Arazi Kullanımı ve Arazi Örtüsü Değişiminin Mekansal-Zamansal Analizi: Yozgat İli Örneği

Öz

Arazi kullanım/arazi örtüsü (LULC) değişimi, çevresel dönüşümün ve bölgesel peyzaj dinamiklerinin en önemli göstergelerinden biridir. Bu değişikliklerin izlenmesi, kentleşmenin, tarımsal faaliyetlerin ve arazi dönüşüm süreçlerinin yarı kurak ortamlara etkilerini anlamak için elzemdir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'nin Yozgat ilinin 2000-2024 yılları arasındaki mekansal-zamansal LULC dinamiklerini, çok zamanlı Landsat uydu görüntüleri ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (GIS) tabanlı mekansal analiz teknikleri kullanarak araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. USGS Earth Explorer platformundan 30 m mekansal çözünürlüğe sahip çok zamanlı Landsat-5 TM, Landsat-7 ETM+ ve Landsat-8/9 OLI görüntüleri elde edilmiştir. Görüntü ön işleme, kırpma, sınıflandırma ve zamansal değişim tespiti analizleri ArcGIS/ArcMap 10.8'de gerçekleştirilmiştir. Dört ana arazi kullanım sınıfı belirlenmiştir: tarım, yerleşim, çıplak arazi ve bitki örtüsü/su. Uzun vadeli arazi dönüşüm modellerini nicelleştirmek için çok zamanlı sınıflandırma sonuçları karşılaştırılmıştır. Sonuçlar, Yozgat ilinin mekânsal yapısında 24 yıllık süre zarfında önemli değişiklikler olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Yerleşim alanları %114,38'lik artışla en büyük artışı göstermiş olup, bu da güçlü kentsel büyüme ve altyapı genişlemesine işaret etmektedir. Buna karşılık, çıplak arazi %54,13 oranında azalmış olup, tarımsal ve yapılaşmış alanlara kademeli dönüşümü göstermektedir. Tarım arazileri %9,08'lik ılımlı bir artışla nispeten istikrarlı kalırken, bitki örtüsü/su alanları %67,72 oranında artmıştır. En belirgin dönüşüm dönemleri, büyük arazi dönüşüm süreçlerinin yaşandığı 2006-2012 ve 2012-2018 yılları arasında belirlenmiştir. Bulgular, kentsel genişleme ve çıplak arazinin azalmasının Yozgat ilindeki peyzaj dönüşümünün baskın etkenleri olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu çalışma, Orta Anadolu'nun yarı kurak bölgelerinde sürdürülebilir arazi kullanım planlaması, bölgesel çevre yönetimi ve gelecekteki CBS tabanlı izleme çalışmaları için değerli bilimsel kanıtlar sağlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• AÖ/AK
• LANDSAT
• YOZGAT
• CBS
• DEĞİŞİM BELİRLEME

Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Land Use and Land Cover Change: The case of Yozgat Province

Öz

Land use/land cover (LULC) change is one of the most important indicators of environmental transformation and regional landscape dynamics. Monitoring these changes is essential for understanding the impacts of urbanization, agricultural activities, and land conversion processes on semi-arid environments. This study aims to investigate the spatio-temporal LULC dynamics of Yozgat Province, Türkiye, between 2000 and 2024 using multi-temporal Landsat satellite imagery and Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based spatial analysis techniques. Multi-temporal Landsat-5 TM, Landsat-7 ETM+, and Landsat-8/9 OLI images with 30 m spatial resolution were obtained from the USGS Earth Explorer platform. Image preprocessing, clipping, classification and temporal change detection analyses were performed in ArcGIS/ArcMap 10.8. Four major land use classes were identified: agriculture, settlement, bare land and vegetation/water. Multi-temporal classification results were compared to quantify long-term land transformation patterns. The classification accuracy was evaluated using confusion matrix analysis, Overall accuracy and Kappa metrics. The results revealed significant changes in the spatial structure of Yozgat Province over the 24-year period. Settlement areas exhibited the most substantial increase, rising by 114.38%, indicating strong urban growth and infrastructure expansion. In contrast, bare land decreased by 54.13%, suggesting progressive conversion into agricultural and built-up surfaces. Agricultural land remained relatively stable with a moderate increase of 9.08%, while vegetation/water areas increased by 67.72%. The most pronounced transformation periods were identified between 2006–2012 and 2012–2018, during which major land conversion processes occurred. The findings demonstrate that urban expansion and the reduction of bare land are the dominant drivers of landscape transformation in Yozgat Province. This study provides valuable scientific evidence for sustainable land use planning, regional environmental management, and future GIS-based monitoring studies in semi-arid regions of Central Anatolia. The results demonstrate that remote sensing and GIS techniques provide reliable tools for long-term monitoring of LULC dynamics in semi-arid environments.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• LU/LC
• LANDSAT
• CHANGE DETECTION
• Yozgat Province
• Semi-Arid Region

Kaynakça

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