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Hyperlipidemia and Nutrition

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 72 - 82, 31.01.2019

Öz

Hyperlipidemia
is defined as measuring serum cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels above
normal values. Hyperlipidemia, is the leading changeable risk factors of
cardiovascular diseases, due to genetic and/or environmental causes. Research
shows that nutrition is a significant effect on lipid levels and is important
in lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease. The first approach for people
with hyperlipidemia in primary care is lifestyle modification which includes
nutrition regulation, weight control, and physical activity. The total amount
of fat consumed by the diet and the fatty acids composition affects the blood
lipid profile. While high saturated fatty acids containing diets increasing
total and LDL cholesterol levels, monounsaturated fatty acids consumption
increase HDL cholesterol levels. To reduce the LDL cholesterol levels
polyunsaturated fatty acids should be preferred instead of saturated fatty
acids. Omega-3 fatty acids, reduce blood triglyceride levels by reducing the
production of LDL cholesterol. 10% of the daily energy, that is set to sustain
the ideal body weight, should be met from polyunsaturated fatty acids, 15-20%
from monounsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids rate is suggested to
be less than 7%. Fibre, known to be beneficial for cardiovascular diseases, is
recommended to consume 20-30g per day. A healthy diet should be rich in
vegetables and fruits, whole grain products, high fiber foods, contain fish and
very low in saturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids.

Kaynakça

  • 1. World Health Organization. (2014). Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2014. WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data, WHO. Erişim: 12.8.2016, http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/148114/1/9789241564854_eng.pdf
  • 2. Türk Kardiyoloji Derneği. (2007). Avrupa kalp sağlığı sözleşmesi. Erişim: 25.02.2013, http://www.tkd.org.tr/menu/263/
  • 3. Tatlı E. Poliklinikte hiperlipidemik hasta takibi. Trakya Üniv Tıp Fak Derg. 2010;27(1):39-41.
  • 4. National Institutes of Health. (2002). National cholesterol education program. Detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult treatment panel III) final report. Erişim: 26.02.2013, http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/cholesterol/atp3full.pdf
  • 5. Miller M, Stone NJ, Ballantyne C, Bittner V, Criqui MH, Ginsberg HN ve ark. Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011;123:2292-2333. Erişim: 03.07.2014, http://circ.ahajournals.org
  • 6. Nelson RH. Hyperlipidemia as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Prim Care: 2013;40(1):195–211.
  • 7. Farshchi HR, Taylor MA, Macdonald IA. Beneficial metabolic effects of regular meal frequency on dietary thermogenesis, insulin sensitivity, and fasting lipid profiles in healthy obese women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81:16-24.
  • 8. Jellinger PS, Smith DA, Mehta AE, Ganda O, Handelsman Y, Rodbard HW ve ark. American association of clinical endocrinologists’ guidelines for management of dyslipidemia and prevention of atherosclerosis: executive summary. Endocr Pract. 2012;18(2):269-93. Erişim:29.09.2014, https://www.aace.com/sites/default/files/LipidGuidelines.pdf
  • 9. Fodor JG, Frohlich JJ, Genest JJ, McPherson PR. Recommendations for the management and treatment of dyslipidemia. Report of the working group on hypercholesterolemia and other dyslipidemias. CMAJ. 2000;162(10):1441-7.
  • 10. Allen JK, Blumenthal RS, Margolis S, Young DR, Miller E, Kelly K. Nurse case management of hypercholesterolemia in patients with coronary heart disease: Results of a randomized clinical trial. Am Heart J. 2002;144(4):678-86.
  • 11. Pfeffer MA, Sacks FM, Moyé LA, East C, Goldman S, Nash DT ve ark. Influence of baseline lipids on effectiveness of pravastatin in the CARE Trial. Cholesterol And Recurrent Events. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33(1):125-30.
  • 12. Patel JP, Brocks DR. Effect of experimental hyperlipidaemia on the electrocardiographic effects of repeated doses of halofantrine in rats. Br J Pharmacol. 2010;161:1427–1440.
  • 13. Drechsler M, Megens RTA, Zandvoort M, Weber C, Soehnlein O. Hyperlipidemia-triggered neutrophilia promotes early atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2010; 122:1837-1845. Erişim: 03.07.2014, http://circ.ahajournals.org
  • 14. Kastelein JJP, Steeg WA, Holme I, Gaffney M, Cater NB, Barter P ve ark. Lipids, apolipoproteins, and their ratios in relation to cardiovascular events with statin treatment. Circulation. 2008;117:3002-3009. Erişim: 27.09.2014, http://circ.ahajournals.org
  • 15. Sacks FM, Tonkin AM, Craven T, Pfeffer MA, Shepherd J, Keech A ve ark. Coronary heart disease in patients with low LDL-Cholesterol: Benefit of pravastatin in diabetics and enhanced role for HDL-Cholesterol and triglycerides as risk factors. Circulation. 2002;105:1424-1428. Erişim: 27.09.2014, http://circ.ahajournals.org
  • 16. Parish S, Peto R, Palmer A, Clarke R, Lewington S, Offer A ve ark. The joint effects of apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein A1, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol on risk: 3510 cases of acute myocardial infarction and 9805 controls. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:2137–2146.
  • 17. Grundy SM. Low-density lipoprotein, non-high-density lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein B as targets of lipid-lowering therapy. Circulation. 2002;106:2526-2529. Erişim: 27.09.2014, http://circ.ahajournals.org
  • 18. Waters DD, Brotons C, Chiang CW, Ferrieres J, Foody J, Jukema JW ve ark. Lipid treatment assessment project 2: A multinational survey to evaluate the proportion of patients achieving low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals. Circulation. 2009;120:28-34. Erişim:27.09.2014, http://circ.ahajournals.org
  • 19. Artinian NT, Fletcher GF, Mozaffarian D, Kris-Etherton P, Van Horn L, Lichtenstein AH ve ark. Interventions to promote physical activity and dietary lifestyle changes for cardiovascular risk factor reduction in adults: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2010;122:406-441. Erişim: 27.09.2014, http://circ.ahajournals.org
  • 20. Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, Powell KE, Blair SN, Franklin BA ve ark. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(8):1423-34.
  • 21. Bruckert E, Rosenbaum D. Lowering LDL-cholesterol through diet: potential role in the statin era. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2011;22:43–48.
  • 22. Yu-Poth S, Zhao G, Etherton T, Naglak M, Jonnalagadda S, Kris-Etherton P. Effects of the National Cholesterol Education Program’s Step I and Step II dietary intervention programs on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:632–646.
  • 23. Hu FB, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Ascherio A, Spiegelman D, Willett WC. Prospective study of major dietary patterns and risk of coronary heart disease in men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:912-921.
  • 24. Gigleux I, Jenkins DJA, Kendall CWC, Marchie A, Faulkner DA, Wong JMW ve ark. Comparison of a dietary portfolio diet of cholesterol-lowering foods and a statin on LDL particle size phenotype in hypercholesterolaemic participants. Br J Nutr. 2007;98:1229–1236.
  • 25. Maki KC, Davidson MH, Umporowicz DM, Schaefer EJ, Dicklin MR, Ingram KA ve ark. Lipid responses to plant-sterol-enriched reduced-fat spreads incorporated into a National Cholesterol Education Program Step I diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:33-43.
  • 26. Lichtenstein AH, Apel LJ, Brands M, Carnethon M, Daniels S, Franch HA ve ark. Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. Circulation. 2006;114,82-96. Erişim: 14.04.2013, http://circ.ahajournals.org
  • 27. Samur G. (2008). Kalp damar hastalıklarında beslenme. Ankara: T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Temel Sağlık Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü Beslenme ve Fiziksel Aktiviteler Daire Başkanlığı, Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No: 728, Klasmat Matbaacılık.
  • 28. Mosca L, Benjamin EJ, Berra K, Bezanson JL, Dolorve RJ, Lloyd-Jones DM ve ark. Effectiveness-Based Guidelines for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women- 2011 Update: A Guideline From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011;123:1243-1262. Erişim:03.09.2014, http://circ.ahajournals.org
  • 29. Samur G, Akal Yıldız E. (2012). Obezite ve kardiyovasküler hastalıklar / hipertansiyon. Ankara: T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu, Obezite Diyabet ve Metabolik Hastalıklar Dairesi Başkanlığı, Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No: 729, Reklam Kurdu Ajansı.
  • 30. Perk J, De Backer G, Gohlke H, Graham I, Reiner Z, Verschuren M ve ark. European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). The Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur Heart J. 2012;33(13):1635-701.
  • 31. Mente A, Koning L, Shannon HS, Anand SS. A Systematic Review of the Evidence Supporting a Causal Link Between Dietary Factors and Coronary Heart Disease. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(7):659-669.
  • 32. Skeaff CM, Miller J. Dietary fat and coronary heart disease: Summary of evidence from prospective cohort and randomised controlled trials. Ann Nutr Metab. 2009;55:173–201.
  • 33. Siri-Tarino PW, Sun Q, Hu FB, Krauss RM. Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91:535–546.
  • 34. Delavar MA, Lye MS, Hassan STBS, Khor GL, Hanachi P. Physical activity, nutrition, and dyslipidemia in middle-aged women. Iran J Publ Health. 2011;40(4):89-98.
  • 35. Kris-Etherton PM, Eckel RH, Howard BV, St. Jeor S, Bazzarre TL. Lyon Diet Heart Study: Benefits of a Mediterranean-Style, National Cholesterol Education Program/American Heart Association Step I dietary pattern on cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2001;103:1823-1825. Erişim: 18.09.2013, http://circ.ahajournals.org
  • 36. Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvado J, Covas MI, Corella D, Aros F ve ark. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1279-90.
  • 37. Johnston C. Functional foods as modifiers of cardiovascular disease. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2009;3:1-39.
  • 38. Thies F, Garry JM, Yaqoob P, Rerkasem K, Williams J, Shearman CP ve ark. Association of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with stability of atherosclerotic plaques: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361(9356):477-85.
  • 39. Yzebe D, Lievre M. Fish oils in the care of coronary heart disease patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2004;18(5):581-92.
  • 40. Clarke R, Frost C, Collins R. Dietary lipids and blood cholesterol: quantitative meta-analysis of metabolic ward studies. BMJ. 1997;314:112–117.
  • 41. Hodson L, Skeaff CM, Chisholm WA. The effect of replacing dietary saturated fat with polyunsaturated or monounsaturated fat on plasma lipids in free-living young adults. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2001;55:908–915.
  • 42. Jakobsen MU, O’Reilly EJ, Heitmann BL, Pereira MA, Balter K, Fraser GE ve ark. Major types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:1425-32.
  • 43. Howard BV, Van Horn L, Hsia J, Manson JE, Stefanick ML, Wassertheil-Smoller S ve ark. Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease the women’s health initiative randomized controlled dietary modification trial. JAMA. 2006;295(6):655-66.
  • 44. Kent L, Morton D, Rankin P, Ward E, Grant R, Gobble J ve ark. The effect of a low-fat, plant-based lifestyle intervention (CHIP) on serum HDL levels and the implications for metabolic syndrome status -a cohort study. Nutr Metab. 2013;10(58):1-6. Erişim: 19.06.2014, http://www.nutritionandmetabolism.com/content/10/1/58
  • 45. Montgomery KS. Soy Protein. J Perinat Educ. 2003;12(3):42–45.
  • 46. Ferdowsian HR, Barnard ND. Effects of plant-based diets on plasma lipids. Am J Cardiol. 2009;104:947–956.
  • 47. Key TJ, Appleby PN, Spencer EA, Travis RC, Roddam AW, Allen NE. Mortality in British vegetarians: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Oxford). Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:1613-9.
  • 48. Lim JS. The current state of dyslipidemia in Korean children and adolescents and its management in clinical practice. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2013;18:1-8.
  • 49. Sola R, Bruckert E, Valls RM, Narejos S, Luque X, Castro-Cabezas M ve ark. Soluble fibre (Plantago ovata husk) reduces plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin, oxidised LDL and systolic blood pressure in hypercholesterolaemic patients: A randomised trial. Atherosclerosis. 2010;211(2):630-7.
  • 50. Eilat-Adar S, Sinai T, Yosefy C, Henkin Y. Nutritional recommendations for cardiovascular disease prevention. Nutrients. 2013;5:3646-3683.
  • 51. Mellen PB, Walsh TF, Herrington DM. Whole grain intake and cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. Nutr, Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2008;18(4):283-90.
  • 52. Mosharraf S, Sharifzadeh G, Darvishzadeh-Boroujeni P, Rouhi-Boroujeni H. Impact of the components of Mediterranean nutrition regimen on long-term prognosis of diabetic patients with coronary artery disease. ARYA Atheroscler. 2013;9(6):337-42.
  • 53. Viuda-Martos M, Lopez-Marcos MC, Fernandez-Lopez J, Sendra E, Lopez-Vargas JH, Perez-Alvarez JA. Role of fiber in cardiovascular diseases: A review. Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety. 2010;9:240-258.
  • 54. Pearson TA, Palaniappan LP, Artinian NT, Carnethon MR, Criqui MH, Daniels SR ve ark. American Heart Association Guide for Improving Cardiovascular Health at the Community Level, 2013 Update: A Scientific Statement for Public Health Practitioners, Healthcare Providers, and Health Policy Makers. Circulation. 2013;127:1730-1753. Erişim: 14.08.2014, http://circ.ahajournals.org
  • 55. Amani R, Noorizadeh M, Rahmanian S, Afzali N, Haghighizadeh MH. Nutritional related cardiovascular risk factors in patients with coronary artery disease in IRAN: A case-control study. Nutr J. 2010;9(70):1-6.
  • 56. Yehle KS, Chen AM, Plake KS, Yi JS, Mobley AR. A qualitative analysis of coronary heart disease patient views of dietary adherence and web-based and mobile-based nutrition tools. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2013;32(4):203-209.

Hiperlipidemi ve Beslenme

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 72 - 82, 31.01.2019

Öz

Hiperlipidemi, serumda
kolesterol ve/veya trigliserit düzeylerinin normal değerlerin üzerinde
ölçülmesi olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Genetik ve/veya çevresel nedenlerden
kaynaklanan hiperlipidemi, kardiyovasküler hastalıkların değiştirilebilir risk
faktörlerinin başında gelmektedir. Araştırmalar, beslenmenin lipid seviyeleri
üzerinde belirgin bir etkisi olduğunu ve kardiyovasküler hastalık riskini
düşürmedeki önemini göstermektedir. Hiperlipidemili
bireylere, birinci basamakta uygulanması gereken ilk yaklaşım; beslenmenin
düzenlenmesi, ağırlık kontrolü ve fiziksel aktiviteyi kapsayan yaşam tarzı
değişikliğidir.
Diyetle alınan toplam yağ miktarı ve yağ asitleri
bileşimi kan lipid profilini etkilemektedir. Yüksek oranda doymuş yağ asiti
içeren bir diyetle serum kolesterol ve LDL kolesterol artarken, tekli doymamış
yağ asitlerinin alımı ile HDL kolesterol düzeyleri yükselmektedir. LDL
kolesterol düzeyinin düşürülmesi için toplam diyet yağının azaltılmasının
yanında, doymuş yağ asitleri yerine çoklu doymamış yağ asitleri tercih
edilmelidir. Çoklu doymamış yağ asitlerinin iki ana grubundan birini oluşturan
omega-3 yağ asitleri LDL kolesterol yapımını azaltarak kan trigliserit düzeyini
düşürmektedir. Günlük enerjinin %10’u çoklu
doymamış yağ asitlerinden, %15-20’si tekli doymamış yağ asitlerinden
karşılanmakta, doymuş yağ asitlerinden gelen oranının %7’inin altında olması
önerilmektedir. Kardiyovasküler hastalıklar üzerine yararlı etkileri olduğu
bilinen diyet posasının günlük 20-30g tüketilmesi önerilmektedir. Sağlıklı bir
diyet, sebze ve meyvelerden, tam tahıl ürünlerinden ve posa içeriği yüksek olan
besinlerden zengin olmalı, balık içermeli, doymuş yağ asitleri ile trans yağ
asitlerini çok düşük oranda içermelidir. 

Kaynakça

  • 1. World Health Organization. (2014). Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2014. WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data, WHO. Erişim: 12.8.2016, http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/148114/1/9789241564854_eng.pdf
  • 2. Türk Kardiyoloji Derneği. (2007). Avrupa kalp sağlığı sözleşmesi. Erişim: 25.02.2013, http://www.tkd.org.tr/menu/263/
  • 3. Tatlı E. Poliklinikte hiperlipidemik hasta takibi. Trakya Üniv Tıp Fak Derg. 2010;27(1):39-41.
  • 4. National Institutes of Health. (2002). National cholesterol education program. Detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult treatment panel III) final report. Erişim: 26.02.2013, http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/cholesterol/atp3full.pdf
  • 5. Miller M, Stone NJ, Ballantyne C, Bittner V, Criqui MH, Ginsberg HN ve ark. Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011;123:2292-2333. Erişim: 03.07.2014, http://circ.ahajournals.org
  • 6. Nelson RH. Hyperlipidemia as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Prim Care: 2013;40(1):195–211.
  • 7. Farshchi HR, Taylor MA, Macdonald IA. Beneficial metabolic effects of regular meal frequency on dietary thermogenesis, insulin sensitivity, and fasting lipid profiles in healthy obese women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81:16-24.
  • 8. Jellinger PS, Smith DA, Mehta AE, Ganda O, Handelsman Y, Rodbard HW ve ark. American association of clinical endocrinologists’ guidelines for management of dyslipidemia and prevention of atherosclerosis: executive summary. Endocr Pract. 2012;18(2):269-93. Erişim:29.09.2014, https://www.aace.com/sites/default/files/LipidGuidelines.pdf
  • 9. Fodor JG, Frohlich JJ, Genest JJ, McPherson PR. Recommendations for the management and treatment of dyslipidemia. Report of the working group on hypercholesterolemia and other dyslipidemias. CMAJ. 2000;162(10):1441-7.
  • 10. Allen JK, Blumenthal RS, Margolis S, Young DR, Miller E, Kelly K. Nurse case management of hypercholesterolemia in patients with coronary heart disease: Results of a randomized clinical trial. Am Heart J. 2002;144(4):678-86.
  • 11. Pfeffer MA, Sacks FM, Moyé LA, East C, Goldman S, Nash DT ve ark. Influence of baseline lipids on effectiveness of pravastatin in the CARE Trial. Cholesterol And Recurrent Events. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33(1):125-30.
  • 12. Patel JP, Brocks DR. Effect of experimental hyperlipidaemia on the electrocardiographic effects of repeated doses of halofantrine in rats. Br J Pharmacol. 2010;161:1427–1440.
  • 13. Drechsler M, Megens RTA, Zandvoort M, Weber C, Soehnlein O. Hyperlipidemia-triggered neutrophilia promotes early atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2010; 122:1837-1845. Erişim: 03.07.2014, http://circ.ahajournals.org
  • 14. Kastelein JJP, Steeg WA, Holme I, Gaffney M, Cater NB, Barter P ve ark. Lipids, apolipoproteins, and their ratios in relation to cardiovascular events with statin treatment. Circulation. 2008;117:3002-3009. Erişim: 27.09.2014, http://circ.ahajournals.org
  • 15. Sacks FM, Tonkin AM, Craven T, Pfeffer MA, Shepherd J, Keech A ve ark. Coronary heart disease in patients with low LDL-Cholesterol: Benefit of pravastatin in diabetics and enhanced role for HDL-Cholesterol and triglycerides as risk factors. Circulation. 2002;105:1424-1428. Erişim: 27.09.2014, http://circ.ahajournals.org
  • 16. Parish S, Peto R, Palmer A, Clarke R, Lewington S, Offer A ve ark. The joint effects of apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein A1, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol on risk: 3510 cases of acute myocardial infarction and 9805 controls. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:2137–2146.
  • 17. Grundy SM. Low-density lipoprotein, non-high-density lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein B as targets of lipid-lowering therapy. Circulation. 2002;106:2526-2529. Erişim: 27.09.2014, http://circ.ahajournals.org
  • 18. Waters DD, Brotons C, Chiang CW, Ferrieres J, Foody J, Jukema JW ve ark. Lipid treatment assessment project 2: A multinational survey to evaluate the proportion of patients achieving low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals. Circulation. 2009;120:28-34. Erişim:27.09.2014, http://circ.ahajournals.org
  • 19. Artinian NT, Fletcher GF, Mozaffarian D, Kris-Etherton P, Van Horn L, Lichtenstein AH ve ark. Interventions to promote physical activity and dietary lifestyle changes for cardiovascular risk factor reduction in adults: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2010;122:406-441. Erişim: 27.09.2014, http://circ.ahajournals.org
  • 20. Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, Powell KE, Blair SN, Franklin BA ve ark. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(8):1423-34.
  • 21. Bruckert E, Rosenbaum D. Lowering LDL-cholesterol through diet: potential role in the statin era. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2011;22:43–48.
  • 22. Yu-Poth S, Zhao G, Etherton T, Naglak M, Jonnalagadda S, Kris-Etherton P. Effects of the National Cholesterol Education Program’s Step I and Step II dietary intervention programs on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:632–646.
  • 23. Hu FB, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Ascherio A, Spiegelman D, Willett WC. Prospective study of major dietary patterns and risk of coronary heart disease in men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:912-921.
  • 24. Gigleux I, Jenkins DJA, Kendall CWC, Marchie A, Faulkner DA, Wong JMW ve ark. Comparison of a dietary portfolio diet of cholesterol-lowering foods and a statin on LDL particle size phenotype in hypercholesterolaemic participants. Br J Nutr. 2007;98:1229–1236.
  • 25. Maki KC, Davidson MH, Umporowicz DM, Schaefer EJ, Dicklin MR, Ingram KA ve ark. Lipid responses to plant-sterol-enriched reduced-fat spreads incorporated into a National Cholesterol Education Program Step I diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:33-43.
  • 26. Lichtenstein AH, Apel LJ, Brands M, Carnethon M, Daniels S, Franch HA ve ark. Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. Circulation. 2006;114,82-96. Erişim: 14.04.2013, http://circ.ahajournals.org
  • 27. Samur G. (2008). Kalp damar hastalıklarında beslenme. Ankara: T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Temel Sağlık Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü Beslenme ve Fiziksel Aktiviteler Daire Başkanlığı, Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No: 728, Klasmat Matbaacılık.
  • 28. Mosca L, Benjamin EJ, Berra K, Bezanson JL, Dolorve RJ, Lloyd-Jones DM ve ark. Effectiveness-Based Guidelines for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women- 2011 Update: A Guideline From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011;123:1243-1262. Erişim:03.09.2014, http://circ.ahajournals.org
  • 29. Samur G, Akal Yıldız E. (2012). Obezite ve kardiyovasküler hastalıklar / hipertansiyon. Ankara: T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu, Obezite Diyabet ve Metabolik Hastalıklar Dairesi Başkanlığı, Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No: 729, Reklam Kurdu Ajansı.
  • 30. Perk J, De Backer G, Gohlke H, Graham I, Reiner Z, Verschuren M ve ark. European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). The Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur Heart J. 2012;33(13):1635-701.
  • 31. Mente A, Koning L, Shannon HS, Anand SS. A Systematic Review of the Evidence Supporting a Causal Link Between Dietary Factors and Coronary Heart Disease. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(7):659-669.
  • 32. Skeaff CM, Miller J. Dietary fat and coronary heart disease: Summary of evidence from prospective cohort and randomised controlled trials. Ann Nutr Metab. 2009;55:173–201.
  • 33. Siri-Tarino PW, Sun Q, Hu FB, Krauss RM. Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91:535–546.
  • 34. Delavar MA, Lye MS, Hassan STBS, Khor GL, Hanachi P. Physical activity, nutrition, and dyslipidemia in middle-aged women. Iran J Publ Health. 2011;40(4):89-98.
  • 35. Kris-Etherton PM, Eckel RH, Howard BV, St. Jeor S, Bazzarre TL. Lyon Diet Heart Study: Benefits of a Mediterranean-Style, National Cholesterol Education Program/American Heart Association Step I dietary pattern on cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2001;103:1823-1825. Erişim: 18.09.2013, http://circ.ahajournals.org
  • 36. Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvado J, Covas MI, Corella D, Aros F ve ark. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1279-90.
  • 37. Johnston C. Functional foods as modifiers of cardiovascular disease. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2009;3:1-39.
  • 38. Thies F, Garry JM, Yaqoob P, Rerkasem K, Williams J, Shearman CP ve ark. Association of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with stability of atherosclerotic plaques: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361(9356):477-85.
  • 39. Yzebe D, Lievre M. Fish oils in the care of coronary heart disease patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2004;18(5):581-92.
  • 40. Clarke R, Frost C, Collins R. Dietary lipids and blood cholesterol: quantitative meta-analysis of metabolic ward studies. BMJ. 1997;314:112–117.
  • 41. Hodson L, Skeaff CM, Chisholm WA. The effect of replacing dietary saturated fat with polyunsaturated or monounsaturated fat on plasma lipids in free-living young adults. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2001;55:908–915.
  • 42. Jakobsen MU, O’Reilly EJ, Heitmann BL, Pereira MA, Balter K, Fraser GE ve ark. Major types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:1425-32.
  • 43. Howard BV, Van Horn L, Hsia J, Manson JE, Stefanick ML, Wassertheil-Smoller S ve ark. Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease the women’s health initiative randomized controlled dietary modification trial. JAMA. 2006;295(6):655-66.
  • 44. Kent L, Morton D, Rankin P, Ward E, Grant R, Gobble J ve ark. The effect of a low-fat, plant-based lifestyle intervention (CHIP) on serum HDL levels and the implications for metabolic syndrome status -a cohort study. Nutr Metab. 2013;10(58):1-6. Erişim: 19.06.2014, http://www.nutritionandmetabolism.com/content/10/1/58
  • 45. Montgomery KS. Soy Protein. J Perinat Educ. 2003;12(3):42–45.
  • 46. Ferdowsian HR, Barnard ND. Effects of plant-based diets on plasma lipids. Am J Cardiol. 2009;104:947–956.
  • 47. Key TJ, Appleby PN, Spencer EA, Travis RC, Roddam AW, Allen NE. Mortality in British vegetarians: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Oxford). Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:1613-9.
  • 48. Lim JS. The current state of dyslipidemia in Korean children and adolescents and its management in clinical practice. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2013;18:1-8.
  • 49. Sola R, Bruckert E, Valls RM, Narejos S, Luque X, Castro-Cabezas M ve ark. Soluble fibre (Plantago ovata husk) reduces plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin, oxidised LDL and systolic blood pressure in hypercholesterolaemic patients: A randomised trial. Atherosclerosis. 2010;211(2):630-7.
  • 50. Eilat-Adar S, Sinai T, Yosefy C, Henkin Y. Nutritional recommendations for cardiovascular disease prevention. Nutrients. 2013;5:3646-3683.
  • 51. Mellen PB, Walsh TF, Herrington DM. Whole grain intake and cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. Nutr, Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2008;18(4):283-90.
  • 52. Mosharraf S, Sharifzadeh G, Darvishzadeh-Boroujeni P, Rouhi-Boroujeni H. Impact of the components of Mediterranean nutrition regimen on long-term prognosis of diabetic patients with coronary artery disease. ARYA Atheroscler. 2013;9(6):337-42.
  • 53. Viuda-Martos M, Lopez-Marcos MC, Fernandez-Lopez J, Sendra E, Lopez-Vargas JH, Perez-Alvarez JA. Role of fiber in cardiovascular diseases: A review. Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety. 2010;9:240-258.
  • 54. Pearson TA, Palaniappan LP, Artinian NT, Carnethon MR, Criqui MH, Daniels SR ve ark. American Heart Association Guide for Improving Cardiovascular Health at the Community Level, 2013 Update: A Scientific Statement for Public Health Practitioners, Healthcare Providers, and Health Policy Makers. Circulation. 2013;127:1730-1753. Erişim: 14.08.2014, http://circ.ahajournals.org
  • 55. Amani R, Noorizadeh M, Rahmanian S, Afzali N, Haghighizadeh MH. Nutritional related cardiovascular risk factors in patients with coronary artery disease in IRAN: A case-control study. Nutr J. 2010;9(70):1-6.
  • 56. Yehle KS, Chen AM, Plake KS, Yi JS, Mobley AR. A qualitative analysis of coronary heart disease patient views of dietary adherence and web-based and mobile-based nutrition tools. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2013;32(4):203-209.
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Hande Öngün Yılmaz

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ocak 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Öngün Yılmaz, H. (2019). Hiperlipidemi ve Beslenme. Türkiye Sağlık Bilimleri Ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(2), 72-82.
AMA Öngün Yılmaz H. Hiperlipidemi ve Beslenme. Türkiye Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi. Ocak 2019;1(2):72-82.
Chicago Öngün Yılmaz, Hande. “Hiperlipidemi Ve Beslenme”. Türkiye Sağlık Bilimleri Ve Araştırmaları Dergisi 1, sy. 2 (Ocak 2019): 72-82.
EndNote Öngün Yılmaz H (01 Ocak 2019) Hiperlipidemi ve Beslenme. Türkiye Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi 1 2 72–82.
IEEE H. Öngün Yılmaz, “Hiperlipidemi ve Beslenme”, Türkiye Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 1, sy. 2, ss. 72–82, 2019.
ISNAD Öngün Yılmaz, Hande. “Hiperlipidemi Ve Beslenme”. Türkiye Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi 1/2 (Ocak 2019), 72-82.
JAMA Öngün Yılmaz H. Hiperlipidemi ve Beslenme. Türkiye Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2019;1:72–82.
MLA Öngün Yılmaz, Hande. “Hiperlipidemi Ve Beslenme”. Türkiye Sağlık Bilimleri Ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 1, sy. 2, 2019, ss. 72-82.
Vancouver Öngün Yılmaz H. Hiperlipidemi ve Beslenme. Türkiye Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2019;1(2):72-8.