Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Ara Toplu Taşıma Sistemlerinin Yükselişinin ve Hızlı Otobüs Taşımacılığı Sistemlerinin Çözüm Olarak Değerlendirilmesinin İncelenmesi

Öz

Bu makale, Ara Toplu Toplu Taşıma (Informal Public Transport - IPT) sistemlerinin genel özelliklerini, bu sistemlerin gelişmekte olan ülkelerde artan kullanımının arkasındaki nedenleri ve IPT'lere alternatif bir çözüm olarak Hızlı Otobüs Taşımacılığı Sistemlerinin (Bus Rapid Transit Systems - BRTS) değerlendirilmesini sunmaktadır. Resmi toplu taşımacılık sistemlerinin yetersiz olduğu birçok ülkede kullanımı önemli ölçüde artan IPT'ler hizmet, işletme, finans, izleme ve işçilik özellikleri bakımından farklılık göstermektedir. Bu sistemlerin kullanımı gelişmekte olan ülkelerde düşük gelir, hızlı nüfus artışı, ulaşımda talep artışı, kentsel makroform, iş olanakları ve daha esnek güzergahlar gibi birçok ekonomik, sosyal ve politik nedenlerle artmıştır. Ancak bu sistemlerin olumlu etkilerinin yanı sıra birçok olumsuz etkisi de bulunmaktadır. Gelişmiş ülkelerde yapılan toplu taşıma programlarının doğrudan bu ülkelere aktarılması zordur ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde güncel durumdaki IPT kullanımının nedenlerinin ayrıntılı olarak anlaşılması doğru çözümün sunulmasını sağlayabilecektir. Ayrılmış otobüs yolları olan BRTS birçok ülkede ulaşım kaynaklı problemlere çözüm olarak görülmektedir ancak literatürde bu çözüme yönelik olumlu ve olumsuz eleştiriler yer almaktadır. Bu sistemlerin toplu taşıma sistemlerini iyileştirdiği örnekler olsa da çözüme katkı sağlamadığı pek çok örnek bulunmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, IPT sistemlerinin kullanımının artmasının nedenlerinin çeşitliliğinin yüksek olduğu ve tek bir çözüme bağlı kalmaktansa bölgenin yerel özelliklerine göre mekansal, ekonomik, çevresel ve politik olarak uygun çözümler üretilmesi gerektiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• ara toplu taşıma sistemleri
• gelişmekte olan ülkeler
• hızlı otobüs taşımacılığı sistemleri

An Examination of the Rise of Informal Public Transport Systems in Developing Countries and the Critiques About Bus Rapid Transit Systems as a Desired Solution

Öz

This article provides a review of the general characteristics of Informal Public Transport (IPT) systems, the reasons behind the increasing use of these systems in developing countries, and the evaluation of Bus Rapid Transit Systems (BRTS) as an alternative solution to IPTs. IPTs, whose use has increased significantly in many countries where Formal Public Transport is insufficient, are different in their service, operation, finance, monitoring and labour features. These systems' usage has increased in developing countries for many economic, social and political reasons such as low income, rapid population growth, increase in demand, urban macroform, job opportunities and more flexible routes. However, besides the positive effects of these systems, there are many adverse effects. It is challenging to transfer the public transport schemes made in developed countries directly to these countries, and understanding the reasons in detail allows to offer the right solution. Nevertheless, BRTS, which are segregated busways, is seen as a solution in many countries, and there are many agreeing and disagreeing arguments for this idea in the literature. Although there are examples where these systems improve public transport systems, there are many examples where they do not contribute to the solution. As a result, it has been reached that the diversity of the reasons for the increase in the use of IPT systems is high, and BRTS can be an alternative, producing spatially, economically, environmentally and politically appropriate solutions according to the local characteristics of the countries can be more beneficial than a single solution.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• bus rapid transit systems
• developing countries
• informal public transport

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