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Oblique Image Photogrammetry: New Approaches in Urban 3D Modeling

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 47 - 63, 26.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.53030/tufod.1805312
https://izlik.org/JA36TC86KB

Öz

In recent years, rapid urbanization has significantly increased the demand for detailed and up-to-date 3D city models in areas such as urban planning, disaster management, smart city applications, and infrastructure monitoring. In this context, oblique photogrammetry has emerged as an effective data acquisition technique, particularly in urban environments where traditional vertical imagery is insufficient. Oblique images enable the modeling of vertical structures, including building facades, bridges, monuments, and street-level details, facilitating the creation of more realistic and detailed 3D urban models. This review comprehensively examines the historical development of oblique photogrammetry, its fundamental technical principles, and the data acquisition and processing workflows. Furthermore, it discusses recent advancements such as novel algorithms, multi-sensor data integration (LiDAR, multispectral, and thermal imagery), and AI-based automatic modeling approaches. The study highlights both the advantages and limitations of oblique photogrammetry in urban 3D modeling and explores future research directions and potential technological developments. Overall, oblique photogrammetry is recognized as an indispensable tool for contemporary urban analysis and planning.

Etik Beyan

The study was conducted in accordance with research and publication ethics.

Kaynakça

  • Yalçın, G. (2015). 3D city modelling with oblique photogrammetry method. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 93, 107–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2014.04.005
  • Toschi, I. (2017). Oblique photogrammetry supporting 3D urban reconstruction of complex scenarios. ISPRS Archives, XLII-1/W1, 519–524. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-1-W1-519-2017
  • Wang, X. (2023). Oblique photogrammetry supporting procedural tree modeling in urban areas. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 92, 101875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2022.101875
  • Oniga, V.-E., Breaban, A.-I., Pfeifer, N., & Diac, M. (2022). 3D modeling of urban area based on oblique UAS images—An end-to-end pipeline. Remote Sensing, 14(2), 422. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14020422
  • Qiao, L. (2025). Research on the refinement of 3D models based on oblique photogrammetry. Proceedings of SPIE, 13642, 136421X. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3066957
  • Zhang, X. (2024). A 3D urban scene reconstruction enhancement approach using ground panoramic videos. The Photogrammetric Record, 39(207), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/phor.12467
  • Unal, M., Yakar, M., & Yildiz, F. (2004, July). Discontinuity surface roughness measurement techniques and the evaluation of digital photogrammetric method. In Proceedings of the 20th International Congress for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS) (Vol. 1103, pp. 1103–1108).
  • Yilmaz, H. M., Yakar, M., & Yildiz, F. (2008). Digital photogrammetry in obtaining of 3D model data of irregular small objects. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 37, 125–130.
  • Yakar, M., Orhan, O., Ulvi, A., Yiğit, A. Y., & Yüzer, M. M. (2015). Sahip Ata Külliyesi rölöve örneği (p. 10). TMMOB Harita ve Kadastro Mühendisleri Odası.
  • Yılmaz, H. M., Karabörk, H., & Yakar, M. (2000). Yersel fotogrametrinin kullanım alanları. Niğde Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(1), 1.
  • Yakar, M., & Doğan, Y. (2017). Mersin Silifke Mezgit Kale Anıt Mezarı fotogrametrik rölöve alımı ve üç boyutlu modelleme çalışması. Geomatik, 2(1), 11–17.
  • Alyilmaz, C., Alyilmaz, S., & Yakar, M. (2010). Measurement of petroglyhps (rock of arts) of Qobustan with close range photogrammetry. International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 38(Part 5), 29–32.
  • Yakar, M., Uysal, M., Toprak, A. S., & Polat, N. (2013). 3D modeling of historical doger caravansaries by digital photogrammetry. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 40, 695–698.
  • Yakar, M., Yılmaz, H. M., Güleç, S. A., & Korumaz, M. (2009). Advantage of digital close-range photogrammetry in drawing of muqarnas in architecture. Information Technology Journal, 8(2), 202–207.
  • Yakar, M., Yildiz, F., Alyilmaz, C., & Yilmaz, H. M. (2009). Photogrammetric study for Sircali Medrese Door. In 9th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference (SGEM 2009) (pp. 879–884).
  • Şahin, İ., & Yakar, M. (2008). Farklı kaynaklardan elde edilen sayısal yükseklik modellerinin ortofoto doğruluğuna etkilerinin araştırılması. Harita Dergisi, 74(140), 45–59.
  • Li, Q., Yu, W., & Jiang, S. (2022). Optimized views photogrammetry: Precision analysis and a large-scale case study in Qingdao. arXiv preprint arXiv:2206.12216. https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.12216
  • Xu, J. (2024). Improving real-scene 3D model quality of unmanned aerial vehicle oblique photogrammetry. Remote Sensing, 16(21), 3933. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16213933
  • Wu, B. (2021). Photogrammetry for 3D mapping in urban areas. In Advances in Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences (pp. 199–204). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8983-6_23
  • Haala, N., & Rothermel, M. (2015). Multi-scale impact of multisensor aerial image datasets for 3D city model generation. Remote Sensing, 7(12), 16330–16352. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs71216330
  • Villi, O., & Yakar, M. (2024). Sensor technologies in unmanned aerial vehicles: Types and applications. Advanced UAV, 4(1), 1–18.
  • Zhang, X., Zhao, P., Hu, Q., Ai, M., Hu, D., & Li, J. (2020). A UAV-based panoramic oblique photogrammetry (POP) approach using spherical projection. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 159, 198–219.
  • Tükenmez, F., & Yakar, M. (2023). Production of road maps in highway projects by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Advanced Engineering Days (AED), 6, 94–96.
  • Grenzdörffer, G. J., Guretzki, M., & Friedlander, I. (2008). Photogrammetric image acquisition and image analysis of oblique imagery. The Photogrammetric Record, 23, 372–386.
  • Ünel, F. B., Kuşak, L., Çelik, M., Alptekin, A., & Yakar, M. (2020). Kıyı çizgisinin belirlenerek mülkiyet durumunun incelenmesi. Türkiye Arazi Yönetimi Dergisi, 2(1), 33–40.
  • Jiang, S., & Jiang, W. (2017). Efficient structure from motion for oblique UAV images based on maximal spanning tree expansion. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 132, 140–161.
  • Kanun, E., Alptekin, A., Karataş, L., & Yakar, M. (2022). The use of UAV photogrammetry in modeling ancient structures: A case study of “Kanytellis”. Advanced UAV, 2(2), 41–50.
  • Yılmaz, H. M., Mutluoğlu, Ö., Ulvi, A., Yaman, A., & Bilgilioğlu, S. S. (2018). İnsansız hava aracı ile ortofoto üretimi ve Aksaray Üniversitesi kampüsü örneği. Geomatik, 3(2), 129–136.
  • Villi, O., & Yakar, M. (2022). İnsansız hava araçlarının kullanım alanları ve sensör tipleri. Türkiye İnsansız Hava Araçları Dergisi, 4(2), 73–100.
  • Yakar, M., & Doğan, Y. (2017). Mersin Silifke Mezgit Kale Anıt Mezarı fotogrametrik rölöve alımı ve üç boyutlu modelleme çalışması. Geomatik, 2(1), 11–17.
  • Karataş, L., Alptekin, A., Karabacak, A., & Yakar, M. (2022). Detection and documentation of stone material deterioration in historical masonry buildings using UAV photogrammetry: A case study of Mersin Sarisih Inn. Mersin Photogrammetry Journal, 4(2), 53–61.
  • Yılmaz, H. M., Mutluoğlu, Ö., Ulvi, A., Yaman, A., & Bilgilioğlu, S. S. (2018). İnsansız hava aracı ile ortofoto üretimi ve Aksaray Üniversitesi kampüsü örneği. Geomatik, 3(2), 129–136. Yılmaz, H. M., Mutluoğlu, Ö., Ulvi, A., Yaman, A., & Bilgilioğlu, S. S. (2018). İnsansız hava aracı ile ortofoto üretimi ve Aksaray Üniversitesi kampüsü örneği. Geomatik, 3(2), 129–136.
  • Petrie, G. (2009). Systematic oblique aerial photography using multiple digital frame cameras. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 75, 102–107.
  • Mohammed, O., & Yakar, M. (2016). Yersel fotogrametrik yöntem ile ibadethanelerin modellenmesi. Selcuk University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 15(2), 85–95.
  • Villi, O., & Yakar, M. (2022). İnsansız hava araçlarının kullanım alanları ve sensör tipleri. Türkiye İnsansız Hava Araçları Dergisi, 4(2), 73–100.
  • Alptekin, A., & Yakar, M. (2020). Heyelan bölgesinin İHA kullanarak modellenmesi. Türkiye İnsansız Hava Araçları Dergisi, 2(1), 17–21.
  • Yılmaz, H. M., & Yakar, M. (2006). Yersel lazer tarama teknolojisi. Yapı Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi, 2(2), 43–48.
  • Yılmaz, H. M., & Yakar, M. (2006). LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) tarama sistemi. Yapı Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi, 2(2), 23–33.
  • Kanun, E., Metin, A., & Yakar, M. (2021). Yersel lazer tarama tekniği kullanarak Ağzıkara Han’ın 3 boyutlu nokta bulutunun elde edilmesi. Türkiye Lidar Dergisi, 3(2), 58–64.
  • Kanun, E., Alptekin, A., & Yakar, M. (2021). Cultural heritage modelling using UAV photogrammetric methods: A case study of Kanlıdivane archeological site. Advanced UAV, 1(1), 24–33.
  • Korumaza, A. G., Korumaz, M., Dulgerlera, O. N., Karasaka, L., Yıldız, F., & Yakar, M. (2010). Evaluation of laser scanner performance in documentation of historical and architectural ruins: A case study in Konya. International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 38(5), 361–366.
  • Yilmaz, H. M., Yakar, M., Yildiz, F., Karabork, H., Kavurmaci, M. M., Mutluoglu, O., & Goktepe, A. (2009). Monitoring of corrosion in fairy chimney by terrestrial laser scanning. Journal of International Environmental Application & Science, 4(1), 86–91.
  • Yakar, M., & Yilmaz, H. M. (2011). Determination of erosion on a small fairy chimney. Experimental Techniques, 35(5), 76–81.
  • Yılmaz, H. M., Yakar, M., Yıldız, F., Karabork, H., Kavurmacı, M. M., Mutluoğlu, Ö., & Göktepe, A. (2010). Determining rates of erosion of an earth pillar by terrestrial laser scanning.
  • Mesas-Carrascosa, F. J., García María, D. N., de Larriva, J. E. M., & García-Ferrer, A. (2016). An analysis of the influence of flight parameters in the generation of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) orthomosaicks to survey archaeological areas. Sensors, 16, 1838.
  • Erenoglu, R. C., Akcay, O., & Erenoglu, O. (2017). An UAS-assisted multi-sensor approach for 3D modeling and reconstruction of cultural heritage site. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 26, 79–90.
  • Wierzbicki, D. (2018). Multi-camera imaging system for UAV photogrammetry. Sensors, 18(8), 2433.
  • Aicardi, A., Chiabrando, F., Grasso, N., Lingua, A. M., Noardo, F., & Spano, A. (2016). UAV photogrammetry with oblique images: First analysis on data acquisition and processing. ISPRS International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLI-B1, 835–842.
  • Cavegn, S., Haala, N., Nebiker, S., Rothermel, P., & Tutzauer, P. (2014). Benchmarking high density image matching for oblique airborne imagery. ISPRS International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XL-3, 45–52.
  • Biljecki, F., Ledoux, H., & Stoter, J. (2017). Generating 3D city models without elevation data. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 64, 1–18.
  • Li, J., Yao, Y., Duan, P., Chen, Y., Li, S., & Zhang, C. (2018). Studies on three-dimensional (3D) modeling of UAV oblique imagery with the aid of loop-shooting. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 7(9), 356.
  • Wu, B., Xie, L., Hu, H., Zhu, Q., & Yau, E. (2018). Integration of aerial oblique imagery and terrestrial imagery for optimized 3D modeling in urban areas. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 139, 119–132.
  • Galeazzi, F. (2017). 3D recording, documentation and management of cultural heritage. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 23(7), 671–673.
  • Gerke, M. (2010). Dense matching in high resolution oblique airborne images. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XXXVIII-3-W4, 77–8

Eğik Resim Fotogrametrisi: Kentsel 3B Modellemede Yeni Yaklaşımlar

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 47 - 63, 26.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.53030/tufod.1805312
https://izlik.org/JA36TC86KB

Öz

Son yıllarda hızlı kentleşme, kentsel planlama, afet yönetimi, akıllı şehir uygulamaları ve altyapı yönetimi gibi alanlarda detaylı ve güncel 3B kent modellerine olan ihtiyacı önemli ölçüde artırmıştır. Bu bağlamda, eğik resim fotogrametrisi (oblique photogrammetry), geleneksel dikey (nadir) hava görüntülerinin sınırlı kaldığı kentsel ortamlarda öne çıkan bir veri toplama yöntemi olarak kullanılmaktadır. Eğik görüntüler, bina cepheleri, köprüler, anıtlar ve sokak seviyesindeki unsurlar gibi dikey detayların modellenmesini mümkün kılmakta ve böylece daha gerçekçi ve ayrıntılı 3B kentsel modellerin oluşturulmasına olanak sağlamaktadır. Bu derleme çalışması, eğik fotogrametrinin tarihsel gelişimini, temel teknik prensiplerini, veri toplama ve işleme süreçlerini detaylı şekilde ele almaktadır. Ayrıca, modern uygulamalarda kullanılan yeni algoritmalar, çok sensörlü veri entegrasyonu (LiDAR, multispektral ve termal görüntüler) ve yapay zekâ tabanlı otomatik modelleme yaklaşımları tartışılmaktadır. Çalışma, kentsel 3B modellemede eğik fotogrametrinin avantajlarını ve sınırlılıklarını vurgulamakta ve gelecekteki araştırma yönelimleri ile olası teknolojik gelişmelerin önemini irdelemektedir. Sonuç olarak, eğik fotogrametri, günümüz kentsel analiz ve planlama çalışmalarında vazgeçilmez bir araç olarak kabul edilmektedir.

Etik Beyan

Yapılan çalışmada araştırma ve yayın etiğine uyulmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Yalçın, G. (2015). 3D city modelling with oblique photogrammetry method. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 93, 107–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2014.04.005
  • Toschi, I. (2017). Oblique photogrammetry supporting 3D urban reconstruction of complex scenarios. ISPRS Archives, XLII-1/W1, 519–524. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-1-W1-519-2017
  • Wang, X. (2023). Oblique photogrammetry supporting procedural tree modeling in urban areas. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 92, 101875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2022.101875
  • Oniga, V.-E., Breaban, A.-I., Pfeifer, N., & Diac, M. (2022). 3D modeling of urban area based on oblique UAS images—An end-to-end pipeline. Remote Sensing, 14(2), 422. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14020422
  • Qiao, L. (2025). Research on the refinement of 3D models based on oblique photogrammetry. Proceedings of SPIE, 13642, 136421X. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3066957
  • Zhang, X. (2024). A 3D urban scene reconstruction enhancement approach using ground panoramic videos. The Photogrammetric Record, 39(207), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/phor.12467
  • Unal, M., Yakar, M., & Yildiz, F. (2004, July). Discontinuity surface roughness measurement techniques and the evaluation of digital photogrammetric method. In Proceedings of the 20th International Congress for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS) (Vol. 1103, pp. 1103–1108).
  • Yilmaz, H. M., Yakar, M., & Yildiz, F. (2008). Digital photogrammetry in obtaining of 3D model data of irregular small objects. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 37, 125–130.
  • Yakar, M., Orhan, O., Ulvi, A., Yiğit, A. Y., & Yüzer, M. M. (2015). Sahip Ata Külliyesi rölöve örneği (p. 10). TMMOB Harita ve Kadastro Mühendisleri Odası.
  • Yılmaz, H. M., Karabörk, H., & Yakar, M. (2000). Yersel fotogrametrinin kullanım alanları. Niğde Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(1), 1.
  • Yakar, M., & Doğan, Y. (2017). Mersin Silifke Mezgit Kale Anıt Mezarı fotogrametrik rölöve alımı ve üç boyutlu modelleme çalışması. Geomatik, 2(1), 11–17.
  • Alyilmaz, C., Alyilmaz, S., & Yakar, M. (2010). Measurement of petroglyhps (rock of arts) of Qobustan with close range photogrammetry. International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 38(Part 5), 29–32.
  • Yakar, M., Uysal, M., Toprak, A. S., & Polat, N. (2013). 3D modeling of historical doger caravansaries by digital photogrammetry. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 40, 695–698.
  • Yakar, M., Yılmaz, H. M., Güleç, S. A., & Korumaz, M. (2009). Advantage of digital close-range photogrammetry in drawing of muqarnas in architecture. Information Technology Journal, 8(2), 202–207.
  • Yakar, M., Yildiz, F., Alyilmaz, C., & Yilmaz, H. M. (2009). Photogrammetric study for Sircali Medrese Door. In 9th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference (SGEM 2009) (pp. 879–884).
  • Şahin, İ., & Yakar, M. (2008). Farklı kaynaklardan elde edilen sayısal yükseklik modellerinin ortofoto doğruluğuna etkilerinin araştırılması. Harita Dergisi, 74(140), 45–59.
  • Li, Q., Yu, W., & Jiang, S. (2022). Optimized views photogrammetry: Precision analysis and a large-scale case study in Qingdao. arXiv preprint arXiv:2206.12216. https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.12216
  • Xu, J. (2024). Improving real-scene 3D model quality of unmanned aerial vehicle oblique photogrammetry. Remote Sensing, 16(21), 3933. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16213933
  • Wu, B. (2021). Photogrammetry for 3D mapping in urban areas. In Advances in Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences (pp. 199–204). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8983-6_23
  • Haala, N., & Rothermel, M. (2015). Multi-scale impact of multisensor aerial image datasets for 3D city model generation. Remote Sensing, 7(12), 16330–16352. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs71216330
  • Villi, O., & Yakar, M. (2024). Sensor technologies in unmanned aerial vehicles: Types and applications. Advanced UAV, 4(1), 1–18.
  • Zhang, X., Zhao, P., Hu, Q., Ai, M., Hu, D., & Li, J. (2020). A UAV-based panoramic oblique photogrammetry (POP) approach using spherical projection. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 159, 198–219.
  • Tükenmez, F., & Yakar, M. (2023). Production of road maps in highway projects by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Advanced Engineering Days (AED), 6, 94–96.
  • Grenzdörffer, G. J., Guretzki, M., & Friedlander, I. (2008). Photogrammetric image acquisition and image analysis of oblique imagery. The Photogrammetric Record, 23, 372–386.
  • Ünel, F. B., Kuşak, L., Çelik, M., Alptekin, A., & Yakar, M. (2020). Kıyı çizgisinin belirlenerek mülkiyet durumunun incelenmesi. Türkiye Arazi Yönetimi Dergisi, 2(1), 33–40.
  • Jiang, S., & Jiang, W. (2017). Efficient structure from motion for oblique UAV images based on maximal spanning tree expansion. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 132, 140–161.
  • Kanun, E., Alptekin, A., Karataş, L., & Yakar, M. (2022). The use of UAV photogrammetry in modeling ancient structures: A case study of “Kanytellis”. Advanced UAV, 2(2), 41–50.
  • Yılmaz, H. M., Mutluoğlu, Ö., Ulvi, A., Yaman, A., & Bilgilioğlu, S. S. (2018). İnsansız hava aracı ile ortofoto üretimi ve Aksaray Üniversitesi kampüsü örneği. Geomatik, 3(2), 129–136.
  • Villi, O., & Yakar, M. (2022). İnsansız hava araçlarının kullanım alanları ve sensör tipleri. Türkiye İnsansız Hava Araçları Dergisi, 4(2), 73–100.
  • Yakar, M., & Doğan, Y. (2017). Mersin Silifke Mezgit Kale Anıt Mezarı fotogrametrik rölöve alımı ve üç boyutlu modelleme çalışması. Geomatik, 2(1), 11–17.
  • Karataş, L., Alptekin, A., Karabacak, A., & Yakar, M. (2022). Detection and documentation of stone material deterioration in historical masonry buildings using UAV photogrammetry: A case study of Mersin Sarisih Inn. Mersin Photogrammetry Journal, 4(2), 53–61.
  • Yılmaz, H. M., Mutluoğlu, Ö., Ulvi, A., Yaman, A., & Bilgilioğlu, S. S. (2018). İnsansız hava aracı ile ortofoto üretimi ve Aksaray Üniversitesi kampüsü örneği. Geomatik, 3(2), 129–136. Yılmaz, H. M., Mutluoğlu, Ö., Ulvi, A., Yaman, A., & Bilgilioğlu, S. S. (2018). İnsansız hava aracı ile ortofoto üretimi ve Aksaray Üniversitesi kampüsü örneği. Geomatik, 3(2), 129–136.
  • Petrie, G. (2009). Systematic oblique aerial photography using multiple digital frame cameras. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 75, 102–107.
  • Mohammed, O., & Yakar, M. (2016). Yersel fotogrametrik yöntem ile ibadethanelerin modellenmesi. Selcuk University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 15(2), 85–95.
  • Villi, O., & Yakar, M. (2022). İnsansız hava araçlarının kullanım alanları ve sensör tipleri. Türkiye İnsansız Hava Araçları Dergisi, 4(2), 73–100.
  • Alptekin, A., & Yakar, M. (2020). Heyelan bölgesinin İHA kullanarak modellenmesi. Türkiye İnsansız Hava Araçları Dergisi, 2(1), 17–21.
  • Yılmaz, H. M., & Yakar, M. (2006). Yersel lazer tarama teknolojisi. Yapı Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi, 2(2), 43–48.
  • Yılmaz, H. M., & Yakar, M. (2006). LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) tarama sistemi. Yapı Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi, 2(2), 23–33.
  • Kanun, E., Metin, A., & Yakar, M. (2021). Yersel lazer tarama tekniği kullanarak Ağzıkara Han’ın 3 boyutlu nokta bulutunun elde edilmesi. Türkiye Lidar Dergisi, 3(2), 58–64.
  • Kanun, E., Alptekin, A., & Yakar, M. (2021). Cultural heritage modelling using UAV photogrammetric methods: A case study of Kanlıdivane archeological site. Advanced UAV, 1(1), 24–33.
  • Korumaza, A. G., Korumaz, M., Dulgerlera, O. N., Karasaka, L., Yıldız, F., & Yakar, M. (2010). Evaluation of laser scanner performance in documentation of historical and architectural ruins: A case study in Konya. International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 38(5), 361–366.
  • Yilmaz, H. M., Yakar, M., Yildiz, F., Karabork, H., Kavurmaci, M. M., Mutluoglu, O., & Goktepe, A. (2009). Monitoring of corrosion in fairy chimney by terrestrial laser scanning. Journal of International Environmental Application & Science, 4(1), 86–91.
  • Yakar, M., & Yilmaz, H. M. (2011). Determination of erosion on a small fairy chimney. Experimental Techniques, 35(5), 76–81.
  • Yılmaz, H. M., Yakar, M., Yıldız, F., Karabork, H., Kavurmacı, M. M., Mutluoğlu, Ö., & Göktepe, A. (2010). Determining rates of erosion of an earth pillar by terrestrial laser scanning.
  • Mesas-Carrascosa, F. J., García María, D. N., de Larriva, J. E. M., & García-Ferrer, A. (2016). An analysis of the influence of flight parameters in the generation of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) orthomosaicks to survey archaeological areas. Sensors, 16, 1838.
  • Erenoglu, R. C., Akcay, O., & Erenoglu, O. (2017). An UAS-assisted multi-sensor approach for 3D modeling and reconstruction of cultural heritage site. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 26, 79–90.
  • Wierzbicki, D. (2018). Multi-camera imaging system for UAV photogrammetry. Sensors, 18(8), 2433.
  • Aicardi, A., Chiabrando, F., Grasso, N., Lingua, A. M., Noardo, F., & Spano, A. (2016). UAV photogrammetry with oblique images: First analysis on data acquisition and processing. ISPRS International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLI-B1, 835–842.
  • Cavegn, S., Haala, N., Nebiker, S., Rothermel, P., & Tutzauer, P. (2014). Benchmarking high density image matching for oblique airborne imagery. ISPRS International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XL-3, 45–52.
  • Biljecki, F., Ledoux, H., & Stoter, J. (2017). Generating 3D city models without elevation data. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 64, 1–18.
  • Li, J., Yao, Y., Duan, P., Chen, Y., Li, S., & Zhang, C. (2018). Studies on three-dimensional (3D) modeling of UAV oblique imagery with the aid of loop-shooting. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 7(9), 356.
  • Wu, B., Xie, L., Hu, H., Zhu, Q., & Yau, E. (2018). Integration of aerial oblique imagery and terrestrial imagery for optimized 3D modeling in urban areas. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 139, 119–132.
  • Galeazzi, F. (2017). 3D recording, documentation and management of cultural heritage. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 23(7), 671–673.
  • Gerke, M. (2010). Dense matching in high resolution oblique airborne images. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XXXVIII-3-W4, 77–8
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Fotogrametri
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Hacı Murat Yılmaz 0000-0002-9725-5792

Murat Yakar 0000-0002-2664-6251

Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Ekim 2025
Kabul Tarihi 31 Ekim 2025
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 4 Kasım 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Aralık 2025
DOI https://doi.org/10.53030/tufod.1805312
IZ https://izlik.org/JA36TC86KB
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Yılmaz, H. M., & Yakar, M. (2025). Eğik Resim Fotogrametrisi: Kentsel 3B Modellemede Yeni Yaklaşımlar. Türkiye Fotogrametri Dergisi, 7(2), 47-63. https://doi.org/10.53030/tufod.1805312