Yıl 2019,
, 102 - 109, 20.09.2019
Ambachew Amede
,
Somoutra Mondal
,
Dhamodharan Mathivanan
Mahmud Abdulkedir
Enyew Assefa
Kaynakça
- Aggarwal AF, Liao M, Mosca L. Physical activity and perceived exertion during a two hours run. Journal of Sport Psychology, 2008; 27(3): 286-292.
- Bishop D, Edge J. The effects of a 10-day taper on repeated-sprint performance in females. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport; 2005; 8(2); 200-209.
- Bishop NC. Immune Function in Sport and Exercise. In: Advances in Sport and Exercise Science Series. Exercise and infection risk. Chapter one. Churcuil Living Stone, Elsevier, 2006.
- Blannin AK, Chatwin IJ, Cave R, Gleenson M. Effects of sub maximal cycling and long-term endurance training on neutrophil phagocytic activity in middle aged men. Br J Sports Med, 1996; 30(2): 125-129.
- Bompa TO, Haff GG. Periodization theory and methodology. IL, Human Kinetics, 2009.
- Bosquet L, Berryman N, Dupuy O, Mekary S, Arvisais D, Bherer L, Mujika I. Effect of training cessation on muscular performance: A meta-analysis, research review. NJ, USA, Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2013.
- Bosquet L, Montpetit J, Arvisais D, Mujika I. Effects of Tapering on Performance: A Meta-Analysis. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2007 39(8): 1358-1365.
- Brannstrom A, Rova A, Yu J. Effects and mechanisms of tapering in maximizing muscular power. Sport and Art, 2013; 1(1): 18-23.
- Burgomaster KA, Hughes SC, Heigenhauser GF, Bradwell SN, Gibala MJ. Six session sprint interval training increases muscle oxidation potential and cycle endurance capacity in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 2005; 98(6): 1985-1990.
- Fahlman MM, Engels HJ. Mucosal IgA and URTI in American college football players: a year longitudinal study. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2005; 37(3): 374-380.
- Gibala, Martin J. (2007). High-intensity interval training: A time-efficient strategy for health promotion? Sports Medicine Reports, Current Medicine Group LLC 6: 211–213.
- Giraldo E, Garcia JJ, Hinchado MM, Ortega E. Exercise intensity-dependent changes in the inflammatory response in sedentary women: role of neuroendocrine parameters in the neutrophil phagocytic process and the pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokine balance. Neuroimmunomodulation, 2009; 16(4): 237-44. 355.
- Gleeson M. Detection and prevention of overtraining in athletes. Overtraining lecture summary. School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, 2012.
- Gleeson E. Immune function in sport and exercise. J Appl Physiol, 2007; 103: 693-699.
- Gleeson M, Bishop N, Stensel DJ, Lindley MR, Mastana SS, Nimmo MA. The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: mechanisms and implications for the prevention and treatment of disease. Nat Rev Immunol, 2011; 11: 607-615.
- Graham TE. Caffeine and exercise: Metabolism, endurance and performance. Sports med 2001; 31: 785-807.
- Halson SL, Lancaster GI, Jeukendrup AE, Gleeson M. Immunological responses to over-reaching in cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2003; 35: 854-861.
- Hemila H, Virtamo J, Albanes D. Physical activity and the common cold in men administered vitamin E and β-carotene. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2003; 35: 1815-1820.
- Hoffman-Goetz L, Pedersen BK. Exercise and the immune system: A model of the stress response? Immunol Today, 1994; 15(8): 382–387.
- Kentta G, Hassman P, Raglin JS. Training practices and overtraining syndrome in Swedish age group athletes. International Journal of Sport Medicine. 2001; 22: 1-6.
- Krause M. Exercise, Sarcopenia and Immuno senescence. Accessed from http://back-in-business-physiotherapy.com/images/files/exercise_sracopenia_and_immunsenescence.pdf, Australia, 2002.
- Kubukeli ZN, Noakes TD, Dennis SC. Training techniques to improve endurance performance. Sport Med, 2002; 32: 489-509.
- Laursen PB, Jenkins DC. The scientific basis for high-intensity interval training optimising training programmes and maximising performance in highly trained endurance athletes. Sport Med, 2002; 32(1): 53-73.
- Meeusen R, Duclos M, Foster C, Fry A, Gleeson M, Nieman D, Raglin J, Rietjens G, Steinacker J, Urhausen A. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: Joint consensus statement of the European College of Sport science and the American College of Sports Medicine. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2013; 15(1): 186-205.
- Mujika I, Goya I, Padilla S, Grijalba A, Gorostiaga E, Ibanez J. Physiological responses to a six days taper in middle distance runners: influence of training intensity and volume. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2000; 32: 511-517.
- Mujika I. Tapering and peaking for optimal performance. IL, USA, Human Kinetics, 2009.
- Neary JP, Martin TP. Quinney HA. Effects of taper on endurance cycling capacity and single muscle fiber properties. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2003; 35: 1875-1881.
- Nielsen HG. Exercise and Immunity. Accessed from https://www.intechopen.com/books/current-issues-in-sports-and-exercise-medicine/exercise-and-immunity.
- Nieman DC, Henson DA, Gross SJ, Jenkins DP, Davis JM, Murphy EA, Carmichael MD, Dumke CL, Utter AC, McAnulty SR, McAnulty LS, Mayer EP. Quercetin reduces illness but not immune perturbations after intensive exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2007; 39(9): 1561-1569.
- Nieman DC, Davis JM, Brown VA, Henson DA, Dumke CL, Utter AC, McAnulty LS. Influence of carbohydrate ingestion on immune changes after 2 h of intensive resistance training. J Appl Physiol, 2003; 96: 1292-1298.
- Northoff H, Berg A, Weinstock C. Similarities and differences of the immune response to exercise and trauma: The IFN-gamma concept. Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 1998; 76(5): 497-504.
- Papacosta E, Gleeson M. Effects of intensified training and taper on immune function. Rev Bras Educ Fís Esporte, 2013; 27(1): 159-176.
- Petersen AM, Pedersen BK. The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. J Appl Physiol, 2005; 98(4): 1154-1162.
- Ross A, Leverritte M. Longterm metabolic and skeletal muscle adaptation to short sprint training. Implication for sprint training and tapering. Sport Med, 2001; 31: 1063-1082.
- Sharpley CF, Christie DR. Effects of interval between diagnosis and survey up on preferred information format for prostate cancer patients. J Med Imaging Radiate, 2009; 53(2): 221-225.
- Shephard RJ, Shek PN. Effects of exercise and training on natural killer cell counts and cytolytic activity: a meta-analysis. Sports Med, 1999; 28: 177-195.
- Walsh NP, Gleeson M, Shephard RJ, Woods JA, Bishop NC, Fleshner M, Green C, Pedersen BK, Hoffman-Goetz L, Rogers CJ, Northoff H, Abbasi A, Simon P. Position statement. Part one: Immune function and exercise. Exerc Immunol Rev, 2011; 17: 6-63.
- Zatsiorsky VM. Biomechanics in Sport. Performance enhancement and injury Prevention. Encyclopedia of sport medicine IOC Medical commission. Vol: IX, Jonkopping University, Blackwell Science, 2003.
Effect of varied tapering on the immune cells of endurance athletes in some selected training centers of Ethiopia
Yıl 2019,
, 102 - 109, 20.09.2019
Ambachew Amede
,
Somoutra Mondal
,
Dhamodharan Mathivanan
Mahmud Abdulkedir
Enyew Assefa
Öz
The
purpose of the present study was to recognize the effects of varied tapering
strategies on the immune response of endurance athletes in some selected
training centers of Ethiopia. Thirty-seven young distance runners (mean age: 20
± 1.97 years; mean training age: 2.43 ± .603 years) were randomly assigned to
the high intensity-low volume (HILV) and high intensity-moderate volume (HIMV)
taper groups. Training frequencies were five times per week and conducted for
two weeks in both groups. Before and after the two weeks of taper intervention,
the average lymphocyte concentration of the participant was measured and analyzed
using CBC (sysmix) machine. There was no statistically significant difference in
both within and between groups analyzed using the paired t-test and ANCOVA. In
conclusion, the finding revealed that both the HILV and HIMV tapering
strategies don’t have an influence on the immune response. Possible flue or cold that challenges the
athletes during the pre-competitions period might not relate to the taper
training load, instead, the psychological stress that
occurs as a result of approaching the competition time may have a negative immune response which demands consideration in the future research focuses.
Kaynakça
- Aggarwal AF, Liao M, Mosca L. Physical activity and perceived exertion during a two hours run. Journal of Sport Psychology, 2008; 27(3): 286-292.
- Bishop D, Edge J. The effects of a 10-day taper on repeated-sprint performance in females. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport; 2005; 8(2); 200-209.
- Bishop NC. Immune Function in Sport and Exercise. In: Advances in Sport and Exercise Science Series. Exercise and infection risk. Chapter one. Churcuil Living Stone, Elsevier, 2006.
- Blannin AK, Chatwin IJ, Cave R, Gleenson M. Effects of sub maximal cycling and long-term endurance training on neutrophil phagocytic activity in middle aged men. Br J Sports Med, 1996; 30(2): 125-129.
- Bompa TO, Haff GG. Periodization theory and methodology. IL, Human Kinetics, 2009.
- Bosquet L, Berryman N, Dupuy O, Mekary S, Arvisais D, Bherer L, Mujika I. Effect of training cessation on muscular performance: A meta-analysis, research review. NJ, USA, Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2013.
- Bosquet L, Montpetit J, Arvisais D, Mujika I. Effects of Tapering on Performance: A Meta-Analysis. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2007 39(8): 1358-1365.
- Brannstrom A, Rova A, Yu J. Effects and mechanisms of tapering in maximizing muscular power. Sport and Art, 2013; 1(1): 18-23.
- Burgomaster KA, Hughes SC, Heigenhauser GF, Bradwell SN, Gibala MJ. Six session sprint interval training increases muscle oxidation potential and cycle endurance capacity in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 2005; 98(6): 1985-1990.
- Fahlman MM, Engels HJ. Mucosal IgA and URTI in American college football players: a year longitudinal study. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2005; 37(3): 374-380.
- Gibala, Martin J. (2007). High-intensity interval training: A time-efficient strategy for health promotion? Sports Medicine Reports, Current Medicine Group LLC 6: 211–213.
- Giraldo E, Garcia JJ, Hinchado MM, Ortega E. Exercise intensity-dependent changes in the inflammatory response in sedentary women: role of neuroendocrine parameters in the neutrophil phagocytic process and the pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokine balance. Neuroimmunomodulation, 2009; 16(4): 237-44. 355.
- Gleeson M. Detection and prevention of overtraining in athletes. Overtraining lecture summary. School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, 2012.
- Gleeson E. Immune function in sport and exercise. J Appl Physiol, 2007; 103: 693-699.
- Gleeson M, Bishop N, Stensel DJ, Lindley MR, Mastana SS, Nimmo MA. The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: mechanisms and implications for the prevention and treatment of disease. Nat Rev Immunol, 2011; 11: 607-615.
- Graham TE. Caffeine and exercise: Metabolism, endurance and performance. Sports med 2001; 31: 785-807.
- Halson SL, Lancaster GI, Jeukendrup AE, Gleeson M. Immunological responses to over-reaching in cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2003; 35: 854-861.
- Hemila H, Virtamo J, Albanes D. Physical activity and the common cold in men administered vitamin E and β-carotene. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2003; 35: 1815-1820.
- Hoffman-Goetz L, Pedersen BK. Exercise and the immune system: A model of the stress response? Immunol Today, 1994; 15(8): 382–387.
- Kentta G, Hassman P, Raglin JS. Training practices and overtraining syndrome in Swedish age group athletes. International Journal of Sport Medicine. 2001; 22: 1-6.
- Krause M. Exercise, Sarcopenia and Immuno senescence. Accessed from http://back-in-business-physiotherapy.com/images/files/exercise_sracopenia_and_immunsenescence.pdf, Australia, 2002.
- Kubukeli ZN, Noakes TD, Dennis SC. Training techniques to improve endurance performance. Sport Med, 2002; 32: 489-509.
- Laursen PB, Jenkins DC. The scientific basis for high-intensity interval training optimising training programmes and maximising performance in highly trained endurance athletes. Sport Med, 2002; 32(1): 53-73.
- Meeusen R, Duclos M, Foster C, Fry A, Gleeson M, Nieman D, Raglin J, Rietjens G, Steinacker J, Urhausen A. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: Joint consensus statement of the European College of Sport science and the American College of Sports Medicine. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2013; 15(1): 186-205.
- Mujika I, Goya I, Padilla S, Grijalba A, Gorostiaga E, Ibanez J. Physiological responses to a six days taper in middle distance runners: influence of training intensity and volume. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2000; 32: 511-517.
- Mujika I. Tapering and peaking for optimal performance. IL, USA, Human Kinetics, 2009.
- Neary JP, Martin TP. Quinney HA. Effects of taper on endurance cycling capacity and single muscle fiber properties. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2003; 35: 1875-1881.
- Nielsen HG. Exercise and Immunity. Accessed from https://www.intechopen.com/books/current-issues-in-sports-and-exercise-medicine/exercise-and-immunity.
- Nieman DC, Henson DA, Gross SJ, Jenkins DP, Davis JM, Murphy EA, Carmichael MD, Dumke CL, Utter AC, McAnulty SR, McAnulty LS, Mayer EP. Quercetin reduces illness but not immune perturbations after intensive exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2007; 39(9): 1561-1569.
- Nieman DC, Davis JM, Brown VA, Henson DA, Dumke CL, Utter AC, McAnulty LS. Influence of carbohydrate ingestion on immune changes after 2 h of intensive resistance training. J Appl Physiol, 2003; 96: 1292-1298.
- Northoff H, Berg A, Weinstock C. Similarities and differences of the immune response to exercise and trauma: The IFN-gamma concept. Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 1998; 76(5): 497-504.
- Papacosta E, Gleeson M. Effects of intensified training and taper on immune function. Rev Bras Educ Fís Esporte, 2013; 27(1): 159-176.
- Petersen AM, Pedersen BK. The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. J Appl Physiol, 2005; 98(4): 1154-1162.
- Ross A, Leverritte M. Longterm metabolic and skeletal muscle adaptation to short sprint training. Implication for sprint training and tapering. Sport Med, 2001; 31: 1063-1082.
- Sharpley CF, Christie DR. Effects of interval between diagnosis and survey up on preferred information format for prostate cancer patients. J Med Imaging Radiate, 2009; 53(2): 221-225.
- Shephard RJ, Shek PN. Effects of exercise and training on natural killer cell counts and cytolytic activity: a meta-analysis. Sports Med, 1999; 28: 177-195.
- Walsh NP, Gleeson M, Shephard RJ, Woods JA, Bishop NC, Fleshner M, Green C, Pedersen BK, Hoffman-Goetz L, Rogers CJ, Northoff H, Abbasi A, Simon P. Position statement. Part one: Immune function and exercise. Exerc Immunol Rev, 2011; 17: 6-63.
- Zatsiorsky VM. Biomechanics in Sport. Performance enhancement and injury Prevention. Encyclopedia of sport medicine IOC Medical commission. Vol: IX, Jonkopping University, Blackwell Science, 2003.