Nitel Tercih Modellerine Dayalı Ampirik Bir Analiz: Türkiye'deki Bireylerin Mutluluk Düzeylerinin Belirleyicileri
Yıl 2023,
Cilt: 38 Sayı: 92, 1 - 35, 01.12.2023
Kübranur Çebi Karaaslan
,
Gürkan Çalmaşur
Öz
Mutlu bireylerle mutlu toplumlar oluşturmak mümkündür. Bu noktadan hareketle, bireylerin mutluluk düzeylerini etkileyen faktörlerin neler olduğunu tespit etmek ve onları daha mutlu kılmak için neler yapılabilir sorusuna aranılan cevap, bu çalışmanın motivasyon kaynağını oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmanın veri seti Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu aracılığıyla elde edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, sosyodemografik, ekonomik, bireysel ve çevresel göstergelerin bireylerin mutluluk düzeyleri üzerinde etkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma aracılığıyla, politika yapıcı ve karar vericilere, bireylerin mutluluk düzeyini arttırmaya yönelik öneriler sunulmuştur.
Kaynakça
- Abbott, P. and Sapsford, R. (2006). Life satisfaction in post-Soviet Russia and Ukraine. Journal of Happi ness Studies, 7(2), 251–287.
- Ahn, N., Garcia, J. R. and Jimeno, J. F. (2004). The im pact of unemployment on individual well-being in the EU. Europen Network of Economic Policy Research Institutes, Working paper, No: 29.
- Akın, H. B. ve Şentürk, E. (2012). Bireylerin mutluluk düzeylerinin ordinal lojistik regresyon analizi ile incelenmesi. Öneri Dergisi, 10(37), 183-193.
- Atay, B. (2012). Happiness in East Europe in comparison with Turkey. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
- Ballas, D. and Dorling, D. (2013). The geography of happiness. In S. David, I. Boniwell, A. Conley Ayers (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of happiness. (pp. 465-481)., Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Blanchflower, D. G. and Oswald, A. J. (2004). Well-being over time in Britain and the USA. Journal of Public Economics, 88(7), 1359–1386.
- Blekesaune, M. J. (2018). ıs cohabitation as good as marriage for people’s subjective well-being? Longitudinal evidence on happiness and life satisfaction in the British household panel survey. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19(2), 505-520.
- Borooah, V. K. (2006). How much happiness is there in the world? A cross-country study. Applied Economics Letters, 13(8), 483–488.
- Botha, F. and Booysen, F. (2014). Family functioning and life satisfaction and happiness in South African households. Social Indicators Research, 119(1), 163-182.
- Bussière, C., Sirven, N. and Tessier, P. (2021). Does ageing alter the contribution of health to subjective well-being?. Social Science & Medicine, 268, 113456.
- Bülbül, S. ve Giray, S. (2011). Sosyodemografik Özellikler ile Mutluluk Algısı Arasındaki İlişki Yapısının Analizi. Ege
Academic Review, 11(Special Issue), 113-123.
- Caner, A. (2015). Happiness, comparison effects, and expectations in Turkey. Journal of Happiness Stu dies, 16(5), 1323-1345.
- Caner, A. (2016). Happiness and life satisfaction in Tur key in recent years. Social Indicators Research, 127(1), 361–399.
- Capecchi, S., Iannario, M. and Simone, R. (2018). Well-Being and Relational Goods: A Model-Based Approach to Detect Significant Relationships. Social Indicators Research, 135(2), 729-750.
- Carandang, R. R., Shibanuma, A., Asis, E., Chavez, D. C., Tuliao, M. T. and Jimba, M. (2020). “Are Fi lipinos Aging Well?”: Determinants of Subjective Well-Being among Senior Citizens of the Commu nity-Based ENGAGE Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(20), 7636-7649.
- Carella, M., García-Pereiro, T. and Pace, R. (2020). Subjective Well-Being, Transnational Families and Social Integration of Married Immigrants in Italy. Social Indicators Research, 1-32.
- Chen, F. and Short, S. E. (2008). Household context and subjective well-being among the oldest old in Chi na. Journal of family issues, 29(10), 1379-1403.
- Çebi-Karaaslan K. (2021). Analysis of Factors Affecting Individuals’ Sources of Happiness with Multinomial Logistic Model. Journal of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology, 12(3), 286-302.
- Çebi-Karaaslan, K., Çalmaşur, G. ve Emre-Aysin, M. (2021). Bireylerin Yaşam Memnuniyetlerini Etkileyen Faktörlerin İncelenmesi. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 35(1), 263-290.
- Celik, S. S., Celik, Y., Hikmet, N. and Khan, M. M. (2017). Factors affecting life satisfaction of older adults in Turkey. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 87(4), 392-414.
- Cerci, P. A. and Dumludag, D. (2019). Life satisfaction and job satisfaction among university faculty: the ımpact of working conditions, academic performance and relative ıncome. Social Indicators Re search, 144(2), 785-806.
- DeJonge, T., Veenhoven, R., Kalmijn, W. and Arends, L. (2016). Pooling time series based on slightly different questions about the same topic forty years of survey research on happiness and life satisfaction in the Netherlands. Social Indicators Research, 126(2), 863-891.
- Devine, J., Hinks, T. and Naveed, A. J. (2019). Happiness in Bangladesh: The role of religion and connectedness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(2), 351-371.
- Diener, E. and Diener, M. (2009). Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem. In Culture and well-being (pp. 71-91). Springer Dordrecht,.
- Di Tella, R., MacCulloch, R. J. and Oswald, A. J. (2003). The macroeconomics of happiness. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 809–827.
- Dumludag, D. (2013). Life satisfaction and income comparison effects in Turkey. Social Indicators Research, 114(3), 1199–1210.
- Dumludag, D., Gökdemir, O. and Giray, S. (2016). Income comparison, collectivism and life satisfaction in Turkey. Quality & Quantity, 50(3), 955-980.
Duffrin, C. and Larsen, L. (2014). The effect of primary care fellowship training on career satisfaction, happiness and perceived stress. Postgraduate medical journal, 90(1065), 377-382.
- Easterlin, R. A. (1974). Does economic growth improve the human lot? Some empirical evidence. Nations and Households in Economic Growth, 89, 89–125.
- Easterlin, R. A., McVey, L. A., Switek, M., Sawangfa, O. and Zweig, J. S. (2010). The happiness-income paradox revisited. Proceedings of the National Aca demy of Sciences, 107(52), 22463-22468.
- Ekici, T. and Koydemir, S. (2013). Social capital, government and democracy satisfaction, and happiness in Turkey: A comparison of surveys in 1999 and 2008. Social Indicators Research, 118(3), 1031- 1053.
- Elliot, M., Cullen, M. and Calitz, A. P. (2018). Happiness among South African private sector physiotherapists. The South African journal of physiotherapy, 74(1), 1-10.
- Eren, K. A. and Aşıcı, A. A. (2017). The determinants of happiness in Turkey: Evidence from city-level data. Journal of Happiness Studies, 18(3), 647–669.
- Eren, K. A. and Aşıcı, A. A. (2018). Subjective well-being in an era of relentless growth: the case of Tur key between 2004 and 2014. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19(5), 1347-1371.
- Fernández-Ballesteros, R., Zamarrón, M. D. and Ruiz, M. A. (2001). The contribution of socio-demographic and psychosocial factors to life satisfaction. Ageing & Society, 2, 1-28.
- Frey, B. S. and Stutzer, A. (2000). Happiness, economy and institutions. The Economic Journal, 110, 918– 938.
Fuentes, N. and Rojas, M. (2001). Economic theory and subjective well-being: Mexico. Social Indicators Research, 53(3), 289–314.
- Gabriel, Z. and Bowling, A. (2004). Quality of life from the perspectives of older people. Ageing & Society, 24(5), 675–691.
- Galati, D., Manzano, M. and Sotgiu, I. (2006). The subjective components of happiness and their at tainment: A cross-cultural comparison between Italy and Cuba. Social Science Information, 45(4), 601–630.
- Gitmez, A. S. and Morcöl, G. (1994). Socio-economic status and life satisfaction in Turkey. Social Indica tors Research, 31(1), 77-98.
- Gökdemir, O. (2015). Consumption, savings and life satisfaction: the Turkish case. International Review of Economics, 62(2), 183–196.
- Graham, C., Eggers, A. and Sukhtankar, S. (2004). Does happiness pay? An exploration based on panel data
from Russia. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 55(3), 319–342.
- Graham, C. (2005). The economics of happiness: Insights on globalization from a novel approach. World Economics, 6(3), 41-56.
- Graham, C., Zhou, S. and Zhang, J. (2017). Happiness and health in China: The paradox of progress. World Development, 96, 231-244.
- Greenstein, T. N. (2016). Gender, Marital Status, and Life Satisfaction: A Cross-National Study. In Annual Meetings of the American Sociological Association, in Seattle, USA [United States of America], on August (Vol. 21), 1-17.
- Helliwell, J. F., Layard, R. and Sachs, J. D. (2018). World happiness report 2018. New York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network.
- Heo, J., Lin, S. F., Kondo, N., Hwang, J., Lee, J. K. and Oh, J. (2019). Values and happiness among Asi an adolescents: a cross-national study. Journal of Youth Studies, 22(3), 420-435.
- Huang, J., Wu, S. and Deng, S. (2016). Relative income, relative assets, and happiness in urban China. Social Indicators Research, 126(3), 971-985.
- Kahneman, D. and Krueger, A. B. (2006). Developments in the measurement of subjective well-being. Jour nal of Economic Perspectives, 20(1), 3-24.
- Kangal, A. (2013). Mutluluk üzerine kavramsal bir değerlendirme ve türk hanehalkı için bazı sonuçlar. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(44), 214– 233.
- Kırcı-Çevik, N. K. ve Korkmaz, O. (2014). Türkiye’de yaşam doyumu ve iş doyumu arasındaki ilişkinin iki değişkenli sıralı probit model analizi. Niğde Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1), 126-145.
- Larson, R. (1978). Thirty years of research on the subjective well-being of older Americans. Journal of Gerontology, 33(1), 109-125.
- Lee, G. R., Seccombe, K. and Shehan, C. L. (1991). Marital status and personal happiness: An analysis of trend data. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 3(4), 839-844.
- Lee, K.S. and Ono, H. (2012). Marriage, cohabitation, and happiness: A cross‐national analysis of 27 countries. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74(5), 953-972.
- Lelkes, O. (2006). Knowing what is good for you. Empirical analysis of personal preferences and the ‘‘objective good’’. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 35, 285–307.
- Lu, L. (2000). Gender and conjugal differences in happiness. The Journal of social psychology, 140(1), 132-141.
Marks, G. N. and Fleming, N. (1999). Influences and consequences of well-being among Australian young people: 1980–1995. Social Indicators Rese arch, 46(3), 301-323.
- McConatha, J. T., Rieser-Danner, L., Harmer, K., Hayta, V. and Polat, T. S. (2004). Life satisfaction in three countries. Psychological Reports, 94(3), 795–806.
- Mookherjee, H. N. (1997). Marital Status, Gender, and Perception of Weil-Being. The Journal of Social Psychology, 137(1), 95-105.
- Myers, D. G. (2000). The funds, friends, and faith of happy people. American psychologist, 55(1), 56-67.
- O’Connell, A. A. (2000). Methods for modeling ordinal outcome variables. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 33(3), 170-193. Oswald, A. (1997). Happiness and economic performance. Economic Journal Royal Economic Society, 107(445), 1815–1831.
- Öndes, H. (2019). Türkiye’de mutluluk düzeyini etkile yen faktörler: mekânsal ekonometri analizi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergi si, 21(4), 1039-1064.
- Papazyan, A., Bui, N. and Der-Karabetian, A. (2016). Life satisfaction, acculturative stress, ethnic identity, and gender role attitudes among armenian american women. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 6(1), 10–21.
- Peterson, C., Park, N. and Seligman, M. E. (2005). Orientations to happiness and life satisfaction: The full life versus the empty life. Journal of happiness studies, 6(1), 25-41.
- Pichler, F. (2006). Subjective quality of life of young Europeans. Feeling happy but who knows why? Social Indicators Research, 75, 419–444.
- Pinquart, M. and Sorensen, S. (2000). Influences of socioeconomic status, social network, and competence on subjective well-being in later life: A metaanalysis. Psychology and Aging, 15(2), 187–224.
- Schyns, P. (1998). Cross national differences in happiness: Economic and cultural factors explored. Social Indicators Research, 43(1-2), 3-26.
- Schyns, P. (2001). Income and satisfaction in Russia. Journal of Happiness Studies, 2(2), 173-204. Seghieri, C., Desantis, G. and Tanturri, M. L. (2006). The richer, the happier? An empirical investigation in selected European countries. Social Indicators Research, 79(3), 455–476.
- Selim, S. (2008). Türkiye’de bireysel mutluluk kaynağı olan değerler üzerine bir analiz: multinomial logit model. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17(3), 345-358.
- Servet, O. (2017). Mutluluğun Türkiye’deki Belirleyenlerinin Zaman İçinde Değişimi. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 17(35) , 16-42.
Shinan-Altman, S., Levkovich, I. and Dror, M. (2020). Are Daily Stressors Associated with Happiness in Old Age? The Contribution of Coping Resources. International Journal of Gerontology, 14(4), 293-
297.
- Shirakawa T. (2016). The Impact of employment system on feeling of happiness in Germany and Japan. In: Tachibanaki T. (eds) Advances in Happiness Rese arch. (pp.163-182)., Tokyo: Springer.
- Sirgy, M. J. and Cornwell, T. (2001). Further validation of the Sirgy et al.’s measure of community quality of life. Social Indicators Research, 56(2), 125-143.
- Susanlı, Z. B. (2017). Life satisfaction and unemployment in Turkey: evidence from Life Satisfaction Surveys 2004–2013. Quality & Quantity, 52(1), 479-499.
- Tucker, K. L., Ozer, D. J., Lyubomirsky, S. and Boehm, J. K. (2006). Testing for measurement invariance in the satisfaction with life scale: A comparison of Russians and North Americans. Social Indicators Research, 78(2), 341–360.
- Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (2021). Yaşam Memnuniyeti Anketi/Life Satisfaction Survey. 15.01.2021 from https://www.tuik.gov.tr/Kurumsal/Mikro_Veri
- Veenhoven, R. (1991). Questions on happiness: Classical topics, modern answers, blind spots. In F. Strack, M. Argyle ve N. Schwarz (Eds.), International series in experimental social psychology (Vol. 21, pp. 7–26)., Subjective well-being: An interdisciplinary perspective Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press.
- Veenhoven, R. (1994). Is happiness a trait?. Social Indicators Research, 32(2), 101-160.
- Veenhoven, R. (1996). The study of life satisfaction. In W.E. Saris, R. Veenhoven, A. C. Scherpenzeel and B. A. Bunting (Eds.), Comparative study of satisfaction with life in Europe. (pp. 11-48)., Budapest: Eötvös University Pres.
- Veenhoven, R. and Kalmijn, W. (2005). Inequality-adjusted happiness in nations. Journal of Happiness Studies, 6(4), 421–455.
- Veenhoven, R. (2012). Cross-national differences in happiness: Cultural measurement bias or effect of culture?. International Journal of Wellbeing, 2(4), 333-353.
- Veenhoven, R. and Dumludağ, D. (2015). İktisat ve mutluluk. İktisat ve Toplum Dergisi, 58(2), 46-51. Wood, W., Rhodes, N.& and Whelan, M. (1989). Sex differences in positive well-being: A consideration of emotional style and marital status. Psychological bulletin, 106(2), 249-264.
- Zhang, F., Zhang, C. and Hudson, J. (2018). Housing conditions and life satisfaction in urban China. Cities, 81, 35-44.