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Türkiye Örnekleminde Yaşlı ve Genç Sürücüler için Öz-Düzenleyici Davranışların Taktiksel ve Stratejik Dağılımı

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 14 - 35, 30.04.2018

Öz

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı,
trafikteki öz-düzenleyici davranışların Türkiye örnekleminde yaşlı ve genç
sürücüler açısından incelenmesi ve Türkiye örneklem için hangi öz-düzenleyici
davranışların geçerli olduğunun yaşlı-genç sürücü grupları açısından
araştırılmasıdır. Çalışmaya 258 (120 yaşlı, 138 genç) aktif erkek sürücü
katılmıştır. Yaşlı sürücüler 60-75 yaş aralığı ile sınırlandırılırken, genç
sürücülerin yaş aralığı 21-30 olarak belirlenmiştir. Faktör dağılımının
incelenmesi için Trafikte Öz-Düzenleyici Davranışlar Anketi (TÖDDA) (Molnar ve
ark., 2013) Türkçe’ye adapte edilmiş ve kısa uyarlaması bu çalışma için
kullanılmıştır. Bu uyarlamada esas çalışmada yer alan motivasyonel faktörler
ankete dahil edilmezken, ‘Hayat Amacı’, ‘Stratejik’ ve ‘Taktiksel’ seviye
maddelerinin hepsi ankete dahil edilmiştir. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre, TÖDDA’da
her iki yaş grubunda da ‘Hayat Amacı’ seviyesi maddeleri ve faktörü düşerken,
iki grupta da ‘Stratejik’ ve ‘Taktiksel’ seviye davranışları iki ayrı faktör
altında gruplanmıştır ve bu çalışma sonuçlarına göre Türkiye örneklemi için
yaşlı ve genç sürücülerin özellikle yararlandıkları stratejik ve taktiksel kararlar
bulunmuştur. Farklı özellikleri bulunan yaşlı ve genç sürücü grupları için
yapılan analizlerin sonuncunda iki grup içinde iki ana faktörün istatistiksel
ve içeriksel olarak ayrışması, stratejik ve taktiksel kararların geçerliliğine
kanıt olarak sunulabilirken, bu faktörlerin farklı maddeler ve içeriklerden
oluşması yaşlı ve genç sürücü gruplarının davranış mekanizmalarının farklı
olduğunun sinyallerini verir niteliktedir. Ayrıca yaşlı sürücülerde olduğu
kadar genç sürücüler için de öz-düzenleyici davranışların kullanımının önemini
ve yaygınlığını destekler niteliktedir.

Kaynakça

  • Aydın, K. (2012). Türkiye’de Kişisel Gelir Dağılımının Sosyo–Ekonomik ve Demografik Belirleyicileri. Çalışma ve Toplum, 1, 147–166.
  • Aykan, H. ve Wolf, D. A. (2000). Traditionality, Modernity and Houshold Composition. Research on Aging, 22(4), 359–421.
  • Baldock, M. R. J., Mathias, J. L., Mclean, A. J. ve Berndt, A. (2006). Self–regulation of driving and its relationship to driving ability among older adults. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 38, 1038–1045.
  • Ball, K., Owsley, C., Sloane, M., Roenker, D. L. ve Bruni, J. (1993). Visual attention problems as a predictor of vehicle crashes in older drivers. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 34(11), 3110–3123.
  • Ball, K., Owsley, C., Stalvey, B., Roenker, D. L., Sloane, M. E. ve Graves, M. (1998). Driving avoidance and functional impairments in older drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 30(3), 313–332.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler (United Nations) (2009). World Population Aging 2009. United Nations, New York, NY.
  • Carter, T. (2006). Fitness to drive: A guide for health professionals. (1. Baskı). London: The Royal Society of Medicine Press.
  • Charlton, J. L., Oxley, J., Fildes, B., Oxley, P., Newstead, S., Koppel, S. ve O’Hare, M. (2006). Characteristics of older drivers who adopt self–regulatory driving behaviours. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 9, 363–373.
  • Constantinou E. ve Kapardis, A. (2011). Risky and aggressive driving in young adults: Personality matters. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 43(4), 1323–1331.
  • Deery, H. (1999). Hazard and risk perception among young novice drivers. Journal of Safety Research, 30(4), 225–236.
  • Devlin, A. ve McGilivray, J. A. (2014). Self–regulation of older drivers with cognitive impairments: A systematic review. Australasian Journal of Ageing, 33(2), 74–80.
  • Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (2013). Global status report on road safety 2013: Supporting a decade of action. Geneva, Switzerland. Erişim Tarihi: 25 Mayıs 2015, http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2013/en/
  • Eby, D., Molnar, L. ve Kartje, P. (2009). Age-related Declines in Abilities. Maintaining Safe Mobility in an Aging Society içinde (s. 14–20). Boca Raton: CRC Press– A Taylor & Francais Company.
  • Eby, D., Trombley, D., Molnar, L. ve Shope, J. (1998). Abilities related to safe driving. The Assessment of Older Drivers' Capabilities: A Review of the Literature içinde (s. 5–38). Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, Transportation Research Institute.
  • Elvik, R. (2010). Why some road safety problems are more difficult to solve than others. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 42, 1089–1096.
  • Evans, L. (2004). Traffic Safety. Bloomfield, Mich.: Science Serving Society.
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buncher, A. ve Lang, A–G (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 1149–1160.
  • Freund, B. ve Smith, P. (2011). Older Drivers. B. Porter (Ed.), Handbook of Traffic Psychology içinde (1. baskı, s. 249–265). Elsevier.
  • Glendon, A.I. (2011). Neuroscience and Young Drivers. B. Porter (Ed.), Handbook of Traffic Psychology içinde (1. baskı, s. 109–125). Elsevier.
  • Gregersen, N. (1996). Young car drivers: Why are they overrepresented in traffic accidents? : How can driver training improve their situation? (Rapor No. 409). Linköping: Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute.
  • Gwyther, H. ve Holland, C. (2012). The effect of age, gender and attitudes on self–regulation in driving. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 45, 19–28.
  • Hakamies–Blomqvist, L., Wiklund, M. ve Henriksson, P. (2005). Predicting older drivers' accident involvement – Smeed's law revisited. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 37(4), 675–680.
  • Hakamies–Blomqwist, L. (2004). Safety of Older Persons in Traffic. Transportation in an Aging Society: A Decade of Experience, technical papers and reports from a conference, Kasım 7-9, 1999, Bethesda, Maryland. İçinde (s. 22–35). Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board of the National Academies.
  • Hatakka, M., Keskinen, E., Gregersen, N., Glad, A. ve Hernetkoski, K. (2002). From control of the vehicle to personal self–control; broadening the perspectives to driver education. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 5, 201–215.
  • Horswill, M., Sullivan, K., Lurie–Beck, J. ve Smith, S. (2013). How realistic are older drivers’ ratings of their driving ability? Accident Analysis & Prevention, 50, 130–137.
  • Huang, P. ve Winston, F. K. (2011). Younger Drivers. B. Porter (Ed.), Handbook of Traffic Psychology içinde (1. baskı, s. 315–338). Elsevier.
  • İktisadi İşbirliği ve Gelişme Teşkilatı (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development [OECD]) (2006). Young drivers the road to safety. Transportation Research Center. Paris, France. Erişim Tarihi: 10 Nisan 2015, http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/jtrc/safety/YDpolicyBrief.pdf
  • Keating, D. ve Halpern– Felsher, B. (2008). Adolescent Drivers: A developmental perspective on risk, proficiency, and safety. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35(3S), 272–277.
  • Keskinen, E. ve Hernetkoski, K., (2011). Driver Education and Training. B. Porter (Ed.), Handbook of Traffic Psychology içinde (1. baskı, s. 403–422). Elsevier.
  • Lam, L. (2003). Factors associated with young drivers’ car crash injury: Comparisons among learner, provisional, and full licensees. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 35, 913–920.
  • Lautenschlager, G. J. (1989). A comparison of alternatives to conducting Monte Carlo analyses for determining parallel analysis criteria. Multi variate Behavioral Research, 24, 365–395.
  • Michon, J. (1985). A Critical View of Driver Behavior Models: What Do We Know, What Should We Do? Evans, L.ve Schwing; R. C. (Ed.), Human Behavior and Traffic Safety içinde (s. 485–525). Plenum Press, New York.
  • Molnar, L. (2013). Self–Regulatory Driving Practices by Older Adults. Melbourne: Monash University Accident Research Center.
  • Molnar, L. J., Eby, D. W., Charlton, J. L., Langford, J., Koppel, S., Marshall, S.ve Man–Son–Hing, M. (2013). Driving avoidance by older adults: Is it always self–regulation? Accident Analysis and Prevention, 52, 96–104.
  • Molnar, L. J., Eby, D. W., Langford, J., Charlton, J. L., Louis, R. M. ve Roberts, J. S. (2013). Tactical, strategical, and life–goal self–regulation of driving by older adults: Development and testing of a questionnaire. Journal of Safety Research, 46, 107–117.
  • Molnar, L.J. ve Eby, D.W. (2009). Getting around: Meeting the boomers' mobility needs. R. Houston (Ed.), Boomer or Bust? The New Political Economy of Aging içinde. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishing.
  • Naumann, R.B., Dellinger, A.M. ve Kresnow, M.J. (2011). Driving self–restriction in high–risk conditions: How do older drivers compare to others? Journal of Safety Research, 42, 67–71.
  • Owsley, C. (2004). Driver Capabilities. Transportation in an Aging Society: A Decade of Experience, technical papers and reports from a conference, Kasım 7-9, 1999, Bethesda, Maryland. (s. 44–55).Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board of the National Academies.
  • Owsley, C., Ball, K., McGwin, G., Sloane, M., Roenker, D., White, M. ve Overley, E. (1998). Visual processing impairment and risk of motor vehicle crash among older adults. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 279(14), 1083–1088.
  • Paus, T. (2005). Mapping brain maturation and cognitive development during adolescence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(2), 60–68.
  • Ryan, G A., Legge, M. ve Rosman, D. (1998). Age related changes in drivers’ crash risk and crash type. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 30(3), 379–387.
  • Shanmugaratnam, S., Kass, S. ve Arruda, J. (2010). Age differences in cognitive and psychomotor abilities and simulated driving. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 43(3), 802–808.
  • Shinar, D. (2007). Traffic Safety and Human Behavior. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Shope, J. (2006). Influences on youthful driving behavior and their potential for guiding interventions to reduce crashes. Injury Prevention, 12, i9–i14.
  • Shope, J. ve Bingham, R. (2008). Teen Driving: Motor–vehicle crashes and factors that contribute. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35(3S), 261–271.
  • Smiley, E. (2004). Adaptive Strategies of Older Drivers. Transportation in an Aging Society: A Decade of Experience, technical papers and reports from a conference, Kasım 7–9, 1999, Bethesda, Maryland. (s. 36–43). Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board of the National Academies.
  • Steinberg, L. (2005). Cognitive and affective development in adolescence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(2), 69–74.
  • Stutts, J., Stewart, J. ve Martell, C. (1998). Cognitive test performance and crash risk in an older driver population. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 30(3), 337–346.
  • Türk İstatistik Kurumu (2013). Trafik Kaza İstatistikleri (Karayolu). Ankara, Türkiye. Erişim Tarihi: 23 Mayıs 2015, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/Kitap.do?metod=KitapDetay&KT_ID=15&KITAP_ID=70
  • Vance, D. E., Roenker, D. L., Cissell, G. M., Edwards, J. D., Wadley V. G. ve Ball, K. K. (2006). Predictors of driving exposure and avoidance in a field study of older drivers from the state of Maryland. Accidents Analysis and Prevention, 32, 823–831.
  • Williams, A. (2003). Teenage drivers: Patterns of risk. Journal of Safety Research, 34, 5–15.
  • Wood, J. M., Lacherez, P. F. ve Anstey, K. J. (2013). Not all older adults have insight into their driving abilities: Evidence from an on–road assessment and implications for policy. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 68(5), 559–566.

Tactical and Strategical Distribution of Driving Self-Regulatory Behaviors for Old and Young Drivers in Turkey

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 14 - 35, 30.04.2018

Öz

The purpose of
this study is to investigate old and young drivers’ self-regulatory driving
behaviors in a Turkish sample. Also, it is aimed, to investigate which type of
self-regulatory driving behaviors are determined, and to explore the factor
structure of self-regulatory driving behaviors in Turkish sample. 120 old and
138 young, a total of 258 active drivers participated to the study. The age
range for old driver sample was determined as 60-75 while young drivers’ age
range was 21-30. In order to investigate the factor structure of the Advanced
Decisions and Patterns of Travel Scale (ADDAPT) (Molnar et al., 2013), it was
adapted to Turkish and shortened. The shortened version of the questionnaire
includes ‘Life-Goal’, ‘Strategical’ and ‘Tactical’ level items except for the
motivational questions related to these decisions. The findings of this study
show that the life-goal level items were dropped for both older and younger
driver sample. For both age groups the strategic and tactical decisions were
clearly separated from each other and found as two different factors. The
separation of strategic and tactical self-regulatory driving behaviors for two
different age groups may prove the different behavioral mechanism of strategic
and tactical decisions. At the same time the content and item differences for
both age groups support the idea that the behavioral mechanism for old and
young drivers’ self-regulatory decisions may be different. Lastly, the findings
of this study also show the importance and prevalence of self-regulatory
driving behaviors not only for older drivers but also for younger drivers as
well.

Kaynakça

  • Aydın, K. (2012). Türkiye’de Kişisel Gelir Dağılımının Sosyo–Ekonomik ve Demografik Belirleyicileri. Çalışma ve Toplum, 1, 147–166.
  • Aykan, H. ve Wolf, D. A. (2000). Traditionality, Modernity and Houshold Composition. Research on Aging, 22(4), 359–421.
  • Baldock, M. R. J., Mathias, J. L., Mclean, A. J. ve Berndt, A. (2006). Self–regulation of driving and its relationship to driving ability among older adults. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 38, 1038–1045.
  • Ball, K., Owsley, C., Sloane, M., Roenker, D. L. ve Bruni, J. (1993). Visual attention problems as a predictor of vehicle crashes in older drivers. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 34(11), 3110–3123.
  • Ball, K., Owsley, C., Stalvey, B., Roenker, D. L., Sloane, M. E. ve Graves, M. (1998). Driving avoidance and functional impairments in older drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 30(3), 313–332.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler (United Nations) (2009). World Population Aging 2009. United Nations, New York, NY.
  • Carter, T. (2006). Fitness to drive: A guide for health professionals. (1. Baskı). London: The Royal Society of Medicine Press.
  • Charlton, J. L., Oxley, J., Fildes, B., Oxley, P., Newstead, S., Koppel, S. ve O’Hare, M. (2006). Characteristics of older drivers who adopt self–regulatory driving behaviours. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 9, 363–373.
  • Constantinou E. ve Kapardis, A. (2011). Risky and aggressive driving in young adults: Personality matters. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 43(4), 1323–1331.
  • Deery, H. (1999). Hazard and risk perception among young novice drivers. Journal of Safety Research, 30(4), 225–236.
  • Devlin, A. ve McGilivray, J. A. (2014). Self–regulation of older drivers with cognitive impairments: A systematic review. Australasian Journal of Ageing, 33(2), 74–80.
  • Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (2013). Global status report on road safety 2013: Supporting a decade of action. Geneva, Switzerland. Erişim Tarihi: 25 Mayıs 2015, http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2013/en/
  • Eby, D., Molnar, L. ve Kartje, P. (2009). Age-related Declines in Abilities. Maintaining Safe Mobility in an Aging Society içinde (s. 14–20). Boca Raton: CRC Press– A Taylor & Francais Company.
  • Eby, D., Trombley, D., Molnar, L. ve Shope, J. (1998). Abilities related to safe driving. The Assessment of Older Drivers' Capabilities: A Review of the Literature içinde (s. 5–38). Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, Transportation Research Institute.
  • Elvik, R. (2010). Why some road safety problems are more difficult to solve than others. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 42, 1089–1096.
  • Evans, L. (2004). Traffic Safety. Bloomfield, Mich.: Science Serving Society.
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buncher, A. ve Lang, A–G (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 1149–1160.
  • Freund, B. ve Smith, P. (2011). Older Drivers. B. Porter (Ed.), Handbook of Traffic Psychology içinde (1. baskı, s. 249–265). Elsevier.
  • Glendon, A.I. (2011). Neuroscience and Young Drivers. B. Porter (Ed.), Handbook of Traffic Psychology içinde (1. baskı, s. 109–125). Elsevier.
  • Gregersen, N. (1996). Young car drivers: Why are they overrepresented in traffic accidents? : How can driver training improve their situation? (Rapor No. 409). Linköping: Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute.
  • Gwyther, H. ve Holland, C. (2012). The effect of age, gender and attitudes on self–regulation in driving. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 45, 19–28.
  • Hakamies–Blomqvist, L., Wiklund, M. ve Henriksson, P. (2005). Predicting older drivers' accident involvement – Smeed's law revisited. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 37(4), 675–680.
  • Hakamies–Blomqwist, L. (2004). Safety of Older Persons in Traffic. Transportation in an Aging Society: A Decade of Experience, technical papers and reports from a conference, Kasım 7-9, 1999, Bethesda, Maryland. İçinde (s. 22–35). Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board of the National Academies.
  • Hatakka, M., Keskinen, E., Gregersen, N., Glad, A. ve Hernetkoski, K. (2002). From control of the vehicle to personal self–control; broadening the perspectives to driver education. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 5, 201–215.
  • Horswill, M., Sullivan, K., Lurie–Beck, J. ve Smith, S. (2013). How realistic are older drivers’ ratings of their driving ability? Accident Analysis & Prevention, 50, 130–137.
  • Huang, P. ve Winston, F. K. (2011). Younger Drivers. B. Porter (Ed.), Handbook of Traffic Psychology içinde (1. baskı, s. 315–338). Elsevier.
  • İktisadi İşbirliği ve Gelişme Teşkilatı (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development [OECD]) (2006). Young drivers the road to safety. Transportation Research Center. Paris, France. Erişim Tarihi: 10 Nisan 2015, http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/jtrc/safety/YDpolicyBrief.pdf
  • Keating, D. ve Halpern– Felsher, B. (2008). Adolescent Drivers: A developmental perspective on risk, proficiency, and safety. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35(3S), 272–277.
  • Keskinen, E. ve Hernetkoski, K., (2011). Driver Education and Training. B. Porter (Ed.), Handbook of Traffic Psychology içinde (1. baskı, s. 403–422). Elsevier.
  • Lam, L. (2003). Factors associated with young drivers’ car crash injury: Comparisons among learner, provisional, and full licensees. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 35, 913–920.
  • Lautenschlager, G. J. (1989). A comparison of alternatives to conducting Monte Carlo analyses for determining parallel analysis criteria. Multi variate Behavioral Research, 24, 365–395.
  • Michon, J. (1985). A Critical View of Driver Behavior Models: What Do We Know, What Should We Do? Evans, L.ve Schwing; R. C. (Ed.), Human Behavior and Traffic Safety içinde (s. 485–525). Plenum Press, New York.
  • Molnar, L. (2013). Self–Regulatory Driving Practices by Older Adults. Melbourne: Monash University Accident Research Center.
  • Molnar, L. J., Eby, D. W., Charlton, J. L., Langford, J., Koppel, S., Marshall, S.ve Man–Son–Hing, M. (2013). Driving avoidance by older adults: Is it always self–regulation? Accident Analysis and Prevention, 52, 96–104.
  • Molnar, L. J., Eby, D. W., Langford, J., Charlton, J. L., Louis, R. M. ve Roberts, J. S. (2013). Tactical, strategical, and life–goal self–regulation of driving by older adults: Development and testing of a questionnaire. Journal of Safety Research, 46, 107–117.
  • Molnar, L.J. ve Eby, D.W. (2009). Getting around: Meeting the boomers' mobility needs. R. Houston (Ed.), Boomer or Bust? The New Political Economy of Aging içinde. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishing.
  • Naumann, R.B., Dellinger, A.M. ve Kresnow, M.J. (2011). Driving self–restriction in high–risk conditions: How do older drivers compare to others? Journal of Safety Research, 42, 67–71.
  • Owsley, C. (2004). Driver Capabilities. Transportation in an Aging Society: A Decade of Experience, technical papers and reports from a conference, Kasım 7-9, 1999, Bethesda, Maryland. (s. 44–55).Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board of the National Academies.
  • Owsley, C., Ball, K., McGwin, G., Sloane, M., Roenker, D., White, M. ve Overley, E. (1998). Visual processing impairment and risk of motor vehicle crash among older adults. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 279(14), 1083–1088.
  • Paus, T. (2005). Mapping brain maturation and cognitive development during adolescence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(2), 60–68.
  • Ryan, G A., Legge, M. ve Rosman, D. (1998). Age related changes in drivers’ crash risk and crash type. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 30(3), 379–387.
  • Shanmugaratnam, S., Kass, S. ve Arruda, J. (2010). Age differences in cognitive and psychomotor abilities and simulated driving. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 43(3), 802–808.
  • Shinar, D. (2007). Traffic Safety and Human Behavior. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Shope, J. (2006). Influences on youthful driving behavior and their potential for guiding interventions to reduce crashes. Injury Prevention, 12, i9–i14.
  • Shope, J. ve Bingham, R. (2008). Teen Driving: Motor–vehicle crashes and factors that contribute. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35(3S), 261–271.
  • Smiley, E. (2004). Adaptive Strategies of Older Drivers. Transportation in an Aging Society: A Decade of Experience, technical papers and reports from a conference, Kasım 7–9, 1999, Bethesda, Maryland. (s. 36–43). Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board of the National Academies.
  • Steinberg, L. (2005). Cognitive and affective development in adolescence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(2), 69–74.
  • Stutts, J., Stewart, J. ve Martell, C. (1998). Cognitive test performance and crash risk in an older driver population. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 30(3), 337–346.
  • Türk İstatistik Kurumu (2013). Trafik Kaza İstatistikleri (Karayolu). Ankara, Türkiye. Erişim Tarihi: 23 Mayıs 2015, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/Kitap.do?metod=KitapDetay&KT_ID=15&KITAP_ID=70
  • Vance, D. E., Roenker, D. L., Cissell, G. M., Edwards, J. D., Wadley V. G. ve Ball, K. K. (2006). Predictors of driving exposure and avoidance in a field study of older drivers from the state of Maryland. Accidents Analysis and Prevention, 32, 823–831.
  • Williams, A. (2003). Teenage drivers: Patterns of risk. Journal of Safety Research, 34, 5–15.
  • Wood, J. M., Lacherez, P. F. ve Anstey, K. J. (2013). Not all older adults have insight into their driving abilities: Evidence from an on–road assessment and implications for policy. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 68(5), 559–566.
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Psikoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Derya Azık

Türker Özkan

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Azık, D., & Özkan, T. (2018). Türkiye Örnekleminde Yaşlı ve Genç Sürücüler için Öz-Düzenleyici Davranışların Taktiksel ve Stratejik Dağılımı. Trafik Ve Ulaşım Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 14-35.