Postharvest losses in food grains – A Review

Year 2021, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 25 - 36, 30.12.2021

Nura Abdullahi , Munir Abba Dandago

https://doi.org/10.53663/turjfas.958473

Cited By: 6

Abstract

Grains (cereals and legumes) are universal foods that provide calories, proteins, essential minerals and vitamins. They are essential to the nutrition of many including infants and children. Attack by insects and microorganisms, particularly fungi, during drying, storage and processing, affects the quality, safety and market value of grains. Fungal attacks before or during drying can be disastrous, the effect can persist throughout the supply chain. Postharvest grain losses pose challenges to food and nutritional security, public health, and many developing nations' economy. Postharvest storage structures and packaging materials are expected to extend the shelf life of the grains by protecting them from insects, microorganisms, environmental factors and making the microenvironment unfavorable for insect and microbial activities. Traditional storage and packaging materials are highly inefficient in this sense and are associated with quality degradation. Traditional storage and packaging materials commonly used by farmers, mostly in developing countries, include granary, crib, wooden box, gunny bag and polypropylene woven bag. Modern storage and packaging materials commonly used are metal silo and hermetic bags; they are effective but unfortunately cannot be afforded by most farmers in developing countries. The article reviewed postharvest storage management of cereals and legumes. Literature was gathered through a comprehensive literature review. The use of various traditional storage and packaging materials for grains was debated. Techniques for the prevention of postharvest losses were extensively discussed, emphasis was given to novel technology and the use of natural insecticides. Challenges associated with controlling postharvest losses were also summarised. In the end, research gaps were identified and recommendations were provided about minimizing grain contamination and postharvest losses.

Keywords

Grains, postharvest losses, insect’s infestation, storage

References

• Abass, A.B., Fischler, M., Schneider, K., Daudi, S., Gaspar, A., Rüst, J., Kabula, E., Ndunguru, G., Madulu, D., & Msola, D. (2018). On-farm comparison of different postharvest storage technologies in a maize farming system of Tanzania Central Corridor. Journal of Stored Products Research, 77, 55-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2018.03.002
• Abdoulaye, T., Herbert, J., Iita, A., Alexander, C., Baributsa, D., Kadjo, D., Moussa, B., Omotilewa, O., Ricker-gilbert, J., & Shiferaw, F. (2015). Postharvest Loss of Maize and Grain Legumes in Sub-Saharan Africa: Insights from Household Survey Data in Seven Countries. Purdue Extention, EC-807-W, 1-4.
• Achaglinkame, A.M., Opoku, N., & Amagloh, F.K. (2017). Aflatoxin contamination in cereals and legumes to reconsider usage as complementary food ingredients for Ghanaian infants: A review. Journal of Nutrition and Intermediary Metabolism, 10, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnim.2017.09.001
• Adarkwah, C., Obeng-Ofori, D., Hörmann, V., Ulrichs, C., & Schöller, M. (2017). Bioefficacy of enhanced diatomaceous earth and botanical powders on the mortality and progeny production of Acanthoscelides obtectus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Sitophilus granarius (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) and Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebr. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 37(4): 243-258. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758417000170
• Affognon, H., Mutungi, C., Sanginga, P., & Borgemeister, C. (2015). Unpacking postharvest losses in sub-Saharan Africa: A Meta-Analysis. World Development, 66, 49-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.08.002
• Afzal, I., Bakhtavar, M.A., Ishfaq, M., Sagheer, M., & Baributsa, D. (2017). Maintaining dryness during storage contributes to higher maize seed quality. Journal of Stored Products Research, 72, 49-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2017.04.001
• Aguiar, A.R., Alvarenga, E.S., Silva, E.M.P., Farias, E.S., & Picanço, M.C. (2019). Synthesis, insecticidal activity, and phytotoxicity of novel chiral amides. Pest Management Science, https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.5289
• Akinneye, J.O., Adedolapo, A., & Adesina, F.P. (2018). Quantification of Organophosphate and Carbamate residue on stored grains in Ondo State, Nigeria. Journal of Biology and Medicine, 2(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.17352/jbm.000003
• Alam, M.J., Hoque, M., Munsura, A., Rony, N.H., & Haque, S. (2019). Sustainable management of corn borer , Helicoverpa zea of maize through using some chemicals and bio-rational insecticides. Journal of Science, Technology & Environment Informatics, 08(1): 563–573.
• Amentae, T.K., Tura, E.G., Gebresenbet, G., & Ljungberg, D. (2016). Exploring value chain and postharvest losses of Teff in Bacho and Dawo districts of central Ethiopia. Journal of Stored Products and Postharvest Research, 7(1): 11-28. https://doi.org/10.5897/JSPPR2015.0195
• Angelovič, M., Krištof, K., Jobbágy, J., Findura, P., & Križan, M. (2018). The effect of conditions and storage time on course of moisture and temperature of maize grains. BIO Web of Conferences 10, 02001, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20181002001
• Arun, G.C., & Ghimire, K. (2019). Estimating postharvest loss at the farm level to enhance Food Security: A Case of Nepal. International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Food Sciences, 3(3), 127-136. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2019.3.3
• Asefi, M., Gilmore, C., Jeffrey, I., LoVetri, J., & Paliwal, J. (2017). Detection and continuous monitoring of localised high-moisture regions in a full-scale grain storage bin using electromagnetic imaging. Biosystems Engineering, 163, 37-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2017.08.015
• Asemu, A.M., Habtu, N.G., Subramanyam, B., Delele, M.A., Kalsa, K.K., & Alavi, S. (2020). Effects of grain drying methods on postharvest insect infestation and physicochemical characteristics of maize grain. Journal of Food Process Engineering, 43(7), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.13423
• Atungulu, G.G., Thote, S., & Wilson, S. (2017). Dry matter loss for hybrid rough rice stored under reduced-oxygen conditions. Cereal Chemistry, 94(3): 497-501. https://doi.org/10.1094/CCHEM-07-16-0198-R
• Ayalew, A.A. (2020). Insecticidal activity of Lantana camara extract oil on controlling maize grain weevils. Toxicology Research and Application, 4, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/2397847320906491
• Banga, K.S., Kotwaliwale, N., Mohapatra, D., Giri, S.K., & Babu, V.B. (2019). Bioacoustic detection of Callosobruchus chinensis and Callosobruchus maculatus in bulk stored chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and green gram (Vigna radiata). Food Control, 104, 278-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.02.026
• Banga, K.S., Kumar, S., Kotwaliwale, N., & Mohapatra, D. (2020). Major insects of stored food grains. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 8(1), 2380-2384. https://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i1aj.8624
• Baoua, I.B., Amadou, L., & Murdock, L.L. (2013). Triple bagging for cowpea storage in rural Niger: Questions farmers ask. Journal of Stored Products Research, 52, 86-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2012.12.004
• Baoua, I.B., Amadou, L., Ousmane, B., Baributsa, D., & Murdock, L.L. (2014). PICS bags for postharvest storage of maize grain in West Africa. Journal of Stored Products Research, 58, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2014.03.001
• Baoua, I.B., Bakoye, O., Amadou, L., Murdock, L.L., & Baributsa, D. (2018). Performance of PICS bags under extreme conditions in the sahel zone of Niger. Journal of Stored Products Research, 76, 96-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2018.01.007
• Batta, Y.A., & Kavallieratos, N.G. (2017). The use of entomopathogenic fungi for the control of stored-grain insects. International Journal of Pest Management, 64(1): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670874.2017.1329565
• Befikadu, D. (2018). Postharvest Losses in Ethiopia and Opportunities for Reduction : A Review. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research, 38(1): 249-262.
• Bradford, K. J., Dahal, P., Van Asbrouck, J., Kunusoth, K., Bello, P., Thompson, J., & Wu, F. (2018). The dry chain: Reducing postharvest losses and improving food safety in humid climates. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 71, 84-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.11.002
• Buchholz, F., Kostić, T., Sessitsch, A., & Mitter, B. (2018). The potential of plant microbiota in reducing postharvest food loss. Microbial Biotechnology, 11, 971-975. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.13252
• Buteler, M., Gitto, J.G., & Stadler, T. (2020). Enhancing the potential use of microparticulate insecticides through removal of particles from raw grain. Journal of Stored Products Research, 89, 101707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2020.101707
• Carvalho, M.O., Cambeiro, A.F., Fradinho, P., Magro, A., Teixeira, B., Mendes, R., & Mourato, M.P. (2018). Stored Grain Protection: cases studies in Portugal. 12th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection (IWCSPP) in Berlin, 33-41. https://doi.org/10.5073/jka.2018.463.010
• Carvalho, M.O., Fradinho, P., Martins, M.J., Magro, A., Raymundo, A., & de Sousa, I. (2019). Paddy rice stored under hermetic conditions: The effect of relative humidity, temperature and storage time in suppressing Sitophilus zeamais and impact on rice quality. Journal of Stored Products Research, 80, 21-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2018.11.002
• Chahal, K.K., Bansal, R., & Kaur, R. (2016). Chemistry and insecticidal potential of bay leaf essential oil against stored grain pest of wheat. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 8(4): 2049-2054. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i4.1085
• Chegere, M.J. (2018). Postharvest losses reduction by small-scale maize farmers: The role of handling practices. Food Policy, 77, 103-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2018.05.001
• Chelladurai, V., Jian, F., Jayas, D.S., & White, N.D.G. (2016). Permeability of silo bag material for carbon dioxide and oxygen. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Stored Products (CAF2016), 377-381.
• Chen, S., Wu, W., Xu, Y., Liu, C., & Zhang, Y. (2015). The Experimental Research on Grain Storage Heat and Moisture Transfer. International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Informatics, 28-33. https://doi.org/10.2991/ameii-15.2015.5
• Chibarabada, T.P., Modi, A.T., & Mabhaudhi, T. (2017). Expounding the value of grain legumes in the semi- and arid tropics. Sustainability, 9, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9010060
• Chigoverah, A.A., & Mvumi, B.M. (2016). Efficacy of metal silos and hermetic bags against stored-maize insect pests under simulated smallholder farmer conditions. Journal of Stored Products Research, 69, 179-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2016.08.004
• Dalmoro, A., Barba, A.A., Caputo, S., Marra, F., & Lamberti, G. (2015). Microwave technology applied in postharvest treatments of cereals and legumes. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 44, 13-18. https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1544003
• Dalmoro, A., Naddeo, C., Caputo, S., Lamberti, G., Guadagno, L., D’Amore, M., & Barba, A.A. (2018). On the relevance of thermophysical characterization in the microwave treatment of legumes. Food and Function, 9(3), 1816-1828. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7fo01488k
• Danbaba, N., Idakwo, P.Y., Kassum, A.L., Bristone, C., Bakare, S. O., Aliyu, U., Kolo, I.N., Abo, M.E., Mohammed, A., Abdulkadir, A.N., Nkama, I., Badau, M.H., Kabaraini, M.A., Shehu, H., Abosede, A.O., Danbaba, M.K., Mohammed, M.E., Abdulkadir, A., Nkama, A.N., … Danbaba, A.O. (2019). Rice Postharvest Technology in Nigeria: An Overview of Current Status, Constraints and Potentials for Sustainable Development. Open Access Library Journal, 6(e5509): 1-23. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1105509
• de Ávila, M.B.R., Faroni, L.R.A., Heleno, F.F., de Queiroz, M.E. L.R., & Costa, L.P. (2017). Ozone as degradation agent of pesticide residues in stored rice grains. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 54(12): 4092-4099. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-017-2884-1
• de Freitas, R. da S., Faroni, L.R.D., de Queiroz, M.E.L.R., Heleno, F.F., & Prates, L.H.F. (2017). Prevention of aflatoxin contamination in stored grains using chemical strategies. Journal of Stored Products Research, 74, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i4.1085
• Diarra, M., & Amoah, R. S. (2019). Physical factors in the hermetic SuperGrainBag® and effect on the larger grain borer [Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)] and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus during the storage of ‘Obatanpa’ maize (Zea mays L.) variety. Journal of Stored Products Research, 83, 84-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2019.05.016
• Dowell, F.E., & Dowell, C.N. (2017). Reducing grain storage losses in developing countries. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops and Foods, 9(1): 93-100. https://doi.org/10.3920/QAS2016.0897
• Egessa, J., Olupot, M., Deppeler, A., Dischl, R., Vodouhe, S., & Cossa, L. (2017). Experiences with business models and dissemination techniques for sustainable postharvest management among smallholder farmers. The 1st All Africa Post Harvest Congress & Exhibition, 159-160.
• Fabi, C., Cachia, F., Conforti, P., English, A., & Rosero Moncayo, J. (2021). Improving data on food losses and waste: From theory to practice. Food Policy, In press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2020.101934
• Garbaba, C.A., Denboba, L.G., Mendesil, E., Ocho, F.L., & Hensel, O. (2018). Actors’ postharvest maize handling practices and allied mycoflora epidemiology in southwestern Ethiopia: Potential for mycotoxin-producing fungi management. Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality, 91, 237-248. https://doi.org/10.5073/JABFQ.2018.091.032
• García-Lara, S., Ortíz-Islas, S., & Villers, P. (2013). Portable hermetic storage bag resistant to Prostephanus truncatus, Rhyzopertha dominica, and Callosobruchus maculatus. Journal of Stored Products Research, 54, 23-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2013.04.001
• García-Mosqueda, C., Salas-Araiza, M.D., Cerón-García, A., Estrada-García, H.J., Rojas-Laguna, R., & Sosa-Morales, M.E. (2019). Microwave heating as a post-harvest treatment for white corn (Zea mays) against Sitotroga cerealella. Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy, 53(3): 145-154. https://doi.org/10.1080/08327823.2019.1643651
• Garg, M.K., Sharma, D.K., Singh, V.K., Pawar, K., & Kumar, S. (2016). Comparative evaluation of quality changes in stored wheat (Triticum aestivum) in hermetic bags and conventional storage methods. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Stored Products (CAF2016), 280-286.
• Gibson, M. F., Rao, N. D., Slade, R. B., Pereira, J. P., & Rogelj, J. (2020). The role of energy in mitigating grain storage losses in India and the impact for nutrition. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 163, 105100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105100
• Gilmore, C., Asefi, M., Paliwal, J., & LoVetri, J. (2017). Industrial scale electromagnetic grain bin monitoring. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 136, 210-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2017.03.005
• Groote, H. De, Kimenju, S.C., Likhayo, P., Kanampiu, F., Tefera, T., & Hellin, J. (2013). Effectiveness of hermetic systems in controlling maize storage pests in Kenya. Journal of Stored Products Research, 53, 27-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2013.01.001
• Gu, F., Gong, B., Gilbert, R. G., Yu, W., Li, E., & Li, C. (2019). Relations between changes in starch molecular fine structure and in thermal properties during rice grain storage. Food Chemistry, 295, 484-492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.168
• Gunasekera, D., Parsons, H., & Smith, M. (2017). Postharvest loss reduction in Asia-Pacific developing economies. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 7(3): 218-230. DOI 10.1108/JADEE-10-2012-0025
• Han, Y., Huang, B., Liu, S., Zou, N., Yang, J., Zhong, Z., Zhang, X., Song, L., Qin, Y., & Pan, C. (2016). Residue levels of five grain-storage-use insecticides during the production process of sorghum distilled spirits. Food Chemistry, 206, 12-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.035
• Hengsdijk, H., & de Boer, W.J. (2017). Postharvest management and postharvest losses of cereals in Ethiopia. Food Security, 9, 945-958. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-017-0714-y
• Hiruy, B., & Getu, E. (2018a). Efficacy of two locally available inert dusts against Sitophilus Zea mais (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) of stored maize in Ethiopia. Journal of Stored Products and Postharvest Research, 9(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5897/JSPPR2018.0250
• Hiruy, B., & Getu, E. (2018b). Insect pests associated to stored maize and their bio rational management options in sub-Sahara Africa. International Journal of Academic Research and Development, 3(1): 741-748. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3016.2009.01032.x
• Hou, L., Johnson, J. A., & Wang, S. (2016). Radio frequency heating for postharvest control of pests in agricultural products: A review. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 113, 106-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2015.11.011
• Huang, Z., Zhang, B., Marra, F., & Wang, S. (2016). Computational modelling of the impact of polystyrene containers on radio frequency heating uniformity improvement for dried soybeans. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 33, 365-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2015.11.022
• Janila, P., Rupavatharam, S., Kumar, C.V.S., Samineni, S., Gaur, P. M., & Varshney, R.K. (2016). Technologies for intensification of production and uses of grain legumes for nutritional security. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy, 82(5): 1541-1553. https://doi.org/10.16943/ptinsa/2016/48887
• Kalsa, K.K., Subramanyam, B., Demissie, G., Mahroof, R., Worku, A., & Gabbiye, N. (2019). Evaluation of postharvest preservation strategies for stored wheat seed in Ethiopia. Journal of Stored Products Research, 81, 53-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2019.01.001
• Kechkin, I.A., Ermolaev, V.A., Romanenko, A.I., Tarakanova, V. V., & Buzetti, K.D. (2020). Management of air flows inside steel silo during grain storage. BIO Web of Conferences 17, 00108, 00108. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20201700108
• Khaneghah, A.M., Ismail, E., Raeisi, S., & Fakhri, Y. (2018). Aflatoxins in cereals: State of the art. Journal of Food Safety, 38(6): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfs.12532
• Kitinoja, L., Tokala, V.Y., & Brondy, A. (2018). A review of global postharvest loss assessments in plant-based food crops: Recent findings and measurement gaps. Journal of Postharvest Technology, 06(4): 1-15.
• Kodali, R.K., John, J., & Boppana, L. (2020). IoT Monitoring System for Grain Storage. Proceedings of 6th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Computing and Communication Technologies, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1109/CONECCT50063.2020.9198549
• Kumar, D., & Kalita, P. (2017). Reducing postharvest losses during storage of grain crops to strengthen food security in developing countries. Foods, 6(8): 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods6010008
• Kumari, J.W.P., Wijayaratne, L.K.W., Jayawardena, N.W.I.A., & Egodawatta, W.C.P. (2020). Quantitative and Qualitative Losses in Paddy, Maize and Greengram Stored under Household Conditions in Anuradhapura District of Sri Lanka. Sri Lankan Journal of Agriculture and Ecosystems, 2(1): 99-106. https://doi.org/10.4038/sljae.v2i1.32
• Langsi, D.J., Fokunang, C.N., Suh, C., Agwanande, A.W., Tsatsop, T.R., & Nukenine, E.N. (2018). Effectiveness of Essential Oils from Ngaoundere, against Post-Harvest Insect and Fungal Pests of Maize. International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection, 11-12.
• Likhayo, P., Bruce, A.Y., Tefera, T., & Mueke, J. (2018). Maize grain stored in hermetic bags: Effect of moisture and pest infestation on grain quality. Journal of Food Quality, 2515698, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2515698
• Listman, G.M., Guzmán, C., Palacios-Rojas, N., Pfeiffer, W.H., Vicente, F.S., & Govindan, V. (2019). Improving Nutrition through Biofortification: Preharvest and Postharvest Technologies. Cereal Foods World, 64(3): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1094/cfw-64-3-0025
• Lorenzo, M., Sabrina, S., Gianpaola, P., Antonio, M., Miriam, H., & Giovanni, V. (2020). N2 controlled atmosphere reduces postharvest mycotoxins risk and pests attack on cereal grains. Phytoparasitica, 48(4): 555-565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-020-00818-3
• Manandhar, A., Milindi, P., & Shah, A. (2018). An overview of the postharvest grain storage practices of smallholder farmers in developing countries. Agriculture (Switzerland), 8(4): 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8040057
• Mapfeka, R.F., Mandumbu, R., Zengeza, T., Kamota, A., Masamha, B., Marongwe, F.D., Mutsamba-Magwaza, E.F., Nyakudya, E., & Nyamadzawo, G. (2019). Postharvest cereal structures and climate change resilience in rural Zimbabwe: A review. International Journal of Postharvest Technology and Innovation, 6(4): 257-275. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPTI.2019.106460
• Martyn, N., Khotemlyansky, P., Panchishin, V., Krasnoshekov, V., Valiullin, L., Kislov, A., & Konishchev, M. (2019). Wireless system for remote monitoring of temperature and humidity in the grain storage and grain dryer. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 390, 012034, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/390/1/012034
• Matos, L.F., Barbosa, D.R. e. S., Lima, E. da C., Dutra, K. de A., Navarro, D.M. do A.F., Alves, J.L.R., & Silva, G.N. (2020). Chemical composition and insecticidal effect of essential oils from Illicium verum and Eugenia caryophyllus on Callosobruchus maculatus in cowpea. Industrial Crops and Products, 145(112088). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112088
• Mbata, G.N., & Warsi, S. (2019). Habrobracon hebetor and pteromalus cerealellae as tools in post-harvest integrated pest management. Insects, 10, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10040085
• Melikoglu, M., & Turkmen, B. (2019). Food waste to energy: Forecasting Turkey’s bioethanol generation potential from wasted crops and cereals till 2030. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 36, 100553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2019.100553
• Meneghetti, V.L., Pohndorf, R.S., Biduski, B., Zavareze, E. da R., Gutkoski, L.C., & Elias, M.C. (2019). Wheat grain storage at moisture milling: Control of protein quality and bakery performance. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 43(7): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.13974
• Mezgebe, A.G., Terefe, Z.K., Bosha, T., Muchie, T.D., & Teklegiorgis, Y. (2016). Postharvest losses and handling practices of durable and perishable crops produced in relation with food security of households in Ethiopia: secondary data analysis. Journal of Stored Products and Postharvest Research, 7(5): 45-52. https://doi.org/10.5897/JSPPR2016.0205
• Minten, B., Tamru, S., & Reardon, T. (2021). Postharvest losses in rural-urban value chains: Evidence from Ethiopia. Food Policy, In press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2020.101860
• Mwangi, J.K., Mutungi, C.M., Midingoyi, S.K.G., Faraj, A.K., & Affognon, H.D. (2017). An assessment of the magnitudes and factors associated with postharvest losses in off-farm grain stores in Kenya. Journal of Stored Products Research, 73, 7-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2017.05.006
• Navarro, Shlomo, & Navarro, H. (2016). Emerging global technological challenges in the reduction of postharvest grain losses. In S Navarro, D. Jayas, & K. Alagusundaram (Eds.), Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Stored Products (pp. 259–265).
• Nawaz, M.A., & Chung, G. (2020). Genetic improvement of cereals and grain legumes. Genes, 11(11): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11111255
• Ndiritu, S.W., & Ruhinduka, R.D. (2019). Climate variability and postharvest food loss abatement technologies: Evidence from rural Tanzania. Studies in Agricultural Economics, 121(1): 30-40. https://doi.org/10.7896/j.1822
• Neme, K., & Mohammed, A. (2017). Mycotoxin occurrence in grains and the role of postharvest management as a mitigation strategies. A review. Food Control, 78, 412-425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.03.012
• Njonjo, M.W., Muthomi, J.W., Mwang’Ombe, A.W., & Carozzi, M. (2019). Production Practices, Postharvest Handling, and Quality of Cowpea Seed Used by Farmers in Makueni and Taita Taveta Counties in Kenya. International Journal of Agronomy, 1607535. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1607535
• Njoroge, A.W., Affognon, H.D., Mutungi, C.M., Manono, J., Lamuka, P.O., & Murdock, L.L. (2014). Triple bag hermetic storage delivers a lethal punch to Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in stored maize. Journal of Stored Products Research, 58, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2014.02.005
• Njoroge, A.W., Baoua, I., & Baributsa, D. (2019). Postharvest Management Practices of Grains in the Eastern Region of Kenya. Journal of Agricultural Science, 11(3): 33-42. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n3p33
• Noomhorm, A., Sirisoontaralak, P., Uraichuen, J., & Ahmad, I. (2013). Efficacy of atmospheric and pressurized carbon dioxide or air against Sitophilus Zea mais Motchulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in milled rice. Journal of Stored Products Research, 54, 48-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2013.05.002
• Olorunfemi, B.J., & Kayode, S.E. (2021). Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology Post-Harvest Loss and Grain Storage Technology- A Review. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 9(1): 75-83.
• Omara, T., Kizza Kateeba, F., Musau, B., Kigenyi, E., Adupa, E., & Kagoya, S. (2018). Bioinsecticidal Activity of Eucalyptol and 1R-Alpha-Pinene Rich Acetonic Oils of Eucalyptus saligna on Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, 1855 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Health and Environmental Research, 4(4): 153-160. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20180404.15
• Panigrahi, S.S., Singh, C.B., Fielke, J., & Zare, D. (2020). Modeling of heat and mass transfer within the grain storage ecosystem using numerical methods: A review. Drying Technology, 38(13): 1677-1697. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2019.1656643
• Paul, A., Radhakrishnan, M., Anandakumar, S., Shanmugasundaram, S., & Anandharamakrishnan, C. (2020). Disinfestation techniques for major cereals: A status report. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 19(3): 1125-1155. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12555
• Peixoto, M.G., Bacci, L., Fitzgerald Blank, A., Araújo, A.P.A., Alves, P.B., Silva, J.H.S., Santos, A.A., Oliveira, A.P., da Costa, A.S., & Arrigoni-Blank, M. de F. (2015). Toxicity and repellency of essential oils of Lippia alba chemotypes and their major monoterpenes against stored grain insects. Industrial Crops and Products, 71, 31-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.03.084
• Quellhorst, H.E., Njoroge, A., Venort, T., & Baributsa, D. (2020). Postharvest management of grains in Haiti and gender roles. Sustainability, 12, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114608
• Quellhorst, H.E., Williams, S.B., Murdock, L.L., & Baributsa, D. (2018). Cumulative oxygen consumption during development of two postharvest insect pests: Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius and Plodia interpunctella Hübner. Journal of Stored Products Research, 77, 92-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2018.03.006
• Quemada-Villagómez, L.I., Molina-Herrera, F.I., Carrera-Rodríguez, M., Calderón-Ramírez, M., Martínez-González, G. M., Navarrete-Bolaños, J.L., & Jiménez-Islas, H. (2020). Numerical Study to Predict Temperature and Moisture Profiles in Unventilated Grain Silos at Prolonged Time Periods. International Journal of Thermophysics, 41(5): 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-020-02636-5
• Rajak, D., Kumar, V., & Kumar, N. (2017). A comparative study on qualitative loss of wheat by keeping under different way of storage. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, SP1, 859-865.
• Rumbos, C.I., Dutton, A.C., Tsiropoulos, N.G., & Athanassiou, C. G. (2018). Persistence and residual toxicity of two pirimiphos-methyl formulations on wheat against three stored-product pests. Journal of Stored Products Research, 76, 14-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2017.10.011
• Said, P.P., & Pashte, V.V. (2015). Botanicals: The Protectants of Stored Grains Pests. Trends in Biosciences, 8(15): 3750-3755.
• Sankara, F., Gondé, Z., Sanou, A.B., & Somda, I. (2016). Participatory analysis of farmers’ postharvest practices and storage constraints of both legumes grown in the Hauts-Bassins region of Burkina Faso: cases of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. and Bambara groundnut, Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 16(3): 646-656.
• Savi, G.D., Piacentini, K.C., Bortolotto, T., & Scussel, V.M. (2016). Degradation of bifenthrin and pirimiphos-methyl residues in stored wheat grains (Triticum aestivum L.) by ozonation. Food Chemistry, 203, 246-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.02.069
• Savi, G.D., Piacentini, K.C., & Scussel, V.M. (2015). Reduction in residues of deltamethrin and fenitrothion on stored wheat grains by ozone gas. Journal of Stored Products Research, 61, 65-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2014.12.002
• Schmidt, M. (2018). Thesis presented by [University College Cork, Ireland].http://intranet.coleurop.pl/library/repository/2014_thesis_peebles.pdf
• Schmidt, M., Zannini, E., & Arendt, E. K. (2018). Recent advances in physical postharvest treatments for shelf-life extension of cereal crops. Foods, 7, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7040045
• Schmidt, M., Zannini, E., & Arendt, E.K. (2019). Screening of postharvest decontamination methods for cereal grains and their impact on grain quality and technological performance. European Food Research and Technology, 245(5), 1061–1074. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-018-3210-5
• Seetharamu, P., Swathi, K., Dhurua, S., Suresh, M., Govindarao, S., & Sreesandhya, N. (2020). Bioefficacy of chemical insecticides against major sucking insectpests on grain legumes in India-a review. Legume Research, 43(1): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.18805/LR-4074
• Shisiali, A.S. (2018). Creativity and Innovation for Sustainable Development. Proceedings of Kibabii University 3rd Interdisciplinary International Scientific Conference, 1.
• Singano, C.D., Mvumi, B.M., & Stathers, T.E. (2019). Effectiveness of grain storage facilities and protectants in controlling stored-maize insect pests in a climate-risk prone area of Shire Valley, Southern Malawi. Journal of Stored Products Research, 83, 130-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2019.06.007
• Singh, N.P., & Pratap, A. (2016). Food Legumes for Nutritional Security and Health Benefits. In U. Singh, C. S. Praharaj, S. S. Singh, & N. P. Singh (Eds.), Biofortification of Food Crops (pp. 41-50). Springer India 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2716-8
• Sosa-Morales, M.E., Aguilar-Morales, M., Cerón-García, A., Rojas-Laguna, R., & López-Malo, A. (2017). Quality of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) after postharvest microwave treatments. Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy, 51(3), 178–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/08327823.2017.1357428
• Stathers, T., Holcroft, D., Kitinoja, L., Mvumi, B.M., English, A., Omotilewa, O., Kocher, M., Ault, J., & Torero, M. (2020). A scoping review of interventions for crop postharvest loss reduction in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Nature Sustainability, 3(10): 821-835. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-00622-1
• Statista (2021). Grain production worldwide 2020/21. Retrieved Wednesday 11 August, 2021, from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/263977/world-grain-production-by-type/
• Swai, J., Mbega, E.R., Mushongi, A., & Ndakidemi, P.A. (2019). Postharvest losses in maize store-time and marketing model perspectives in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Stored Products and Postharvest Research, 10(1): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.5897/JSPPR2018.0270
• Teló, G.M., Marchesan, E., Zanella, R., Peixoto, S.C., Prestes, O. D., & de Oliveira, M.L. (2017). Fungicide and insecticide residues in rice grains. Acta Scientiarum - Agronomy, 39(1): 9-15. https://doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v39i1.30594
• Teló, G.M., Senseman, S.A., Marchesan, E., Camargo, E.R., Jones, T., & McCauley, G. (2015). Residues of thiamethoxam and chlorantraniliprole in rice grain. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 63, 2119-2126. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf5042504
• Tenne, P.C.R.K., & Karunaratne, M.M.S.C. (2018). Phytochemical Profile and Bioactivity of Essential Oil from Pimenta Dioica Leaves on Cowpea Beetle, Callosobruchus Maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae): A Farmer Friendly Solution for Postharvest Pest Management. Open Agriculture, 3, 301-309. https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2018-0033
• Tibagonzeka, J.E., Akumu, G., Kiyimba, F., Atukwase, A., Wambete, J., Bbemba, J., & Muyonga, J.H. (2018). Post-Harvest Handling Practices and Losses for Legumes and Starchy Staples in Uganda. Agricultural Sciences, 09, 141-156. https://doi.org/10.4236/as.2018.91011
• Tomlins, K., Bennett, B., Stathers, T., Linton, J., Onumah, G.E., Coote, C., Kleih, U., Priebe, J., & Bechoff, A. (2016). Reducing Postharvest Losses in the OIC Member Countries. www.comcec.org
• Tripathi, A.K. (2018). Pests of Stored Grains. In Pests and Their Management (Omkar, Omk, pp. 311-359). Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8687-8
• Trono, D. (2019). Carotenoids in Cereal Food Crops : Composition and Food Processing. Plants, 8, 1-21.
• Udomkun, P., Wiredu, A.N., Nagle, M., Müller, J., Vanlauwe, B., & Bandyopadhyay, R. (2017). Innovative technologies to manage aflatoxins in foods and feeds and the profitability of application – A review. Food Control, 76, 127-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.01.008
• Umina, P.A., McDonald, G., Maino, J., Edwards, O., & Hoffmann, A.A. (2019). Escalating insecticide resistance in Australian grain pests: contributing factors, industry trends and management opportunities. Pest Management Science, 75(6): 1494-1506. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.5285
• Urrutia, R.I., Yeguerman, C., Jesser, E., Gutierrez, V.S., Volpe, M. A., & Werdin González, J.O. (2021). Sunflower seed hulls waste as a novel source of insecticidal product: Pyrolysis bio-oil bioactivity on insect pests of stored grains and products. Journal of Cleaner Production, In Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125000
• Vales, M.I., Ranga Rao, G.V., Sudini, H., Patil, S.B., & Murdock, L.L. (2014). Effective and economic storage of pigeonpea seed in triple layer plastic bags. Journal of Stored Products Research, In Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2014.01.004
• Vassilakos, T.N., Athanassiou, C.G., & Tsiropoulos, N.G. (2015). Persistence and efficacy of spinetoram against three major stored grain beetle on wheat. Crop Protection, 69, 44-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2014.08.010
• Vélez, M., Barbosa, W.F., Quintero, J., Chediak, M., & Guedes, R. N.C. (2017). Deltamethrin- and spinosad-mediated survival, activity and avoidance of the grain weevils Sitophilus granarius and S. zeamais. Journal of Stored Products Research, 74, 56-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2017.10.002
• Vélez, M., Bernardes, R.C., Barbosa, W.F., Santos, J.C., & Guedes, R.N.C. (2019). Walking activity and dispersal on deltamethrin- and spinosad-treated grains by the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais. Crop Protection, 118, 50-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2018.12.013
• Wakil, W., & Schmitt, T. (2015). Field trials on the efficacy of Beauveria bassiana, diatomaceous earth and Imidacloprid for the protection of wheat grains from four major stored grain insect pests. Journal of Stored Products Research, 64, 160-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2014.10.008
• Wang, Q., Feng, J., Han, F., Wu, W., & Gao, S. (2020). Analysis and prediction of grain temperature from air temperature to ensure the safety of grain storage. International Journal of Food Properties, 23(1): 1200-1213. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2020.1792922
• Wang, R., Liu, L., Guo, Y., He, X., & Lu, Q. (2020). Effects of deterioration and mildewing on the quality of wheat seeds with different moisture contents during storage. RSC Advances, 10, 14581–14594. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ra00542h
• Xue, L., Liu, G., Parfitt, J., Liu, X., Van Herpen, E., Stenmarck, Å., O’Connor, C., Östergren, K., & Cheng, S. (2017). Missing Food, Missing Data? A Critical Review of Global Food Losses and Food Waste Data. Environmental Science and Technology, 51(12): 6618-6633. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00401
• Zhou, L., Ling, B., Zheng, A., Zhang, B., & Wang, S. (2015). Developing radio frequency technology for postharvest insect control in milled rice. Journal of Stored Products Research, 62, 22-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2015.03.006
• Ziegler, V., Ferreira, C.D., Hoffmann, J.F., de Oliveira, M., & Elias, M.C. (2018). Effects of moisture and temperature during grain storage on the functional properties and isoflavone profile of soy protein concentrate. Food Chemistry, 242, 37-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.09.034
• Ziegler, V., Marini, L.J., Ferreira, C.D., Bertinetti, I.A., Da Silva, W.S.V., Goebel, J.T.S., De Oliveira, M., & Elias, M.C. (2016). Effects of temperature and moisture during semi-hermetic storage on the quality evaluation parameters of soybean grain and oil. Semina: Ciencias Agrarias Londrina, 37(1): 131-144. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n1p131