassal-i Eyalet-i Kamaniçe, Part 1: Text, Translation, and Commentary, Harvard University Press, Cambridge 2004.
• Komaroff, Linda, Gifts of the Sultan: The Arts of Giving at the Islamic Courts, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 2011.
• “Large candlestick with tulip-shaped socket”, The British Museum, “https:// www.britishmuseum.org/collection/image/1613356167 (accessed: 22.04.2023).
• Murphey, Rhoads, Exploring Ottoman Sovereignty: Tradition, Image and Practice in the Ottoman Imperial Household, 1400-1800, Continuum, London 2008.
• Nutku, Özdemir, IV. Mehmet’in Edirne Şenliği (1675), Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara 1972.
• Quataert, Donald, “Introduction”, in Manufacturing in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey, 1500-1950, ed. Donald Quataert, State University of New York, Albany 1994, pp. 1-12.
• Reindl-Kiel, Hedda, “Luxury, Power Strategies, and the Question of Corruption: Gifting in the Ottoman Elite (16th–18th Centuries)”, in Şehrâyîn: Die Welt der Osmanen, die Osmanen in der Welt. Wahrnehmungen, Begegnungen und Abgrenzungen/Illuminating the Ottoman World. Perceptions, Encounters and Boundaries. Festschrift Hans Georg Majer, ed. Yavuz Köse, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 2012, pp. 107-120.
• Reindl-Kiel, Hedda, “Power and Submission: Gifting at Royal Circumcision Festivals in the Ottoman Empire (16th-18th Centuries)”, Turcica, Vol. 41, 2009, pp. 37-88.
• Reindl-Kiel, Hedda, “The Empire of Fabrics: The Range of Fabrics in the Gift Traffic of the Ottomans”, in Inventories of Textiles–Textiles in Inventories: Studies on Late Medieval and Early Modern
• Material Culture, ed. Thomas Ertl-Barbara Karl, Vienna University Press, 2017, pp. 143-164.
• Şahin, Kaya, “Staging an Empire: An Ottoman Circumcision Ceremony as Cultural Performance”, The American Historical Review, Vol. 123/ No. 2, 2018, pp. 463-492.
• Şahin, Kaya, “To Observe, to Record, to Depict: Memorializing the Circumcision of an Ottoman Prince, ca. 1582-ca. 1600”, History and Theory, Vol. 58/ No. 4, 2019, pp. 43-67.
• Scott, James C., Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts, Yale University Press, 1990.
• Sevinçli, Efdal, “Festivals and their Documentation: Surnames Covering the Festivities of 1675 and 1724”, in Celebration, Entertainment and Theatre in the Ottoman World, ed. Suraiya Faroqhi-Arzu Öztürkmen, Seagull Books, London; New York; Calcutta 2014, pp. 192-198.
• Terzioğlu, Derin, “The Imperial Circumcision Festival of 1582: An Interpretation”, Muqarnas, Vol. 12, 1995, pp. 84-100.
• Torun, M. Fatih, “Revisiting an Ottoman Dynastic Celebration: Princely Weddings and Circumcisions in Edirne, 1675”, Unpublished master’s thesis, Istanbul Bilgi University, Istanbul 2019.
• Torun, M. Fatih, “The 1675 Imperial Festival and Firework Makers in an Ottoman Register”, Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association Vol. 8/ No. 2, 2021, pp. 147-176.
• Tuncer, Şaduman, “The Ottoman Imperial Festival of 1675: An Attempt at Historical Contextualization”, Unpublished master’s thesis, Fatih University, Istanbul 2011.
• Turna, Nalan, The Artisans and Janissaries of Istanbul Before and After the Auspicious Event, 1808-1839, Libra Kitap, Istanbul 2022.
• Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı, Osmanlı Devleti Teşkilatından Kapıkulu Ocakları: Acemi Ocağı ve Yeniçeri Ocağı, Vol. 1, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara 1988.
• Yaman, Bahattin, Sarayın Terzileri: 16-18. Yüzyıl Osmanlı Hassa Kıyafet Birimleri, Kitap Yayınevi, Istanbul 2018.
• Yelçe, Zeynep, “Evaluating Three Imperial Festivals: 1524, 1530 and 1539”, in Celebration, Entertainment and Theatre in the Ottoman World, ed. Suraiya Faroqhi-Arzu Öztürkmen, Seagull Books, London; New York; Calcutta 2014, pp. 71-109.
• Yi, Eunjeong, Guild Dynamics in Seventeenth-Century Istanbul: Fluidity and Leverage, Brill, Leiden 2004.