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Koklear Ölü Bölge Tespitinde Threshold-Equalizing Noise (TEN) Testinin Kullanımı

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3, 51 - 59, 28.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.51536/tusbad.1782722

Öz

Koklear ölü bölgeler, iç tüy hücreleri ve/veya spiral ganglion nöronların işlevsiz olduğu, bu nedenle akustik sinyalin merkezi sinir sistemine iletilmediği bölgeler olarak tanımlanır. Bu bölgelerdeki frekanslara ait akustik sinyaller, yeterli şiddette olduğunda komşu sağlıklı bölgeler tarafından algılanabilmekte, bu durum frekans çözünürlüğünü ve nöral kodlamayı olumsuz etkilemektedir. İleri derecede sensörinöral işitme kaybı, keskin frekans düşüşleri ve konuşmayı ayırt etme güçlüğü gibi belirtiler koklear ölü bölge varlığına işaret etmektedir. Son yıllarda, koklear ölü bölgelerin tespit edilmesinde Threshold-Equalizing Noise (TEN) testi kullanılmaya başlanılmıştır. Bu derleme çalışmasında 2020-2025 yılları arasında PubMed, Web of Science ve Scopus elektronik veri tabanlarında yayımlanan çalışmalar," threshold-equalizing noise" anahtar kelimesi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda derleme çalışmamızda, TEN testinin koklear ölü bölge değerlendirilmesindeki rolü ortaya konmuştur. Literatürde TEN testinin eşiğinin şiddet ve frekanstan bağımsız olduğu, ani sensörinöral işitme kaybının prognozunun belirlenmesinde kullanılabileceği, tinnituslu bireylerin koklear ölü bölge belirlenmesinde kullanılmasının gerektiği ancak bu testin yetersiz kalabileceği, TEN testinin iç tüy hücresi disfonksiyonunu göstermesine rağmen dış tüy hücresi disfonksiyonunu da yansıtabileceği, şiddetli akut solunum yolu sendromu koronavirüs 2’nin erken döneminde koklear ölü bölge belirlemede yetersiz kaldığı ve testin uygulanmadığı bireyler için akustik değişim kompleksi ile normların oluşturulması gerektiği bildirilmiştir. Ayrıca TEN testinin yapay zekâ ile bütünleştirilerek öngörü gücünün artırılabileceği de bildirilmiştir. TEN testinin koklear ölü bölgeyi saptamada kullanımına ilişkin sınırlı sayıda çalışma bulunması nedeniyle, klinik kullanımının genişletilmesi için daha fazla araştırma yapılması önerilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • 1.Chang YS, Park HS, Moon IJ. Predicting the Cochlear Dead Regions Using a Machine Learning-Based Approach with Oversampling Techniques. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021; 57(11): 1192.
  • 2.Padilha C, Garcia MV, Costa MJ. Diagnosing cochlear "dead" regions and its importance in the auditory rehabilitation process. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2007; 73(4): 556-561.
  • 3.Moore BC. Testing for cochlear dead regions: audiometer implementation of the TEN (HL) test. Can Audiol. 2010; 7(4).
  • 4.Summers V, Molis MR, Müsch H, Walden BE, Surr RK, Cord MT. Identifying dead regions in the cochlea: psychophysical tuning curves and tone detection in threshold-equalizing noise. Ear Hear. 2003; 24(2): 133-142.
  • 5.Sek A, Moore BC. Implementation of a fast method for measuring psychophysical tuning curves. Int J Audiol. 2011; 50(4): 237-242.
  • 6.Warnaar B, Dreschler WA. Agreement between psychophysical tuning curves and the threshold equalizing noise test in dead region identification. Int J Audiol. 2012; 51(6): 456-464.
  • 7.Moore BC, Huss M, Vickers DA, Glasberg BR, Alcántara JI. A test for the diagnosis of dead regions in the cochlea. Br J Audiol. 2000; 34(4): 205-224.
  • 8.Moore BC, Glasberg BR, Stone MA. New version of the TEN test with calibrations in dB HL. Ear Hear. 2004; 25(5): 478-487.
  • 9.Pepler A, Munro KJ, Lewis K, Kluk K. Repeatability, agreement, and feasibility of using the threshold equalizing noise test and fast psychophysical tuning curves in a clinical setting. Int J Audiol. 2014; 53(10): 745-752.
  • 10.Gelfand SA.Essentials of audiology. New York:Thieme; 2016. pp. 289-290.
  • 11.Moore BC. Dead regions in the cochlea: diagnosis, perceptual consequences, and implications for the fitting of hearing AIDS. Trends Amplif. 2001; 5(1): 1-34.
  • 12.Zhang T, Dorman MF, Gifford R, Moore BC. Cochlear dead regions constrain the benefit of combining acoustic stimulation with electric stimulation. Ear Hear. 2014; 35(4): 410-417.
  • 13.Radua J. PRISMA 2020-An updated checklist for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021; 124: 324-325.
  • 14.Vinay, Sandhya, Moore BCJ. Effect of age, test frequency and level on thresholds for the TEN(HL) test for people with normal hearing. Int J Audiol. 2020; 59(12): 915-920.
  • 15.Choi JE, Shim HJ, An YH, et al. Influence of Cochlear Dead Regions on Hearing Outcome in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss. Otol Neurotol. 2020; 41(7): 889-894.
  • 16.Cinar BC, Demirtas B, Can M, Yesil IE, Bajin MD. Cochlear Function in Adults Exposed to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Audiol Neurootol. 2023; 28(3): 169-174.
  • 17.Stone MA, Perugia E, Bakay W, Lough M, Whiston H, Plack CJ. Threshold Equalizing Noise Test Reveals Suprathreshold Loss of Hearing Function, Even in the "Normal" Audiogram Range. Ear Hear. 2022; 43(4): 1208-1221.
  • 18.Schelenz A, Perugia E, Wu L, Skrodzka E, Kluk K. The acoustic change complex as a diagnostic tool for cochlear dead regions evaluated in normally hearing adults. Sci Rep. 2025; 15(1): 24160.
  • 19.Kara E, Aydın K, Akbulut AA, et al. Assessment of Hidden Hearing Loss in Normal Hearing Individuals with and Without Tinnitus. J Int Adv Otol. 2020; 16(1): 87-92.
  • 20.Can M, Çınar BÇ, Bajin MD. Tinnitus and cochlear functions in hearing impaired and normal hearing individuals. Eur J Ther. 2023; 29(2): 233-238.
  • 21.Pavlidis P, Tseriotis VS, Karachrysafi S, Staufenberg AR, Gouveris H. An examination of tinnitus and cochlear functionality in both hearing ımpaired and normally hearing ındividuals. the relationship between tinnitus and cochlear functions in ındividuals with hearing ımpairment and those with normal hearing. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2025; 77(8): 2971-2978.
  • 22.Zoghba Y, Essawy W, Kotait M, et al. Assessment of hidden hearing loss in tinnitus patients with normal hearing. Egypt J Otolaryngol. 2025; 41:85.
  • 23.Chang YS, Park HS, Moon IJ. Predicting the Cochlear Dead Regions Using a Machine Learning-Based Approach with Oversampling Techniques. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;57(11):1192. doi:10.3390/medicina57111192

Use of Threshold-Equalizing Noise (TEN) Test in Detecting Cochlear Dead Region

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3, 51 - 59, 28.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.51536/tusbad.1782722

Öz

Cochlear dead regions (DR) are defined as areas where inner hair cells and/or spiral ganglion neurons are nonfunctional, resulting in the failure of acoustic signals to be transmitted to the central nervous system. Acoustic signals corresponding to the frequencies within these regions, when presented at sufficiently high intensities, may be detected by adjacent healthy regions; however, this phenomenon negatively affects frequency resolution and neural encoding. Clinical indicators such as profound sensorineural hearing loss, steeply sloping audiometric configurations, and difficulties in speech discrimination suggest the presence of cochlear dead regions. In recent years, the Threshold-Equalizing Noise (TEN) test has been increasingly utilized for the detection of cochlear dead regions. In this review, studies published between 2020 and 2025 in the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were analyzed using the keyword "threshold-equalizing noise." Accordingly, our review highlights the role of the TEN test in the assessment of cochlear dead regions. The literature reports that the TEN test threshold is independent of both stimulus intensity and frequency; it may be used to determine the prognosis of sudden sensorineural hearing loss; it should be employed in the identification of cochlear DR in individuals with tinnitus, although it may be insufficient in some cases; TEN test reflects not only inner hair cell dysfunction but also outer hair cell dysfunction; it has limitations in detecting cochlear dead regions during the early stages of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection; and that acoustic change complexes should be used to establish normative data in populations where the test has not been applied. It has also been reported that the predictive power of the TEN test can be enhanced by integrating it with artificial intelligence. Due to limited studies on the TEN test for identifying cochlear DR, further research is recommended to expand its clinical use.

Kaynakça

  • 1.Chang YS, Park HS, Moon IJ. Predicting the Cochlear Dead Regions Using a Machine Learning-Based Approach with Oversampling Techniques. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021; 57(11): 1192.
  • 2.Padilha C, Garcia MV, Costa MJ. Diagnosing cochlear "dead" regions and its importance in the auditory rehabilitation process. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2007; 73(4): 556-561.
  • 3.Moore BC. Testing for cochlear dead regions: audiometer implementation of the TEN (HL) test. Can Audiol. 2010; 7(4).
  • 4.Summers V, Molis MR, Müsch H, Walden BE, Surr RK, Cord MT. Identifying dead regions in the cochlea: psychophysical tuning curves and tone detection in threshold-equalizing noise. Ear Hear. 2003; 24(2): 133-142.
  • 5.Sek A, Moore BC. Implementation of a fast method for measuring psychophysical tuning curves. Int J Audiol. 2011; 50(4): 237-242.
  • 6.Warnaar B, Dreschler WA. Agreement between psychophysical tuning curves and the threshold equalizing noise test in dead region identification. Int J Audiol. 2012; 51(6): 456-464.
  • 7.Moore BC, Huss M, Vickers DA, Glasberg BR, Alcántara JI. A test for the diagnosis of dead regions in the cochlea. Br J Audiol. 2000; 34(4): 205-224.
  • 8.Moore BC, Glasberg BR, Stone MA. New version of the TEN test with calibrations in dB HL. Ear Hear. 2004; 25(5): 478-487.
  • 9.Pepler A, Munro KJ, Lewis K, Kluk K. Repeatability, agreement, and feasibility of using the threshold equalizing noise test and fast psychophysical tuning curves in a clinical setting. Int J Audiol. 2014; 53(10): 745-752.
  • 10.Gelfand SA.Essentials of audiology. New York:Thieme; 2016. pp. 289-290.
  • 11.Moore BC. Dead regions in the cochlea: diagnosis, perceptual consequences, and implications for the fitting of hearing AIDS. Trends Amplif. 2001; 5(1): 1-34.
  • 12.Zhang T, Dorman MF, Gifford R, Moore BC. Cochlear dead regions constrain the benefit of combining acoustic stimulation with electric stimulation. Ear Hear. 2014; 35(4): 410-417.
  • 13.Radua J. PRISMA 2020-An updated checklist for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021; 124: 324-325.
  • 14.Vinay, Sandhya, Moore BCJ. Effect of age, test frequency and level on thresholds for the TEN(HL) test for people with normal hearing. Int J Audiol. 2020; 59(12): 915-920.
  • 15.Choi JE, Shim HJ, An YH, et al. Influence of Cochlear Dead Regions on Hearing Outcome in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss. Otol Neurotol. 2020; 41(7): 889-894.
  • 16.Cinar BC, Demirtas B, Can M, Yesil IE, Bajin MD. Cochlear Function in Adults Exposed to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Audiol Neurootol. 2023; 28(3): 169-174.
  • 17.Stone MA, Perugia E, Bakay W, Lough M, Whiston H, Plack CJ. Threshold Equalizing Noise Test Reveals Suprathreshold Loss of Hearing Function, Even in the "Normal" Audiogram Range. Ear Hear. 2022; 43(4): 1208-1221.
  • 18.Schelenz A, Perugia E, Wu L, Skrodzka E, Kluk K. The acoustic change complex as a diagnostic tool for cochlear dead regions evaluated in normally hearing adults. Sci Rep. 2025; 15(1): 24160.
  • 19.Kara E, Aydın K, Akbulut AA, et al. Assessment of Hidden Hearing Loss in Normal Hearing Individuals with and Without Tinnitus. J Int Adv Otol. 2020; 16(1): 87-92.
  • 20.Can M, Çınar BÇ, Bajin MD. Tinnitus and cochlear functions in hearing impaired and normal hearing individuals. Eur J Ther. 2023; 29(2): 233-238.
  • 21.Pavlidis P, Tseriotis VS, Karachrysafi S, Staufenberg AR, Gouveris H. An examination of tinnitus and cochlear functionality in both hearing ımpaired and normally hearing ındividuals. the relationship between tinnitus and cochlear functions in ındividuals with hearing ımpairment and those with normal hearing. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2025; 77(8): 2971-2978.
  • 22.Zoghba Y, Essawy W, Kotait M, et al. Assessment of hidden hearing loss in tinnitus patients with normal hearing. Egypt J Otolaryngol. 2025; 41:85.
  • 23.Chang YS, Park HS, Moon IJ. Predicting the Cochlear Dead Regions Using a Machine Learning-Based Approach with Oversampling Techniques. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;57(11):1192. doi:10.3390/medicina57111192
Toplam 23 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Odyoloji
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Muhammed Pınar 0000-0002-0899-5298

Özge Kale Peşan 0000-0002-2158-4143

Işılay Öz 0000-0002-7380-4566

Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Eylül 2025
Kabul Tarihi 28 Kasım 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Pınar, M., Kale Peşan, Ö., & Öz, I. (2025). Use of Threshold-Equalizing Noise (TEN) Test in Detecting Cochlear Dead Region. Türkiye Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(3), 51-59. https://doi.org/10.51536/tusbad.1782722
AMA Pınar M, Kale Peşan Ö, Öz I. Use of Threshold-Equalizing Noise (TEN) Test in Detecting Cochlear Dead Region. Türkiye Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi. Aralık 2025;8(3):51-59. doi:10.51536/tusbad.1782722
Chicago Pınar, Muhammed, Özge Kale Peşan, ve Işılay Öz. “Use of Threshold-Equalizing Noise (TEN) Test in Detecting Cochlear Dead Region”. Türkiye Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi 8, sy. 3 (Aralık 2025): 51-59. https://doi.org/10.51536/tusbad.1782722.
EndNote Pınar M, Kale Peşan Ö, Öz I (01 Aralık 2025) Use of Threshold-Equalizing Noise (TEN) Test in Detecting Cochlear Dead Region. Türkiye Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi 8 3 51–59.
IEEE M. Pınar, Ö. Kale Peşan, ve I. Öz, “Use of Threshold-Equalizing Noise (TEN) Test in Detecting Cochlear Dead Region”, Türkiye Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 8, sy. 3, ss. 51–59, 2025, doi: 10.51536/tusbad.1782722.
ISNAD Pınar, Muhammed vd. “Use of Threshold-Equalizing Noise (TEN) Test in Detecting Cochlear Dead Region”. Türkiye Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi 8/3 (Aralık2025), 51-59. https://doi.org/10.51536/tusbad.1782722.
JAMA Pınar M, Kale Peşan Ö, Öz I. Use of Threshold-Equalizing Noise (TEN) Test in Detecting Cochlear Dead Region. Türkiye Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2025;8:51–59.
MLA Pınar, Muhammed vd. “Use of Threshold-Equalizing Noise (TEN) Test in Detecting Cochlear Dead Region”. Türkiye Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 8, sy. 3, 2025, ss. 51-59, doi:10.51536/tusbad.1782722.
Vancouver Pınar M, Kale Peşan Ö, Öz I. Use of Threshold-Equalizing Noise (TEN) Test in Detecting Cochlear Dead Region. Türkiye Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2025;8(3):51-9.