Investigating Responsibility in the Driving Context: Associations with Driving Anger Expressions and Driver Behaviors

Yıl 2023, , 1 - 16, 30.04.2023

Aysu Çetin , Elif İrem Kapancı , Eslem Sena Şahin , Pınar Bıçaksız , Burcu Tekeş

https://doi.org/10.38002/tuad.1159120

Öz

The aim of this study is to explore the predicting role of responsibility (behavioral responsibility and feeling of responsibility) on driving anger expressions (verbal, personal physical, use of vehicle, and adaptive/constructive) and driver behaviors (ordinary and aggressive violations, errors, and lapses). A sample of 279 drivers (188 female and 91 male) completed an online survey which included Driver Behavior Questionnaire, Driving Anger Expression Inventory, and Feelings of Responsibility and Behavioral Responsibility Scale. Hierarchical regression analyses partially supported the expectations. Accordingly, behavioral responsibility, but not feelings of responsibility, was found as a predictor for driver behaviors. In detail, behavioral responsibility was a significant predictor for ordinary violations, errors and lapses, but not for aggressive violations. Additionally, behavioral responsibility negatively predicted verbal anger expression, feeling of responsibility negatively predicted use of the vehicle to express anger and lastly, behavioral responsibility positively predicted adaptive/constructive anger expression. Lastly, mediation analyses were conducted to investigate the indirect relationships between variables. The difference between patterns of results of the analyses with behavioral responsibility and feelings of responsibility highlights the difference between feeling and behavior, that is two concepts based on different psychological backgrounds do not necessarily lead to one another. The results were discussed in the framework of the related literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

driver behavior, driving anger expression, responsibility

Sorumluluğun Sürücülük Bağlamında İncelenmesi: Sürücü Öfke İfadesi ve Sürücü Davranışları

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, sorumluluğun (davranışsal sorumluluk ve sorumluluk duygusu) sürücülük öfke ifadeleri (sözel, kişisel fiziksel, araç kullanımı ve uyarlanabilir/yapıcı) ve sürücü davranışları (sıradan ve saldırgan ihlaller, hatalar) üzerindeki yordayıcı rolünü araştırmaktır. 279 sürücüden oluşan bir örneklem (188 kadın ve 91 erkek), Sürücü Davranışı Anketi, Sürücü Öfke İfadesi Envanteri ve Sorumluluk Duygusu ve Davranışı Ölçeğini içeren çevrimiçi bir anketi tamamlamıştır. Hiyerarşik regresyon analizleri sonuçları araştırmanın beklentilerini kısmen desteklemektedir. Buna göre, davranışsal sorumluluğun sürücü davranışlarının bir yordayıcısı olduğu, sorumluluk duygusunun ise olmadığı bulunmuştur. Ayrıntılı olarak, davranışsal sorumluluğun, sıradan ihlaller, hatalar ve ihmaller ile ilişkili olduğu, ancak saldırgan ihlaller için ilişkili olmadığı desteklenmiştir. Bunun dışında, davranışsal sorumluluk sözel öfke ifadesini olumsuz yönde, sorumluluk duygusu öfkeyi ifade etmek için araç kullanımını yine olumsuz yönde yordamış ve son olarak davranışsal sorumluluk uyum sağlayıcı/yapıcı öfke ifadesini olumlu yönde yordamıştır. Son olarak, değişkenler arasındaki dolaylı ilişkileri test etmek için aracılık analizlerine de başvurulmuştur. Davranışsal sorumluluk ve sorumluluk duyguları ile yapılan analizlerin sonuçlarının arasındaki fark, duygu ve davranış arasındaki farkı, yani farklı psikolojik arka planlara dayanan iki kavramın mutlaka birbirine yol açmadığını vurgulamaktadır. Sonuçlar ilgili literatür çerçevesinde tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

sürücü davranışları, sürücü öfke ifadesi, sorumluluk

Kaynakça

• Abdel-Aty, M. A., & Abdelwahab, H. T. (2000). Exploring the relationship between alcohol and the driver characteristics in motor vehicle accidents. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 32, 473-482. doi: 10.1016/S0001-4575(99)00062-7.
• Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In Action Control (pp. 11-39). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
• Allan, S., & Gilbert, P. (2002). Anger and anger expression in relation to perceptions of social rank, entrapment and depressive symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(3), 551-565. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00057-5
• Arslan, C. (2010). An investigation of anger and anger expression in terms of coping with stress and interpersonal problem-solving. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 10(1), 25-43.
• Autry, L. B. (1982). Locus of control and behavior management in the classroom (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The University of Oklahoma, USA.
• Becker-Olsen, K. L., Cudmore, B. A., & Hill, R. P. (2006). The impact of perceived corporate social responsibility on consumer behavior. Journal of Business Research, 59(1), 46-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2005.01.001.
• Bener, A., & Crundall, D. (2008). Role of gender and driver behaviour in road traffic crashes. International Journal of Crashworthiness, 13(3), 331-336. doi: 10.1080/13588260801942684
• Berkowitz, L. (1990). On the formation and regulation of anger and aggression: a cognitive-neoassociationistic analysis. American Psychologist, 45(4), 494–503. doi: 10.1037//0003-066x.45.4.494.
• Botti, S., & McGill, A. L. (2006). When choosing is not deciding: the effect of perceived responsibility on satisfaction. Journal of Consumer Research, 33(2), 211-219. doi: 10.1086/506302
• Briggs, G. F., Hole, G. J., & Land, M. F. (2011). Emotionally involving telephone conversations lead to driver error and visual tunnelling. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 14(4), 313-323. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2011.02.004
• Cai, H., Lin, Y., & Mourant, R. R. (2007). Study on driver emotion in driver-vehicle-environment systems using multiple networked driving simulators. In Proceedings of the Driving Simulation Conference North America (DSC’07). doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2011.02.004
• Chliaoutakis, E. J., Gnardellis, C., Drakou, I., Darviri, C., & Sboukis, V. (2000). Modelling the factors related to the seatbelt use by the young drivers of Athens. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 32, 815–825. doi: 10.1016/s0001-4575(00)00006-3.
• Conrad, D., & Hedin, D. (1981). Instrument and scoring guide of the experimental education evaluation project. Minnesota: Center for Youth Development and Research, 313-379.
• Dahlen, E. R., Martin, R. C., Ragan, K., & Kuhlman, M. M. (2005). Driving anger, sensation seeking, impulsiveness, and boredom proneness in the prediction of unsafe driving. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 37(2), 341-348. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2004.10.006.
• Dahlen, E. R., & White, R. P. (2006). The big five factors, sensation seeking, and driving anger in the prediction of unsafe driving. Personality and Individual Differences, 41(5), 903-915. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.03.016.
• De Groot, J. I. M., & Steg, L. (2009). Morality and prosocial behavior: the role of awareness, responsibility, and norms in the norm activation model. Journal of Social Psychology, 149(4), 425-449. doi: 10.3200/SOCP.149.4.425-449.
• Deffenbacher, J. L., Lynch, R. S., Oetting, E. R., & Swaim, R. C. (2002). The driving anger expression inventory: A measure of how people express their anger on the road. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(6), 717-737. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00063-8
• Deffenbacher, J. L., Lynch, R. S., Filetti, L. B., Dahlen, E. R., & Oetting, E. R. (2003). Anger, aggression, risky behavior, and crash-related outcomes in three groups of drivers. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(3), 333-349. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00014-1
• Demir, B., Demir, S., & Özkan, T. (2016). A contextual model of driving anger: A meta-analysis. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 42, 332-349. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2016.09.020
• DeZoort, F. T., & Harrison, P. D. (2018). Understanding auditors’ sense of responsibility for detecting fraud within organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 149(4), 857-874. doi: 10.1007/s10551-016-3064-3
• Dukes, R. L., Clayton, S. L., Jenkins, L. T., Miller, T. L., & Rodgers, S. E. (2001). Effects of aggressive driving and driver characteristics on road rage. The Social Science Journal, 38(2), 323-331. doi: 10.1016/S0362-3319(01)00117-3.
• Elander, J., West, R., & French, D. (1993). Behavioral correlates of individual differences in road-traffic crash risk: An examination of methods and findings. Psychological Bulletin, 113(2), 279-294. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.113.2.279.
• Eşiyok, B., Yasak, Y., & Korkusuz, I. (2007). Anger expression on the road: Validity and reliability of the driving anger expression inventory. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 18, 231-243.
• Fhaner, G., & Hane, M. (1975). Seat belts: Changing usage by changing beliefs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 589–598. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.60.5.589.
• Gosling, P., Denizeau, M., & Oberlé, D. (2006). Denial of responsibility: A new mode of dissonance reduction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 722-733. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.722.
• Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd Edition). New York: The Guilford Press.
• Hu, T. Y., Xie, X., & Li, J. (2013). Negative or positive? The effect of emotion and mood on risky driving. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 16, 29-40. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2012.08.009.
• Jovanović, D., Lipovac, K., Stanojević, P., & Stanojević, D. (2011). The effects of personality traits on driving-related anger and aggressive behaviour in traffic among Serbian drivers. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 14(1), 43-53. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2010.09.005
• Jörling, M., Böhm, R., & Paluch, S. (2019). Service robots: Drivers of perceived responsibility for service outcomes. Journal of Service Research, 22(4), 404-420. doi: 10.1177/1094670519842334
• Kontogiannis, T., Kossiavelou, Z., & Marmaras, N. (2002). Self-reports of aberrant behavior on the roads: Errors and violations in a sample of Greek drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 34(3), 2002. doi: 10.1016/S0001-4575(01)00035-5.
• Kontogiannis, T. (2006). Patterns of driver stress and coping strategies in a Greek sample and their relationship to aberrant behaviors and traffic accidents. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 38(5), 913-924. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2006.03.002
• Matthews, G., Dorn, L., Hoyes, T. W., Davies, D. R., Glendon, A. I., & Taylor, R. G. (1998). Driver stress and performance on a driving simulator. Human Factors, 40(1), 136-149. doi: 10.1518/001872098779480569
• Nesbit, S. M., Conger, J. C., & Conger, A. J. (2007). A quantitative review of the relationship between anger and aggressive driving. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12(2), 156–176. doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2006.09.003
• Novaco, R. W. (2011). Anger dysregulation: Driver of violent offending. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 22(5), 650-668. doi: 10.1080/14789949.2011.617536.
• Özkan, T., & Lajunen, T. (2005). A new addition to DBQ: Positive driver behaviours scale. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 8, 355-368. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2005.04.018
• Özen, Y. (2013). Sorumluluk duygusu ve davranışı ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi güvenilirliği ve geçerliliği. Gümüshane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi, 4(7), 343-357.
• Parker, D., Stradling, S. G., & Manstead, A. S. (1996). Modifying beliefs and attitudes to exceeding the speed limit: An intervention study based on the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26(1), 1-19. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb01835.x.
• Precht, L., Keinath, A., & Krems, J. F. (2017). Effects of driving anger on driver behavior–results from naturalistic driving data. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 45, 75-92. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2016.10.019
• Reason, J., Manstead, A., Stradling, S., Baxter, J. & Campbell, K. (1990). Errors and violations on the roads: A real distinction?. Ergonomics, 33, 1315–1332. doi: 10.1080/00140139008925335.
• Reichardt, D. M. (2008). Approaching driver models which integrate models of emotion and risk. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, 234-239. doi: 10.1109/IVS.2008.4621284.
• Rhodes, N., Pivik, K., & Sutton, M. (2015). Risky driving among young male drivers: The effects of mood and passengers. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 28, 65-76. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2014.11.005.
• Rimmö, P. A., & Åberg, L. (1999). On the distinction between violations and errors: Sensation seeking associations. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 2(3), 151-166. doi: 10.1016/S1369-8478(99)00013-3.
• Schlenker, B. R., Britt, T. W., Pennington, J., Murphy, R., & Doherty, K. (1994). The triangle model of responsibility. Psychological Review, 101(4), 632-652. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.101.4.632
• Shahar, A. (2009). Self-reported driving behaviors as a function of trait anxiety. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 41(2), 241-245. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2008.11.004
• Storie, V. (1977). Male and female car drivers: Drivers observed in accidents, Report no. 761. Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, UK.
• Stephens, A. N., & Groeger, J. A. (2009). Situational specificity of trait influences on drivers’ evaluations and driving behaviour. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 12(1), 29-39. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2008.06.005
• Sümer, N., Lajunen, T., & Özkan, T. (2002). The role of driver behavior on accident risk: Violations and errors [Oral presentation]. International Traffic and Road Safety Congress, Ankara, Turkey.
• Sümer, N., & Özkan, T. (2002). The role of driver behavior, skills, and personality traits in traffic accidents. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 17(50), 1-22.
• Summala, H., Rajalin, S., & Radun, I. (2014). Risky driving and recorded driving offences: A 24-year follow-up study. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 73, 27-33. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2014.08.008
• Weiner, B. (1993). On sin versus sickness: A theory of perceived responsibility and social motivation. American Psychologist, 48(9), 957-965. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.48.9.957.
• Wickens, C. M., Wiesenthal, D. L., Flora, D. B., & Flett, G. L. (2011). Understanding driver anger and aggression: Attributional theory in the driving environment. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 17(4), 354-370. doi: 10.1037/a0025815.
• Yagil, D. (2001). Reasoned action and irrational motives: A prediction of drivers' intention to violate traffic laws. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31(4), 720-739. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb01410.x.
• Zhao, N., Mehler, B., Reimer, B., D’Ambrosio, L. A., Mehler, A., & Coughlin, J. F. (2012). An investigation of the relationship between the driving behavior questionnaire and objective measures of highway driving behavior. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 15(6), 676-685. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2012.08.001
• Zhang, T., & Chan, A. H. (2016). The association between driving anger and driving outcomes: A meta-analysis of evidence from the past twenty years. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 90, 50–62. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2016.02.009.