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Russian-Turkmen Struggle Over Ashuradeh Island in the Caspian Sea in 19th Century

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 88 Sayı: 312, 449 - 475, 08.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2024.449

Öz

From the 19th century onwards, Tsarist Russia began to dominate a wide area in Turkestan through economic and military incursions. While it carried out commercial activities in the coastal cities and peninsulas in the west and east of the Caspian Sea, it also went on to capture these regions, building military bases at strategic points. One place that the Russians considered of vital importance to capture was Ashuradeh Island. Located in the south of the Caspian Sea, this island, which facilitated access to Iran and Turkestan, was close to many trading ports, as well as being of crucial importance militarily. While the Russians were initially engaged in commercial activities there, they soon seized this region and turned it into a base. From 1838 onwards two distinct developments compounded Russian objectives in the area: on the one hand, conflicts between the Russian naval forces and the Yamut Turkmens, the indigenous people of the island; on the other, a diplomatic crisis between the Russian and Iranian governments. This study analyses the process of the occupation of Ashuradeh Island by Tsarist Russia, the conflicts between the Yamut Turkmens and Tsarist Russia from 1836 to 1873, the development of Russian influence on the island vis-à-vis Iran, and the general situation of the Turkmens during this period. Using British archival materials, personal notes of Russian soldiers and ambassadorial reports, this study evaluates the effects of the occupation of Ashuradeh Island, which served as an important base for Tsarist Russia’s military activities in Turkestan, on Russia, Iran, Britain and the Turkmens in the region.

Kaynakça

  • Archive and Primary Sources
  • An Indian Officer, Russia’s March Towards India, Vol. I, Sampson Low, Marston & Company, London 1894.
  • Great Britain. Foreign Office, Further Correspondence Respecting Central Asia. Harrison, London 1879.
  • Great Britain. Naval Intelligence Division, A manual on the Turanians and Pan- Turanianism, Navel Staff Intelligence Department, H.M. Stationery Office, London 1920.
  • Hertslet, Edward, Treaties, Cc. Concluded Between Great Britain and Persia and Between Persia and Other Foreign Powers, Wholly or Partially in Force on the 1st April, 1891, Harrison and Sons, London 1891.
  • India Office Records, Political and Secret Department Records (L/PS), 18/C18. India Office Records, Political and Secret Department Records (L/PS), 18/C28. India Office Records, Political and Secret Department Records (L/PS), 20/253. India Office Records, Private Papers (Mss Eur), F112/376.
  • League of Nations, Treaty Series, Publication of Treaties and International Engagements Negistered with the Secretariat of the League of Nations, Vol. 9, 1922.
  • Muraviev, Nikolaj Nikolaevič, Muraviev’s Journey to Khiva Through the Turcoman Country 1819-20, Tr. Philipp Strahl, Calcutta 1871.
  • The National Archives, Kew., Asia: Various Papers, 1871-1901. 1871-1901. (Government Papers), FO 539/106.
  • Books and Articles
  • “Abbas Mirza”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, Vol. 1, İstanbul 1988, pp. 27-28.
  • Atkin, Muriel, Russia and Iran 1780-1828, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis 1980.
  • Becker, Seymour, Russia’s Protectorates in Central Asia Bukhara and Khiva, 1865-1924,
  • RoutledgeCurzon Taylor&Francis Group, London and New York 2005.
  • Bolat, Gökhan, “Mîrzâ Tâki Hân (Emîr Kebîr) ve Reformları (1848-1851)”,
  • Belleten, Vol. 77/No. 278, 2013, pp. 151-182.
  • Bondarevsky, Gregory L., The Great Game A Russian Perspective, ChristieBooks; 1st edition, September, Hastings 2002.
  • Boulger, Demetrius Charles, England and Russia in Central Asia, Vol. II, W. H. Allen & Co. London 1879.
  • Chisholm, Hugh (ed.), “Baryatinsky, Alexander Ivanovich, Prince (1814–1879)”, Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol. 3, Cambridge University Press, 11th ed., 1911, pp. 455- 456.
  • Curzon, G., “The Transcaspian Railway”, Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography, New Monthly Series, Vol. 11/No. 5, May. 1889, pp. 273-295.
  • Curzon, George N., Persia and the Persian Question, Vol. I, Longmans, Green and Co., London 1892.
  • de Bode, Clement Augustus, “On the Yamud and Goklan Tribes of Turkomania”, Journal of the Ethnological Society of London (1848-1856), Vol. 1, Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 1848, pp. 60-78.
  • Eden, Jeff, Slavery and Empire in Central Asia, Cambridge University Press, Great Britain 2018.
  • Ghose, Dilip Kumar, “Russo-Afghan Frontier Delimitation, 1885-87”, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 21, 1958, pp. 515-522.
  • Hopkirk, Peter, Büyük Oyun Orta Asya’da Gizli Savaş, Translated by Renan Akman, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul 2022.
  • Kazembeyki, Mohammad Ali, Society, Politics and Economics in Māzandarān, Iran, 1848-1914, Routledge Curzon, London 2003.
  • Khujayorova, Sadokat B., “The role of the Governor-General of Turkestan in the Relations Between Russian Empire and Iran”, Journal of Positive School Psychology, Vol. 6/No. 3, 2022, pp. 1604-1616.
  • Kurat, Akdes Nimet, Rusya Tarihi Başlangıçtan 1917’ye Kadar, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Second Edition, Ankara 1987.
  • MacKenzie, David, “Turkestan’s Significance to Russia (1850-1917)”, The Russian Review, Vol. 33/No. 2, Apr. 1974, pp. 167-188.
  • Marvin, Charles, Reconnoitring Central Asia: Pioneering Adventures in the Region Lying Between Russia and India, Second Edition, W. Swan Sonnenschein & Co., London 1885.
  • Mirfendereski, Guive, A Diplomatic History of the Caspian Sea Treaties, Diaries, and Other Stories, Palgrave, New York 2001.
  • Morgan, E. Delmar, “Colonel Stebnitzky’s Report on His Journey in 1872 in Central and Southern Turkomania”, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Vol. 44, 1874, pp. 217-227.
  • Morris, L. P., “The Subjugation of the Turcomans”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 15/No. 2, May 1979, pp. 193-210.
  • Özgüdenli, Osman Gazi, “Muhammed Şah”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, Vol. 30, Ankara 2020, pp. 568-569.
  • Özkan, Murat, Hive Hanlığı (1511-1920), Selenge Yayınları, İstanbul 2022. Özkan, Murat, Türkistan’ın İşgal Çağı Beyaz General Skobelev (1843-1882), Kronik Kitap, İstanbul 2020.
  • Pîrâ, Suâd - Özgüdenli, Osman Gazi, “Nâsırüddin Şah”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, Vol. 32, İstanbul 2006, pp. 405-406.
  • Qāʾem-Maqāmī, J., “Āšūrāda”, Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 8, December 15, 1987, pp. 876-877.
  • Rambaud, Alfred, The Expansion of Russia, Second Edition, Scott-Thaw Company, New York 1904.
  • Rawlinson, Henry, England and Russia in the East, Second Edition, John Murray, London 1875.
  • Saray, Mehmet, “Türkistan’da Rus-İngiliz Rekabeti”, Tarih Dergisi, No. 34, 1984, pp. 397-416.
  • Saray, Mehmet, Rus İşgali Devrinde Osmanlı Devleti ile Türkistan Hanlıkları Arasındaki Siyasi Münasebetler (1775-1875), İstanbul Matbaası, İstanbul 1990.
  • Saray, Mehmet, The Turkmens in the Age of Imperialism: A Study of the Turkmen People and Their Incorporation Into the Russian Empire, Turkish Historical Society Printing House, Ankara 1989.
  • Tealakh, Gall Oda, The Russian Advance in Central Asia and the British Response 1834- 1884, A Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The University of Durham Department of History, 1991.
  • Verlag, Böhlau, Deutschbaltisches biographisches Lexikon 1710-1960, Baltische Historische Kommission, 1970.
  • Volodarsky, Mikhail, “Persia and the Great Powers, 1856-1869”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 19/No. 1, Jan. 1983, pp. 75-92.
  • Volodarsky, Mikhail, “Persia’s Foreign Policy between the Two Herat Crises, 1831- 56”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 21/No. 2, Apr. 1985, pp. 111-151.
  • Watson, Robert Grant, A History of Persia, Smith, Elder and Co., London 1866.
  • Yazıcı, Tahsin, “Esterâbâd”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, Vol. 11, İstanbul 1995, pp. 437-438.
  • Yazıcı, Tahsin, “Feth Ali Şah”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, Vol. 12, İstanbul 1995, pp. 451-452.
  • Yeşilot, Okan, “Türkmençay Antlaşması ve Sonuçları”, A. Ü. Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi, No. 36, Erzurum, 2008, pp. 187-199.
  • Yıldırım, Zeynep, “Melgunov’a Göre 19. Yüzyılda İran’da Türkmen Boyları”, Bilig, No. 103, Fall 2022, pp. 149-179.

19. Yüzyılda Hazar Denizi’nde Aşurâde Adası Üzerinden Rus-Türkmen Mücadelesi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 88 Sayı: 312, 449 - 475, 08.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2024.449

Öz

Çarlık Rusya 19. yüzyıldan itibaren ekonomik ve askeri saldırılarla Türkistan’da geniş bir alana hâkim olmaya başladı. Bir taraftan Hazar Denizi’nin batı ve doğusunda- ki kıyı şehirlerinde ve yarımadalarda ticari faaliyetler yürütürken, diğer taraftan da stratejik noktalarda askerî üsler kurarak bu bölgeleri ele geçirmeye çalıştı. Rusların sahip olmayı mühim olarak gördükleri yerlerden biri de Aşurâde Adası’ydı. Hazar Denizi’nin güneyinde yer alan, İran ve Türkistan’a ulaşımı kolaylaştıran bu ada, bir- çok ticaret limanına yakın olmasının yanı sıra askerî açıdan da büyük önem taşıyordu. Ruslar başlangıçta burada ticari faaliyetlerde bulunurken, kısa süre sonra bu bölgeyi ele geçirerek bir üs haline getirdiler. 1838’den itibaren meydana gelen gelişmeler Rus- ların bölgedeki hedeflerini daha da zorlaştırdı. Bir yandan Rus deniz kuvvetleri ile adanın yerli halkı Yamut Türkmenleri arasında çatışmalar yaşanırken diğer yandan Rus ve İran hükümetleri arasında diplomatik kriz meydana geldi. Bu çalışma, Aşurâde Adası’nın Çarlık Rusya tarafından işgal sürecini, 1836’dan 1873’e kadar Yomut Türk- menleri ile Çarlık Rusyası arasındaki çatışmaları, İran’a karşı adadaki Rus nüfuzunun gelişimini ve bu dönemde Türkmenlerin genel durumunu incelemektedir. İngiliz arşiv materyalleri, Rus askerlerin kişisel notları ve elçi raporları kullanılarak hazırlanan bu çalışmada Çarlık Rusya’nın Türkistan’daki askerî faaliyetlerinde önemli bir üs vazifesi gören Aşurâde Adası’nın işgalinin Rusya, İran, İngiltere ve bölgedeki Türkmenler açı- sından meydana getirdiği etkiler değerlendirilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Archive and Primary Sources
  • An Indian Officer, Russia’s March Towards India, Vol. I, Sampson Low, Marston & Company, London 1894.
  • Great Britain. Foreign Office, Further Correspondence Respecting Central Asia. Harrison, London 1879.
  • Great Britain. Naval Intelligence Division, A manual on the Turanians and Pan- Turanianism, Navel Staff Intelligence Department, H.M. Stationery Office, London 1920.
  • Hertslet, Edward, Treaties, Cc. Concluded Between Great Britain and Persia and Between Persia and Other Foreign Powers, Wholly or Partially in Force on the 1st April, 1891, Harrison and Sons, London 1891.
  • India Office Records, Political and Secret Department Records (L/PS), 18/C18. India Office Records, Political and Secret Department Records (L/PS), 18/C28. India Office Records, Political and Secret Department Records (L/PS), 20/253. India Office Records, Private Papers (Mss Eur), F112/376.
  • League of Nations, Treaty Series, Publication of Treaties and International Engagements Negistered with the Secretariat of the League of Nations, Vol. 9, 1922.
  • Muraviev, Nikolaj Nikolaevič, Muraviev’s Journey to Khiva Through the Turcoman Country 1819-20, Tr. Philipp Strahl, Calcutta 1871.
  • The National Archives, Kew., Asia: Various Papers, 1871-1901. 1871-1901. (Government Papers), FO 539/106.
  • Books and Articles
  • “Abbas Mirza”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, Vol. 1, İstanbul 1988, pp. 27-28.
  • Atkin, Muriel, Russia and Iran 1780-1828, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis 1980.
  • Becker, Seymour, Russia’s Protectorates in Central Asia Bukhara and Khiva, 1865-1924,
  • RoutledgeCurzon Taylor&Francis Group, London and New York 2005.
  • Bolat, Gökhan, “Mîrzâ Tâki Hân (Emîr Kebîr) ve Reformları (1848-1851)”,
  • Belleten, Vol. 77/No. 278, 2013, pp. 151-182.
  • Bondarevsky, Gregory L., The Great Game A Russian Perspective, ChristieBooks; 1st edition, September, Hastings 2002.
  • Boulger, Demetrius Charles, England and Russia in Central Asia, Vol. II, W. H. Allen & Co. London 1879.
  • Chisholm, Hugh (ed.), “Baryatinsky, Alexander Ivanovich, Prince (1814–1879)”, Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol. 3, Cambridge University Press, 11th ed., 1911, pp. 455- 456.
  • Curzon, G., “The Transcaspian Railway”, Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography, New Monthly Series, Vol. 11/No. 5, May. 1889, pp. 273-295.
  • Curzon, George N., Persia and the Persian Question, Vol. I, Longmans, Green and Co., London 1892.
  • de Bode, Clement Augustus, “On the Yamud and Goklan Tribes of Turkomania”, Journal of the Ethnological Society of London (1848-1856), Vol. 1, Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 1848, pp. 60-78.
  • Eden, Jeff, Slavery and Empire in Central Asia, Cambridge University Press, Great Britain 2018.
  • Ghose, Dilip Kumar, “Russo-Afghan Frontier Delimitation, 1885-87”, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 21, 1958, pp. 515-522.
  • Hopkirk, Peter, Büyük Oyun Orta Asya’da Gizli Savaş, Translated by Renan Akman, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul 2022.
  • Kazembeyki, Mohammad Ali, Society, Politics and Economics in Māzandarān, Iran, 1848-1914, Routledge Curzon, London 2003.
  • Khujayorova, Sadokat B., “The role of the Governor-General of Turkestan in the Relations Between Russian Empire and Iran”, Journal of Positive School Psychology, Vol. 6/No. 3, 2022, pp. 1604-1616.
  • Kurat, Akdes Nimet, Rusya Tarihi Başlangıçtan 1917’ye Kadar, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Second Edition, Ankara 1987.
  • MacKenzie, David, “Turkestan’s Significance to Russia (1850-1917)”, The Russian Review, Vol. 33/No. 2, Apr. 1974, pp. 167-188.
  • Marvin, Charles, Reconnoitring Central Asia: Pioneering Adventures in the Region Lying Between Russia and India, Second Edition, W. Swan Sonnenschein & Co., London 1885.
  • Mirfendereski, Guive, A Diplomatic History of the Caspian Sea Treaties, Diaries, and Other Stories, Palgrave, New York 2001.
  • Morgan, E. Delmar, “Colonel Stebnitzky’s Report on His Journey in 1872 in Central and Southern Turkomania”, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Vol. 44, 1874, pp. 217-227.
  • Morris, L. P., “The Subjugation of the Turcomans”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 15/No. 2, May 1979, pp. 193-210.
  • Özgüdenli, Osman Gazi, “Muhammed Şah”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, Vol. 30, Ankara 2020, pp. 568-569.
  • Özkan, Murat, Hive Hanlığı (1511-1920), Selenge Yayınları, İstanbul 2022. Özkan, Murat, Türkistan’ın İşgal Çağı Beyaz General Skobelev (1843-1882), Kronik Kitap, İstanbul 2020.
  • Pîrâ, Suâd - Özgüdenli, Osman Gazi, “Nâsırüddin Şah”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, Vol. 32, İstanbul 2006, pp. 405-406.
  • Qāʾem-Maqāmī, J., “Āšūrāda”, Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 8, December 15, 1987, pp. 876-877.
  • Rambaud, Alfred, The Expansion of Russia, Second Edition, Scott-Thaw Company, New York 1904.
  • Rawlinson, Henry, England and Russia in the East, Second Edition, John Murray, London 1875.
  • Saray, Mehmet, “Türkistan’da Rus-İngiliz Rekabeti”, Tarih Dergisi, No. 34, 1984, pp. 397-416.
  • Saray, Mehmet, Rus İşgali Devrinde Osmanlı Devleti ile Türkistan Hanlıkları Arasındaki Siyasi Münasebetler (1775-1875), İstanbul Matbaası, İstanbul 1990.
  • Saray, Mehmet, The Turkmens in the Age of Imperialism: A Study of the Turkmen People and Their Incorporation Into the Russian Empire, Turkish Historical Society Printing House, Ankara 1989.
  • Tealakh, Gall Oda, The Russian Advance in Central Asia and the British Response 1834- 1884, A Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The University of Durham Department of History, 1991.
  • Verlag, Böhlau, Deutschbaltisches biographisches Lexikon 1710-1960, Baltische Historische Kommission, 1970.
  • Volodarsky, Mikhail, “Persia and the Great Powers, 1856-1869”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 19/No. 1, Jan. 1983, pp. 75-92.
  • Volodarsky, Mikhail, “Persia’s Foreign Policy between the Two Herat Crises, 1831- 56”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 21/No. 2, Apr. 1985, pp. 111-151.
  • Watson, Robert Grant, A History of Persia, Smith, Elder and Co., London 1866.
  • Yazıcı, Tahsin, “Esterâbâd”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, Vol. 11, İstanbul 1995, pp. 437-438.
  • Yazıcı, Tahsin, “Feth Ali Şah”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, Vol. 12, İstanbul 1995, pp. 451-452.
  • Yeşilot, Okan, “Türkmençay Antlaşması ve Sonuçları”, A. Ü. Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi, No. 36, Erzurum, 2008, pp. 187-199.
  • Yıldırım, Zeynep, “Melgunov’a Göre 19. Yüzyılda İran’da Türkmen Boyları”, Bilig, No. 103, Fall 2022, pp. 149-179.
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Arkeoloji (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Furkan Külünk 0000-0002-9844-283X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 8 Ağustos 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 88 Sayı: 312

Kaynak Göster

APA Külünk, F. (2024). Russian-Turkmen Struggle Over Ashuradeh Island in the Caspian Sea in 19th Century. BELLETEN, 88(312), 449-475. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2024.449
AMA Külünk F. Russian-Turkmen Struggle Over Ashuradeh Island in the Caspian Sea in 19th Century. TTK BELLETEN. Ağustos 2024;88(312):449-475. doi:10.37879/belleten.2024.449
Chicago Külünk, Furkan. “Russian-Turkmen Struggle Over Ashuradeh Island in the Caspian Sea in 19th Century”. BELLETEN 88, sy. 312 (Ağustos 2024): 449-75. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2024.449.
EndNote Külünk F (01 Ağustos 2024) Russian-Turkmen Struggle Over Ashuradeh Island in the Caspian Sea in 19th Century. BELLETEN 88 312 449–475.
IEEE F. Külünk, “Russian-Turkmen Struggle Over Ashuradeh Island in the Caspian Sea in 19th Century”, TTK BELLETEN, c. 88, sy. 312, ss. 449–475, 2024, doi: 10.37879/belleten.2024.449.
ISNAD Külünk, Furkan. “Russian-Turkmen Struggle Over Ashuradeh Island in the Caspian Sea in 19th Century”. BELLETEN 88/312 (Ağustos 2024), 449-475. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2024.449.
JAMA Külünk F. Russian-Turkmen Struggle Over Ashuradeh Island in the Caspian Sea in 19th Century. TTK BELLETEN. 2024;88:449–475.
MLA Külünk, Furkan. “Russian-Turkmen Struggle Over Ashuradeh Island in the Caspian Sea in 19th Century”. BELLETEN, c. 88, sy. 312, 2024, ss. 449-75, doi:10.37879/belleten.2024.449.
Vancouver Külünk F. Russian-Turkmen Struggle Over Ashuradeh Island in the Caspian Sea in 19th Century. TTK BELLETEN. 2024;88(312):449-75.