Pain and Nonpharmacological Methods Used To Reduce Pain In Healthy Newborns Receivıing Hepaitis B Vaccine: A Traditional Review

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3, 15 - 37, 28.12.2025

Berrin Göger , İlknur Kahriman

https://doi.org/10.51536/tusbad.1673937

Öz

Pain is perceived as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with or resembling actual or potential tissue damage. Both healthy and hospitalized newborns undergo painful procedures such as diagnosis, treatment, newborn screenings, and routine care. Although it is an ethical expectation to reduce pain due to invasive procedures in newborns, nursing professionals are also responsible for protecting them from the effects of pain. Newborns who have previously undergone painful procedures with inadequate analgesia may react more intensely, anticipating painful procedures due to their pain memory. Procedural pain experienced early in life can cause a number of adverse effects, including physiological instability, physical sensory abnormalities, and poor cognitive function. However, motor and behavioral neurodevelopment may be negatively affected. The issue of pain management is of particular importance in babies who cannot express pain verbally. Interventions to relieve pain are very important to improve immediate and future painful procedure experiences. Non-pharmacological interventions refer to the use of prophylactic and complementary interventions aimed at relieving pain without the use of medication. These interventions are effective and safe in reducing neonatal pain because they control pain through different mechanisms and provide a wide range of treatments. This makes the use of non-pharmacological methods valuable. Considering the importance of the subject, this review aimed to review the evidence regarding the extent of pain in healthy newborns receiving Hepatitis B vaccine and the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions to reduce pain.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Newborn , Pain , Pediatric nursing , Vaccines

Hepatit B Aşısı Uygulanan Sağlıklı Yeni doğanlarda Ağrı ve Ağrının Azaltılmasına Yönelik Kullanılan Non-farmakolojik Yöntemler: Geleneksel Derleme

Öz

Ağrı, gerçek veya potansiyel doku hasarıyla ilişkili veya buna benzeyen hoş olmayan duyusal ve duygusal bir deneyim olarak algılanır. Hem sağlıklı hem de hastaneye yatırılmış yenidoğanlar tanı, tedavi, yenidoğan taramaları ve rutin bakım gibi ağrılı prosedürlere tabi tutulur. Yenidoğanlarda invaziv prosedürlere bağlı ağrıyı azaltmak etik bir beklenti olmakla birlikte, hemşire profesyonelleri aynı zamanda, ağrının etkilerinden korumakla da yükümlüdür. Daha önce yetersiz analjezi ile ağrılı prosedürler geçiren yenidoğanlar, ağrı hafızaları dolayısıyla ağrılı prosedürleri önceden tahmin ederek, daha yoğun tepki verebilirler. Yaşamın erken döneminde maruz kalınan prosedürel ağrı, fizyolojik dengesizlik, fiziksel duyusal anormallikler ve zayıf bilişsel işlev gibi bir dizi olumsuz etkiye neden olabilir. Bununla birlikte motor ve davranışsal nörogelişim negatif yönde etkilenebilir. Ağrı yönetimi konusu, ağrıyı sözlü olarak ifade edemeyen yenidoğanlarda özel bir öneme sahiptir. Ağrıyı hafifletmeye yönelik yapılan girişimler ise acil ve gelecekteki ağrılı prosedür deneyimlerini iyileştirmek için oldukça önemlidir. Non-farmakolojik girişimler ilaç kullanmadan ağrıyı hafifletmeyi amaçlayan profilaktik ve tamamlayıcı müdahalelerin kullanılmasını ifade eder. Bu girişimler ağrıyı farklı mekanizmalarla kontrol etmesi ve geniş bir tedavi yelpazesi sağlaması dolayısıyla yenidoğan ağrısını azaltmada etkili ve güvenlidir. Bu durum non-farmakolojik yöntemlerin kullanımını değerli kılmaktadır. Konunun önemi göz önüne alındığında bu incelemede Hepatit B aşısı uygulanan sağlıklı yenidoğanlarda ağrının kapsamı ve Hepatit B aşı ağrısını azaltacak non-farmakolojik müdahalelerin etkinliğine ilişkin kanıtları gözden geçirmek amaçlandı.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ağrı , Aşılar , Pediatri hemşireliği , Yeni doğan

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma ile ilgili olarak yazarların ve/veya aile bireylerinin çıkar çatışması potansiyeli olabilecek bilimsel ve tıbbi komite üyeliği veya üyeleri ile ilişkisi, danışmanlık, bilirkişilik, herhangi bir firmada çalışma durumu, hissedarlık ve benzer durumları yoktur.

Destekleyen Kurum

Bu çalışma sırasında, yapılan araştırma konusu ile ilgili doğrudan bağlantısı bulunan herhangi bir ilaç firmasından, tıbbi alet, gereç ve malzeme sağlayan ve/veya üreten bir firma veya herhangi bir ticari firmadan, çalışmanın değerlendirme sürecinde, çalışma ile ilgili verilecek kararı olumsuz etkileyebilecek maddi ve/veya manevi herhangi bir destek alınmamıştır.

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