Investigation of Biochemical and Hematological Parameters of Workers Exposed to Benzene

Öz

Benzene is the basic member of organic compounds classified as aromatic hydrocarbons. In many studies, it is determined that the risk of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) or other leukaemias increase in conditions of recurrent exposure of benzene and products containing benzene. Benzene exposure can be determined by the analysis of phenol in urine. The aim of this study is to assess retrospectively the biochemical and hematological markers of workers who exposed to benzene.189 patients were included in this study who referred to Ankara Occupational Diseases Hospital for periodical examination that had exposed to benzene. 151 persons were included as control group. Phenol analysis was made by Agilent Gas Chromatography device, biochemical parameters by Konelab Prime 60i device, whole blood analysis by Beckman Coulter LH780 device and sedimentation measurement by Alifax device.While there were not a significant difference between benzene exposed workers and control group in aspartate aminotranspherase (AST), alanine aminotranspherase (ALT), creatinine, C-reactive protein, sedimentation and lymphocyte levels (p values; 0.935, 0.576, 0.673, 0.110, 0.171, 0.157 respectively), there were a significant difference in erithrocyte, leukocyte, hemoglobine, neutrophil and blood urea nitrogen levels (p values; 0.021, 0.045, 0.001, 0.018, 0.017 respectively). The mean erythrocyte and hemoglobine values were lower in benzene exposed workers according to control group, but the mean leukocyte, neutrophil and blood urea nitrogen values were higher in benzene exposed workers according to control group.As a result, although hematological effects of benzene and the relation between benzene and AML or other leukaemias were retained, we think that it should be investigated in more detail the effects on other systems in case of chronic exposure.

Kaynakça

1. August Kekulé: Ueber einige Condensationsproducte des Aldehyds, Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1872, 162(1), S. 77–124.
2. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=37&tid=14
3. Rushton L, Romaniuk H. A case-control study to investigate the risk of leukaemia associated with exposure to benzene in petroleum marketing and distribution workers in the United Kingdom. Occup Environ Med 1997;54(3):152-66.
4. Rothman N, Li G, Dosemeci M, Bechtold WE, Marti GE, Wang Y, Linet M, Xi L, Lu W, Smith MT, Titenko-Holand N, Zhang L, Blot W, Yin S, Hayes R. Hematotoxicity among Chinese workers heavily exposed to benzene. Am J Ind Med 1996;29:236–46.
5. Ward E, Hornung R, Morris J, Rinsky R,Wild D, HalperinW, GuthrieW. Risk of low red or white blood cell count related to estimated benzene exposure in a rubberworker cohort (1940–1975). AmJ Ind Med 1996;29:247–57.
6. Tözün M, Ünsal A. Benzene and Its Health Effects. AF Prev Med Bull 2008;7(6):541-6.
7. Qu Q, Shore R, Li G, Jin X, Chen LC, Cohen B et al. Hematological changes among Chinese workers with a broad range of benzene exposures. Am J Ind Med. 2002;42(4):275-85.
8. Ray MR, Roychoudhury S, Mukherjee S, Lahiri T. Occupational benzene exposure from vehicular sources in India and its effect on hematology, lymphocyte subsets and platelet P selectin expression. Toxicol Ind Health 2007;23(3):167-75.

9. ASTDR (2007). Agency for toxic substances and disease registry. Toxicological profile for Benzene. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service (pp. 1–7). Atlanta, GA.
10. Krewski D, Snyder R, Beatty P, Granville G, Meek B, Sonawane B. Assessing the health risks of benzene: A report on the benzene state of the science workshops. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 2000;61:307–38.
11. Levay G, Bodell WJ. Potentiation of DNA adduct formation in HL-60 cells by combinations of benzene metabolites. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1992;89:7105–9.
12. Kolachana P, Subrahmanyam VV, Meyer KB, Zhang L, Smith MT. Benzene and its phenolic metabolites produce oxidative DNA damage in HL60 cells in vitro and in the bone marrow in vivo. Cancer Research 1993;53:1023–26.
13. Aksoy M. Different types of malignancies due to occupational exposure to benzene: A review of recent observations in Turkey. Environmental Research 1980;23:181–90.
14. Aksoy M. Problem with benzene in Turkey. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 1981;1:147–55.
15. Dees C, Askari M, Henley D. Carcinogenic potential of benzene and toluene when evaluated using cyclin-dependent kinase activation and p53-DNA binding. Environmental Health Perspectives 1996;104:1289–92.
16. Farris GM, Robinson SN, Wong BA, Wong VA, Hahn WP, Shah R. Effects of benzene on splenic, thymic, and femoral lymphocytes in mice. Toxicology 1997;118:137–48.
17. Mehlman MA. Carcinogenic effects of benzene; Cesare Maltoni’s contributions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2002;982:137–48.
18. Glass DC, Gray CN, Jolley DJ, Gibbons C, Sim MR, Fritschi L, et al. Leukemia risk associated with low-level benzene exposure. Epidemiology 2003;14:569–77.
19. Robles H. Benzene. In: P. Wexler (Ed.), Encyclopedia of toxicology (1998) 4 (pp. 133–4). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
20. McMichael AJ. Carcinogenicity of benzene, toluene and xylene: epidemiological and experimental evidence. In: Fishbein L, O'Neill IK, eds. Environmental carcinogens: selected methods of analysis and exposure measurements. Lyon: IARC, 1988:3-18.
21. Aksoy M. Benzene carcinogenicity. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1988.
22. Vigliani EC, Saita G. Benzene and leukemia. NEngl J Med 1964;271:872-6.
23. Vigliani EC, Forni A. Benzene and leukemia. Environ Res 1976;11:122-7.
24. Vigliani EC. Leukemia associated with benzene exposure. 165 Rushton, Romaniuk Ann NYAcad Sci 1976;271:143-51.
25. Siegel M. Smoking and leukaemia: evaluation of a causal hypothesis. Am I Epidemiol 1993;138:1-9.
26. Wallace LA. The exposure of the benzene population to benzene. Cell Biol Toxicol 1989;5:297-314.
27. D'Andrea MA, Singh O, Reddy GK. Health consequences of involuntary exposure to benzene following a flaring incident at British Petroleum refinery in Texas City. Am J Disaster Med 2013;8(3):169-79.
28. Dere E, Ari F. Effect of Benzene on liver functions in rats (Rattus norvegicus). Environ Monit Assess 2009;154:23-7.
29. Goldstein BD. Hematotoxicity in humans. J Toxicol Environ Health (Suppl) 1977;69–105.
30. Goldstein BD. Benzene toxicity. Occup Med 1988;3:541–54.
31. Aksoy M. Benzene hematotoxicity. In: Aksoy M, editor. Benzene carcinogenicity. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Inc. 1988;59–104.
32. Kipen HM, Cody RP, Goldstein BD. Use of longitudinal analysis of peripheral blood counts to validate historical reconstructions of benzene exposure. Environ Health Perspect 1989;82:199–206.
33. Khuder SA, Youngdale MC, Bisesi MS, Schaub EA. Assessment of complete blood count variations among workers exposed to low levels of benzene. J Occup Environ Med 1999;41:821–26.
34. Hernberg S, Savilahti M, Ahlman K, Asp S. Prognostic aspects of benzene poisoning. Br J Ind Med 1966;23:204–9.
35. Aksoy M, Dincol K, Akgun T, Erdem S, Dincol G. Hematological effects of chronic benzene poisoning in 217 workers. Br J Ind Med 1971;28:296–302.
36. Aksoy M, Ozeris S, Sabuncu H, Yanardag R. Exposure to benzene in Turkey between 1983 and 1985: A hematologic study on 231 workers. Br J Ind Med 1987;44:785–7.
37. Lindstrom AB, Yeowell-O’connell K, Waidyanatha S, Golding BT, Tonero-Velez R, Rappaport SM. Measurement of benzene oxide in the blood of rats following administration of benzene. Carcinogenesis 1997;18:1637–41.
38. Snyder R, Hedli CC. An overview of benzene metabolism. Environmental Health Perspectives 1996;104:1165–71.
39. Turhan A, Dere E. The effect of benzene on the activity of adenosine deaminase in tissues of rats. Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2007;40:295–301.
40. Kang HG, Jeong SH, Cho MH, Cho JH. Changes of biomarkers with oral exposure to benzo(a)pyrene, phenanthrene and pyrene in rats. Journal of Veterinary Science 2007;8:361–8.
41. Dere E, Giborova S, Aydin H. The effect of benzene on serum hormones and the activity of some enzymes in different tissues of rats. Acta Veterinaria Beograd 2003;53:87–101.
42. August Kekulé: Ueber einige Condensationsproducte des Aldehyds, Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1872, 162(1), S. 77–124.
43. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=37&tid=14
44. Rushton L, Romaniuk H. A case-control study to investigate the risk of leukaemia associated with exposure to benzene in petroleum marketing and distribution workers in the United Kingdom. Occup Environ Med 1997;54(3):152-66.
45. Rothman N, Li G, Dosemeci M, Bechtold WE, Marti GE, Wang Y, Linet M, Xi L, Lu W, Smith MT, Titenko-Holand N, Zhang L, Blot W, Yin S, Hayes R. Hematotoxicity among Chinese workers heavily exposed to benzene. Am J Ind Med 1996;29:236–46.
46. Ward E, Hornung R, Morris J, Rinsky R,Wild D, HalperinW, GuthrieW. Risk of low red or white blood cell count related to estimated benzene exposure in a rubberworker cohort (1940–1975). AmJ Ind Med 1996;29:247–57.
47. Tözün M, Ünsal A. Benzene and Its Health Effects. AF Prev Med Bull 2008;7(6):541-6.
48. Qu Q, Shore R, Li G, Jin X, Chen LC, Cohen B et al. Hematological changes among Chinese workers with a broad range of benzene exposures. Am J Ind Med. 2002;42(4):275-85.
49. Ray MR, Roychoudhury S, Mukherjee S, Lahiri T. Occupational benzene exposure from vehicular sources in India and its effect on hematology, lymphocyte subsets and platelet P selectin expression. Toxicol Ind Health 2007;23(3):167-75.
50. ASTDR (2007). Agency for toxic substances and disease registry. Toxicological profile for Benzene. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service (pp. 1–7). Atlanta, GA.
51. Krewski D, Snyder R, Beatty P, Granville G, Meek B, Sonawane B. Assessing the health risks of benzene: A report on the benzene state of the science workshops. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 2000;61:307–38.
52. Levay G, Bodell WJ. Potentiation of DNA adduct formation in HL-60 cells by combinations of benzene metabolites. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1992;89:7105–9.
53. Kolachana P, Subrahmanyam VV, Meyer KB, Zhang L, Smith MT. Benzene and its phenolic metabolites produce oxidative DNA damage in HL60 cells in vitro and in the bone marrow in vivo. Cancer Research 1993;53:1023–26.
54. Aksoy M. Different types of malignancies due to occupational exposure to benzene: A review of recent observations in Turkey. Environmental Research 1980;23:181–90.
55. Aksoy M. Problem with benzene in Turkey. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 1981;1:147–55.
56. Dees C, Askari M, Henley D. Carcinogenic potential of benzene and toluene when evaluated using cyclin-dependent kinase activation and p53-DNA binding. Environmental Health Perspectives 1996;104:1289–92.
57. Farris GM, Robinson SN, Wong BA, Wong VA, Hahn WP, Shah R. Effects of benzene on splenic, thymic, and femoral lymphocytes in mice. Toxicology 1997;118:137–48.
58. Mehlman MA. Carcinogenic effects of benzene; Cesare Maltoni’s contributions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2002;982:137–48.
59. Glass DC, Gray CN, Jolley DJ, Gibbons C, Sim MR, Fritschi L, et al. Leukemia risk associated with low-level benzene exposure. Epidemiology 2003;14:569–77.
60. Robles H. Benzene. In: P. Wexler (Ed.), Encyclopedia of toxicology (1998) 4 (pp. 133–4). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
61. McMichael AJ. Carcinogenicity of benzene, toluene and xylene: epidemiological and experimental evidence. In: Fishbein L, O'Neill IK, eds. Environmental carcinogens: selected methods of analysis and exposure measurements. Lyon: IARC, 1988:3-18.
62. Aksoy M. Benzene carcinogenicity. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1988.
63. Vigliani EC, Saita G. Benzene and leukemia. NEngl J Med 1964;271:872-6.
64. Vigliani EC, Forni A. Benzene and leukemia. Environ Res 1976;11:122-7.
65. Vigliani EC. Leukemia associated with benzene exposure. 165 Rushton, Romaniuk Ann NYAcad Sci 1976;271:143-51.
66. Siegel M. Smoking and leukaemia: evaluation of a causal hypothesis. Am I Epidemiol 1993;138:1-9.
67. Wallace LA. The exposure of the benzene population to benzene. Cell Biol Toxicol 1989;5:297-314.
68. D'Andrea MA, Singh O, Reddy GK. Health consequences of involuntary exposure to benzene following a flaring incident at British Petroleum refinery in Texas City. Am J Disaster Med 2013;8(3):169-79.
69. Dere E, Ari F. Effect of Benzene on liver functions in rats (Rattus norvegicus). Environ Monit Assess 2009;154:23-7.
70. Goldstein BD. Hematotoxicity in humans. J Toxicol Environ Health (Suppl) 1977;69–105.
71. Goldstein BD. Benzene toxicity. Occup Med 1988;3:541–54.
72. Aksoy M. Benzene hematotoxicity. In: Aksoy M, editor. Benzene carcinogenicity. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Inc. 1988;59–104.
73. Kipen HM, Cody RP, Goldstein BD. Use of longitudinal analysis of peripheral blood counts to validate historical reconstructions of benzene exposure. Environ Health Perspect 1989;82:199–206.
74. Khuder SA, Youngdale MC, Bisesi MS, Schaub EA. Assessment of complete blood count variations among workers exposed to low levels of benzene. J Occup Environ Med 1999;41:821–26.
75. Hernberg S, Savilahti M, Ahlman K, Asp S. Prognostic aspects of benzene poisoning. Br J Ind Med 1966;23:204–9.
76. Aksoy M, Dincol K, Akgun T, Erdem S, Dincol G. Hematological effects of chronic benzene poisoning in 217 workers. Br J Ind Med 1971;28:296–302.
77. Aksoy M, Ozeris S, Sabuncu H, Yanardag R. Exposure to benzene in Turkey between 1983 and 1985: A hematologic study on 231 workers. Br J Ind Med 1987;44:785–7.
78. Lindstrom AB, Yeowell-O’connell K, Waidyanatha S, Golding BT, Tonero-Velez R, Rappaport SM. Measurement of benzene oxide in the blood of rats following administration of benzene. Carcinogenesis 1997;18:1637–41.
79. Snyder R, Hedli CC. An overview of benzene metabolism. Environmental Health Perspectives 1996;104:1165–71.
80. Turhan A, Dere E. The effect of benzene on the activity of adenosine deaminase in tissues of rats. Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2007;40:295–301.
81. Kang HG, Jeong SH, Cho MH, Cho JH. Changes of biomarkers with oral exposure to benzo(a)pyrene, phenanthrene and pyrene in rats. Journal of Veterinary Science 2007;8:361–8.
82. Dere E, Giborova S, Aydin H. The effect of benzene on serum hormones and the activity of some enzymes in different tissues of rats. Acta Veterinaria Beograd 2003;53:87–101.