Evaluation the UV sterilization of Paenibacillus larvae on beehive building materials

Abstract

This study presents the possibility of killing almost all microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, spore forms, and viruses by sterilization process. European foulbrood (EFB) and American foulbrood (AFB) is a highly infectious bacterial honeybee disease caused by Melissococcus plutonius and Paenibacillus larvae, respectively. Removal of spores from contaminated beehives is a critical factor in controlling EFB and AFB. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of ultraviolet (UV) in killing Paenibacillus larvae spores on PVC, and wood hives. Hives infected with Paenibacillus larvae spores were treated with two UV powers (6 and 8 W) for up to 15 min. Sterilization at 8 W for 15 min resulted in a more than 6.6 log reduction in the number of Paenibacillus larvae spores on the PVC hives. Under the same experimental conditions, the reduction in wood hives was 6.2 log. Reductions achieved in Paenibacillus larvae spores on PVC hives after 5, 10 and 15 min of sterilization were significantly (p˂0.05) higher than those on wood hives. So it is recommended to sterilize hives contaminated with spores with UV lamps

Keywords

• Beehive material
• Paenibacillus larvae spores
• Sterilization
• UV

References

1. Alonso-Salces, R.M., Cugnata, N.M., Guaspari, E., Pellegrini, M.C., Aubone, I., De Piano, F.G., Antunez, K., & Fuselli, S.R. (2017). Natural strategies for the control of Paenibacillus larvae, the causative agent of American foulbrood in honey bees: a review. Apidologie, 48, 387-400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-016-0483-1
2. Arredondo D., Castelli, L., Porrini, M.P., Garrido, P.M., Eguaras, M.J., Zunino, P., & Antúnez, K. (2017). Lactobacillus kunkeei strains decreased the infection by honey bee pathogens Paenibacillus larvae and Nosema ceranae. Beneficial Microbes, 9(2), 279-290. https://doi.org/10.3920/BM2017.0075
3. Chatzisymeon, E., Droumpali, A., Mantzavinos, D., & Venieri, D. (2011). Disinfection of water and wastewater by UV-A and UV-C irradiation: application of real-time PCR method. Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences, 10, 389-395. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0pp00161a
4. De Graaf, D.C., Alippi, A.M., Antúnez, K., Aronstein, K.A., Budge, G.E., De Koker, D., De Smet, L., Dingman, D.W., Evans, J.D., Foster, L.J., Funfhaus, A., Garcia-Gonzalez, E., Gregorc, A., Human, H., Murray, K.D., Nguyen, B.K., Poppinga, L., Spivak, M., VanEngelsdorp, D., Wilkins, S., & Genersch, E. (2013). Standard methods for American foulbrood research. Journal of Apicultural Research, 52(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.52.1.11
5. De Guzman, Z.M., Cervancia, C.R., Dimasuay, K.G., Tolentino, M.M., Abrera, G.B., & Cobar, M.L. (2011). Radiation inacti¬vation of Paenibacillus larvae and sterilization of American Foul Brood (AFB) infected hives using Co-60 gamma rays. Appl Radiation and Isotopes, 69, 1374-1379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2011.05.032
6. Del Hoyo, M., Basualdo, M., Torres, J., & Bedascarrasbure, E. (1998). Use of DHT-equipment for disinfection of AFB-contaminated beehive materials in Argentina. American Bee Journal, 138, 738-740.
7. Dobbelaere. W., De Graaf D.C., Reybroeck, W., Desmedt, E., Peeters, J.E., & Jacobs. F.J. (2001). Disinfection of wooden structures contaminated with Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae spores. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 91, 212-216. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01376.x
8. Emrah. T., & Kursat, M. (2018). Efficacy of gaseous ozone against Paenibacillus larvae spores on hive materials. Journal of Etlik Veterinary Microbiology, 29 (1), 46-50. https://doi.org/10.35864/evmd.512928.

9. Fera, (2013). Hive cleaning and sterilization. Food and Environment Research Agency, York.
10. Fries I., A. Lindstrom, S. Korpela, 2006. Vertical transmission of American foulbrood (Paenibacillus larvae) in honey bees (Apis mellifera). Veterinary Microbiology, 114, 269-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.068
11. Genersch, E. (2017). Foulbrood diseases of honey bees—from Science to Practice. In Beekeeping–From Science to Practice (pp. 157-174). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60637-8_10
12. Ivana T.G. & Zlatko, T. (2013). Prevention and control of American foulbrood of honeybee. Split- DDD i ZUPP 2013, 157-162.
13. Gajger, I. T., & Tomljanović, Z. (2013). Prevention and control of American Foulbrood of Honeybee. In Zbornik Radova 25. Znanstveno Stručno Edukativni Seminar DDD i ZUPP 2013: Djelatnost dezinfekcije, dezinsekcije, deratizacije i zaštite uskladištenih, poljoprivrednih proizvoda, Split, Republike Hrvatske, 2. do 5. travnja 2013 (pp. 157-162). Korunić doo Zagreb.
14. James, R. R. (2011). Potential of ozone as a fumigant to control pests in honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) hives. Journal of Economic Entomology, 104(2), 353-359. https://doi.org/10.1603/EC10385
15. Matheson, A., & Reid, M. (2018). Practical Beekeeping in New Zealand: The Definitive Guide. Exisle Publishing.
16. Newman, A., & Bond, P. (2004). Prohibitions on Punishments in Private Contracts. In Econometric Society 2004 North American Winter Meetings (No. 143). Econometric Society.
17. Nyangaresi, P. O., Qin, Y., Chen, G., Zhang, B., Lu, Y., & Shen, L. (2019). Comparison of the performance of pulsed and continuous UVC-LED irradiation in the inactivation of bacteria. Water Research, 157, 218-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.03.080
18. Oida, A. (1997). Using personal computer for agricultural machinery management. Kyoto University. Japan. JICA publishing.
19. Patil, S., Cullen, P.J., & Bourke, P. (2014). Ozone: a novel microbial inactivation process. Boziaris IS. ed. Novel Food Preservation and Microbial Assessment Techniques, CRC Press, London. p. 126-154.
20. Pendyala, B., Patras, A., Gopisetty, V. V. S., Sasges, M., & Balamurugan, S. (2019). Inactivation of Bacillus and Clostridium spores in coconut water by ultraviolet light. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 16(10), 704-711. https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2019.2623
21. Priehn, M., Denis, B., Aumeier, P., Kirchner, W. H., Awakowicz, P., & Leichert, L. I. (2016). Sterilization of beehive material with a double inductively coupled low pressure plasma. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 49(37), 374002. https://doi:10.1088/0022-3727/49/37/374002
22. Razali, N. M., & Wah, Y. B. (2011). Power comparisons of shapiro-wilk, kolmogorov-smirnov, lilliefors and anderson-darling tests. Journal of Statistical Modeling And Analytics, 2(1), 21-33.
23. Sánchez-Salas, J. L., Ubeda, A. A., Gómez, B. F., Navarro, O. D. M., Rojas, M. Á. M., Tellez, S. R., & Bandala, E. R. (2017). Inactivation of bacterial spores and vegetative bacterial cells by interaction with ZnO-Fe2O3 nanoparticles and UV radiation. AIMS Geosciences, 3(4), 498-513. https://doi:10.3934/geosci.2017.3.498
24. Stewart-Wade, S.M. (2011). Plant pathogens in recycled irrigation water in commercial plant nurseries and greenhouses: their detection and management. Irrigation Science 29: 267-297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-011-0285-1
25. Teixeira E.W., Guimaraes-Cestaro, L., Luisa, M., Alves, T., Message, D., & Martins, M.F., et al., (2018). Spores of Paenibacillus larvae, Ascosphaera apis, Nosema ceranae and Nosema apis in bee products supervised by the Brazilian Federal Inspection Service. Entomologia, 62, 188-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2018.04.001.
26. Torlak, T., & Isik M.K. (2018). Efficacy of gaseous ozone against paenibacillus larvae spores on hive materials. Journal of Etlik Veterinary Microbiology, 29 (1), 46-50. https://doi.org/10.35864/evmd.512928
27. Taylor, W., Camilleri, E., Craft, D. L., Korza, G., Granados, M. R., Peterson, J., & Setlow, P. (2020). DNA damage kills bacterial spores and cells exposed to 222-nanometer UV radiation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 86(8), e03039-19. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.03039-19.