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Ekosistem Servislerinde Toprağın Rolü

Yıl 2022, , 107 - 117, 28.02.2022
https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.1000641

Öz

Ekosistemin yapısının ve işlevlerinin insan refahına katkıları ekosistem servisleri olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Toprak, “ekosistem servisleri” olarak adlandırılan, tedarik etme (örneğin tatlı su, odun, yiyecek ve lif), düzenleme (örneğin iklim, erozyon ve sel), kültürel (örneğin estetik veya manevi değerler) ve destekleme (örneğin bitkilere, hayvanlara ve insan altyapısına fiziksel destek) gibi insan refahı ve sürdürülebilir sosyo-ekonomik kalkınma için önemli olan çok çeşitli mal ve hizmetlerin sağlanmasına katkı sunmaktadır. Litosfer, biyosfer, hidrosfer ve atmosfer arasında ara yüz olan toprağın ekosistem servislerinin yerine getirilmesindeki çok fonksiyonlu rolünü anlamak son derece önemlidir. Topraklar ekosistem servislerinin yerine getirilmesinde diğer ekosistemler ile birlikte görev almaktadır. Ekosistem servisleri, çoklu ekosistemler arasındaki etkileşimin sonucu olduklarından, ekosistem servislerini sadece toprağa bağlı olarak tanımlamak yeterli olmayacaktır. Tarımsal faaliyetler ile gıdanın üretilmesi, toprak özelliklerinin yanında, yağış, güneş ışığı ve sıcaklık gibi iklimsel değişkenler ve ekim veya gübreleme gibi insan müdahaleleri ile mümkün olabilir. Bu nedenle, ekosistem servislerinin sağlanmasında topraklar ancak bazı servislerin ne kadar iyi sağlanacağını belirleyen önemli bir ekosistem olarak görev yapmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, diğer ekosistemler ile birlikte insan refahına katkı sağlayan toprağın ekosistem servislerinin gerçekleşmesindeki önemi, yayınlanan güncel araştırmalardan derlenerek ortaya konulmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Adhikari, K., Hartemink, A.E., 2016. Linking soils to ecosystem services. Geoderma, 262: 101-111.
  • Anonim, 2019. Sürdürülebilir Toprak Yönetimi Gönüllü Kılavuz İlkeleri. Birleşmiş Milletler Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü, Roma, (https://www.fao.org/3/i6874tr/I6874 TR.pdf), (Erişim tarihi: 10.08.2021).
  • Anonim, 2022. Dinamik Erozyon Modeli ve İzleme Sistemi (DEMİS). (https://cem.csb.gov.tr/dinamik-erozyon-modeli-ve-izleme-sistemi-demis-i-103569), (Erişim tarihi: 02.01.2022).
  • Anonymous, 2006a. Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council Establishing a Framework for the Protection of Soil and Amending Directive 2004/35/EC. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/ LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2006:0232:FIN:EN:PDF), (Erişim tarihi: 27.11.2021).
  • Anonymous, 2006b. Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection. European Union (EU), Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2006:0232:FIN:EN:PDF), (Erişim tarihi: 27.11.2021).
  • Anonymous, 2015a. Healthy Soils Are The Basis for Healthy Food Production. Fact Sheet., p. 4., (https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/645883cd-ba28-4b16-a7b8-34babbb3c505/), (Erişim tarihi: 02.02.2022).
  • Anonymous, 2015b. Status of the World’s Soil Resources (SWSR)-Main Report. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils, Rome, Italy.
  • Anonymous, 2017. The Future of Food and Agriculture-Trends and Challenges. Rome.
  • Anonymous, 2022a. Soil Ecosystem Services. Soil Science Society of America, (https://www.soils.org/ files/science-policy/issues/reports/sssa-soils-eco-ser v.pdf), (Erişim tarihi: 01.02.2022).
  • Anonymous, 2022b. Towards a Common Classification of Ecosystem Services. (https://cices.eu/), (Erişim tarihi: 09.02.2022).
  • Balbi, S., del Prado, A., Gallejones, P., Geevan, C.P., Pardo, G., Pérez-Miñana, E., Manrique, R., Hernandez-Santiago, C., Villa, F., 2015. Modeling trade-offs among ecosystem services in agricultural production systems. Environmental Modelling and Software, 72: 314-326.
  • Barrios, E., 2007. Soil biota, ecosystem services and land productivity. Ecological Economics, 64(2): 269-285.
  • Baveye, P.C., Baveye, J., Gowdy, J., 2016. Soil “ecosystem” services and natural capital: critical appraisal of research on uncertain ground. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 4: 41.
  • Blum, W.E.H., 2005. Functions of soil for society and the environment. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 4(3): 75-79.
  • Bormann, F.H., Likens, G.E., 1969. The watershed- ecosystem concept and studies of nutrient cycles. V. Dyne (Ed.), The Ecosystem Concept in Natural Resource Management, Academic Press, New York, pp. 49-75.
  • Boyd, J., Banzhaf, S., 2007. What are ecosystem services? They need for standardized environmental accounting units, Journal of Ecological Economics, 63: 616-626.
  • Brady, N.C., Weil, R.R., 2008. The Nature and Properties of Soils. 14th Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hally.
  • Brevik, E.C., Homburg, J.A., Sandor, J.A., 2018a. Soils, climate, and ancient civilizations. W.R. Horwath and Y. Kuzyakov (Eds.), Climate Change Impacts on Soil Processes and Ecosystem Properties, Developments in Soil Science, Elsevier, 35: 1-28.
  • Brevik, E.C., Pereg, L., Steffan, J.J., Burgess, L.C., 2018b. Soil ecosystem services and human health. Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health, 5: 87-92.
  • Carlos, C., Simon, H., Mc Michael, A., 2005. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA), Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis. World Resources Institute, Island Press, Washington, DC.
  • Comino, E., Bottero, M., Pomarico, S., Rosso, M., 2014. Exploring the environmental value of ecosystem services for a riverbasin through a spatial multicriteria analysis, Land Use Policy, 36: 381-395.
  • Costanza, R., Arge, R., De Groot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hanhon, B., Limburg, K., Naeem, S., O’Neill, R.V., Paruleo, J., Raskin, R.G., Sutton, P., 1997. The value of the world ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature, 387: 253-260.
  • Çakır, M., 2017. Kurak ekosistemlerde toprak faunasının önemi. Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1): 67-78.
  • Daily, G.C., Polasky, S., Goldstein, J., Kareiva, P.M., Mooney, H.A., Pejchar, L., Ricketts, T.H., Salzman, J., Shallenberger, R., 2009. Ecosystem services in decision making: Time to deliver. Journal of Frontiers in Ecology and The Environment, 7: 21-28.
  • Dominati, E.J., Mackay, A., Lynch, B., Heath, N., Millner, I., 2014. An ecosystem services approach to the quantification of shallow mass movement erosion and the value of soil conservation practices. Ecosystem Services, 9: 204-215.
  • Eken, G., Bozdoğan, M., Karataş, A., Kılıç, D.T., Gem, E., 2005. Türkiye’nin önemli doğa alanları-yeni koruma bölgelerinin seçiminde öncelikli alanlar. Korunan Doğa Alanları Sempozyumu, 8-10 Eylül, Isparta, s. 133-140.
  • Ettema, C.H., Wardle, D.A., 2002. Spatial soil ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 17(4): 177-183.
  • Evrendilek, F., 2004. Ekolojik Sistemlerin Analizi, Yönetimi ve Modellemesi. 1. Baskı, Papatya Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
  • Gerhardt, K.E., Huang, X.D., Glick, B.R., Greenberg, B.M., 2009. Phytoremediation and rhizoremediation of organic soil contaminants: potential and challenges. Plant Science, 176(1): 20-30.
  • Giller, K.E., 2001. Nitrogen Fixation in Tropical Cropping Systems (2nd Edn.), CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford.
  • Godfray, H.C.J., Beddington, J.R., Crute, I.R., Haddad, L., Lawrence, D., Muir, J.F., Pretty, J., Robinson, S., Thomas, S.M., Toulmin, C., 2010. Food security: The challenge of feding 9 billion people. Science, 327(5967): 812-818.
  • Greiner, L., Keller, A., Grêt-Regamey, A., Papritz, A., 2017. Soil function assessment: review of methods for quantifying the contributions of soils to ecosystem services. Land Use Policy, 69: 224-237.
  • Gülle, F., Özdemir, S., 2015. Sağlıklı toprağın görülmeyen kahramanları: toprak mikroorganizmaları. Sakarya Ticaret Borsası Dergisi, 51: 6-8.
  • Günal, H., Korucu, T., Birkas, M., Özgöz, E., Halbac-Cotoara-Zamfir, R., 2015. Threats to sustainability of soil functions in Central and Southeast Europe. Sustainability, 7(2): 2161-2188.
  • Haines-Young, R., Potschin, M., 2008. England's Terrestrial Ecosystem Services and the Raionale for an Ecosystem Approach. Full Technical Report to DEFRA (Project Code NR0107), Nottingham.
  • Hanyu, K., Tamura, K., Mori, H., 2014. Changes in heart rate variability and effects on POMS by whether or not soil observation was performed. Open Journal of Soil Science, 4(1): 1-6.
  • Jenny, H., 1941. Factors of Soil Formation. McGrawHill, Newyork.
  • Kantarcı, M.D., 2000. Toprak İlmi Ders Kitabı (2. Baskı). İstanbul Üniversitesi, Yayın No: 4261, Çantay Basımevi, İstanbul.
  • Kasparinskis, R., Ruskule, A., Vinogradovs, I. Pecina, M.V., 2018. The introduction to the ecosystem service framework and its application in integrated planning. University of Latvia, Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences, Latvia, pp. 5-86. (https://vivagr ass.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/guidebook_eco system_services_vivagrass-compressed. pdf), (Erişim tarihi: 09.01.2022).
  • Knitter, D., Braun, R., Clare, L., Nykamp, M., Schütt, B., 2019. Göbekli Tepe: a brief description of the environmental development in the surroundings of the UNESCO World Heritage Site. Land, 8(4): 72.
  • Lal, R., 2004a. Carbon sequestration in dryland ecosystems. Environmental Management, 33(4): 528-544.
  • Lal, R., 2004b. Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security. Science, 304(5677): 1623-1627.
  • Lehmann, A., Stahr, K., 2010. The potential of soil functions and planner-oriented soil evaluation to achieve sustainable land use. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 10(6): 1092-1102.
  • Liu, S., Lei, Y., Zhao, J., Yu, S., Wang, L., 2021. Research on ecosystem services of water conservation and soil retention: a bibliometric analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(3): 2995-3007.
  • McBratney, A., Field, D.J., Koch, A., 2014. The dimensions of soil security. Geoderma, 213: 203-213.
  • Özyazıcı, M.A., Dengiz, O., Aydoğan, M., Bayraklı, B., Kesim, E., Urla, Ö., Yıldız, H., Ünal, E., 2016. Orta ve Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi tarım topraklarının temel verimlilik düzeyleri ve alansal dağılımları. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 31(1): 136-148.
  • Özüdoğru, T., 2021. Dünya ve Türkiye’de Pamuk Üretim Ekonomisi. Tekstil ve Mühendis, 28(122): 149-161.
  • Paul, C., Kuhn, K., Steinhoff‐Knopp, B., Weisshuhn, P., Helming, K., 2021. Towards a standardization of soil‐related ecosystem service assessments. European Journal of Soil Science, 72(4): 1543-1558.
  • Pereira, P., Bogunovic, I., Muñoz-Rojas, M., Brevik, E.C., 2018. Soil ecosystem services, sustainability, valuation and management. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 5: 7-13.
  • Potschin, M., Haines-Young, R., 2016. Defining and measuring ecosystem services. In: M. Potschin, R. Haines-Young, R. Fish and R.K. Turner (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Ecosystem Services, 1st Edition, Routledge, London, pp. 25-44.
  • Rowe, J.S., 1961. The level-of-integration concept and ecology. Ecology, 42(2): 420-427.
  • Robinson, D.A., Lebron, I., Vereecken, H., 2009. On the definition of the natural capital of soils: A framework for description, evaluation, and monitoring. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 73(6): 1904-1911.
  • Smith, P., Ashmore, M.R., Black, H.I., Burgess, P.J., Evans, C.D., Quine, T.A., Thomson, A.M., Hicks, K., Orr, H.G., 2013. The role of ecosystems and their management in regulating climate, and soil, water and air quality. Journal of Applied Ecology, 50(4): 812-829.
  • Steinhoff-Knopp, B., Kuhn, T.K., Burkhard, B., 2021. The impact of soil erosion on soil-related ecosystem services: development and testing a scenario-based assessment approach. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193(1): 1-18.
  • Swift, M.J, Heal, O.W., Anderson, J.M., 1979. Decomposition in Terrestrial Ecosystems. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.
  • Tiedje, J. M., Cho, J.C., Murray, A., Teves, D., Xia, B., Zhou, J., 2001. Soil teeming with life: new frontiers tos soil science. In: R.M. Rees, B.C. Ball, C.D. Cambell and C.A. Watson (Eds.), Sustainable Management of Soil Organic Matter, CAB International, Wallingford, pp. 393-412.
  • Tolunay, D., 2019. Toprak fonksiyonları. Y. Aksoy (Ed.), Yaşamın Her Karesinde Toprak, İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi, s. 27-47.
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  • Wall, D.H., Adams, G.A., Parsons, A.N., 2001. Soil biodiversity. In: Y. Qi, S.F. Chapin III, O.E. Sala and E. Huber-Sannwald (Eds.), Global Biodiversity in a Changing Environment: Scenarios for the 21st Century. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 47-82.

The Role of Soil in Ecosystem Services

Yıl 2022, , 107 - 117, 28.02.2022
https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.1000641

Öz

The contributions of the structure and functions of the ecosystem to human welfare are defined as ecosystem services. Soils provide a wide range of goods and services called ecosystem services, such as provisioning (e.g., freshwater, wood, food, and fiber), regulating (e.g., climate, erosion, and floods), cultural (e.g., aesthetic or spiritual values) and supporting (e.g., physical support to plants, animals and human infrastructure), important for human well-being and sustainable socio-economic development. Understanding the multifunctional role of soil, which is the central interface between the lithosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere, in ecosystem services is extremely important. Soils play an active role in the fulfillment of ecosystem services together with other ecosystems. Ecosystem services are the results of the interaction between multiple ecosystems; therefore, ecosystem services cannot be explained only by soil. The production of food by agricultural activities may only be possible through soil characteristics along with the contribution of climatic variables such as precipitation, sunlight and temperature, and human interventions such as planting or fertilization. Therefore, soils serve as an important ecosystem in the provision of ecosystem services and determine how well some services will be supplied. In this study, the importance of soil, which contributes to human welfare along with other ecosystems, in the realization of ecosystem services has been revealed by compiling the currently published research.

Kaynakça

  • Adhikari, K., Hartemink, A.E., 2016. Linking soils to ecosystem services. Geoderma, 262: 101-111.
  • Anonim, 2019. Sürdürülebilir Toprak Yönetimi Gönüllü Kılavuz İlkeleri. Birleşmiş Milletler Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü, Roma, (https://www.fao.org/3/i6874tr/I6874 TR.pdf), (Erişim tarihi: 10.08.2021).
  • Anonim, 2022. Dinamik Erozyon Modeli ve İzleme Sistemi (DEMİS). (https://cem.csb.gov.tr/dinamik-erozyon-modeli-ve-izleme-sistemi-demis-i-103569), (Erişim tarihi: 02.01.2022).
  • Anonymous, 2006a. Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council Establishing a Framework for the Protection of Soil and Amending Directive 2004/35/EC. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/ LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2006:0232:FIN:EN:PDF), (Erişim tarihi: 27.11.2021).
  • Anonymous, 2006b. Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection. European Union (EU), Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2006:0232:FIN:EN:PDF), (Erişim tarihi: 27.11.2021).
  • Anonymous, 2015a. Healthy Soils Are The Basis for Healthy Food Production. Fact Sheet., p. 4., (https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/645883cd-ba28-4b16-a7b8-34babbb3c505/), (Erişim tarihi: 02.02.2022).
  • Anonymous, 2015b. Status of the World’s Soil Resources (SWSR)-Main Report. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils, Rome, Italy.
  • Anonymous, 2017. The Future of Food and Agriculture-Trends and Challenges. Rome.
  • Anonymous, 2022a. Soil Ecosystem Services. Soil Science Society of America, (https://www.soils.org/ files/science-policy/issues/reports/sssa-soils-eco-ser v.pdf), (Erişim tarihi: 01.02.2022).
  • Anonymous, 2022b. Towards a Common Classification of Ecosystem Services. (https://cices.eu/), (Erişim tarihi: 09.02.2022).
  • Balbi, S., del Prado, A., Gallejones, P., Geevan, C.P., Pardo, G., Pérez-Miñana, E., Manrique, R., Hernandez-Santiago, C., Villa, F., 2015. Modeling trade-offs among ecosystem services in agricultural production systems. Environmental Modelling and Software, 72: 314-326.
  • Barrios, E., 2007. Soil biota, ecosystem services and land productivity. Ecological Economics, 64(2): 269-285.
  • Baveye, P.C., Baveye, J., Gowdy, J., 2016. Soil “ecosystem” services and natural capital: critical appraisal of research on uncertain ground. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 4: 41.
  • Blum, W.E.H., 2005. Functions of soil for society and the environment. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 4(3): 75-79.
  • Bormann, F.H., Likens, G.E., 1969. The watershed- ecosystem concept and studies of nutrient cycles. V. Dyne (Ed.), The Ecosystem Concept in Natural Resource Management, Academic Press, New York, pp. 49-75.
  • Boyd, J., Banzhaf, S., 2007. What are ecosystem services? They need for standardized environmental accounting units, Journal of Ecological Economics, 63: 616-626.
  • Brady, N.C., Weil, R.R., 2008. The Nature and Properties of Soils. 14th Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hally.
  • Brevik, E.C., Homburg, J.A., Sandor, J.A., 2018a. Soils, climate, and ancient civilizations. W.R. Horwath and Y. Kuzyakov (Eds.), Climate Change Impacts on Soil Processes and Ecosystem Properties, Developments in Soil Science, Elsevier, 35: 1-28.
  • Brevik, E.C., Pereg, L., Steffan, J.J., Burgess, L.C., 2018b. Soil ecosystem services and human health. Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health, 5: 87-92.
  • Carlos, C., Simon, H., Mc Michael, A., 2005. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA), Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis. World Resources Institute, Island Press, Washington, DC.
  • Comino, E., Bottero, M., Pomarico, S., Rosso, M., 2014. Exploring the environmental value of ecosystem services for a riverbasin through a spatial multicriteria analysis, Land Use Policy, 36: 381-395.
  • Costanza, R., Arge, R., De Groot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hanhon, B., Limburg, K., Naeem, S., O’Neill, R.V., Paruleo, J., Raskin, R.G., Sutton, P., 1997. The value of the world ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature, 387: 253-260.
  • Çakır, M., 2017. Kurak ekosistemlerde toprak faunasının önemi. Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1): 67-78.
  • Daily, G.C., Polasky, S., Goldstein, J., Kareiva, P.M., Mooney, H.A., Pejchar, L., Ricketts, T.H., Salzman, J., Shallenberger, R., 2009. Ecosystem services in decision making: Time to deliver. Journal of Frontiers in Ecology and The Environment, 7: 21-28.
  • Dominati, E.J., Mackay, A., Lynch, B., Heath, N., Millner, I., 2014. An ecosystem services approach to the quantification of shallow mass movement erosion and the value of soil conservation practices. Ecosystem Services, 9: 204-215.
  • Eken, G., Bozdoğan, M., Karataş, A., Kılıç, D.T., Gem, E., 2005. Türkiye’nin önemli doğa alanları-yeni koruma bölgelerinin seçiminde öncelikli alanlar. Korunan Doğa Alanları Sempozyumu, 8-10 Eylül, Isparta, s. 133-140.
  • Ettema, C.H., Wardle, D.A., 2002. Spatial soil ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 17(4): 177-183.
  • Evrendilek, F., 2004. Ekolojik Sistemlerin Analizi, Yönetimi ve Modellemesi. 1. Baskı, Papatya Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
  • Gerhardt, K.E., Huang, X.D., Glick, B.R., Greenberg, B.M., 2009. Phytoremediation and rhizoremediation of organic soil contaminants: potential and challenges. Plant Science, 176(1): 20-30.
  • Giller, K.E., 2001. Nitrogen Fixation in Tropical Cropping Systems (2nd Edn.), CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford.
  • Godfray, H.C.J., Beddington, J.R., Crute, I.R., Haddad, L., Lawrence, D., Muir, J.F., Pretty, J., Robinson, S., Thomas, S.M., Toulmin, C., 2010. Food security: The challenge of feding 9 billion people. Science, 327(5967): 812-818.
  • Greiner, L., Keller, A., Grêt-Regamey, A., Papritz, A., 2017. Soil function assessment: review of methods for quantifying the contributions of soils to ecosystem services. Land Use Policy, 69: 224-237.
  • Gülle, F., Özdemir, S., 2015. Sağlıklı toprağın görülmeyen kahramanları: toprak mikroorganizmaları. Sakarya Ticaret Borsası Dergisi, 51: 6-8.
  • Günal, H., Korucu, T., Birkas, M., Özgöz, E., Halbac-Cotoara-Zamfir, R., 2015. Threats to sustainability of soil functions in Central and Southeast Europe. Sustainability, 7(2): 2161-2188.
  • Haines-Young, R., Potschin, M., 2008. England's Terrestrial Ecosystem Services and the Raionale for an Ecosystem Approach. Full Technical Report to DEFRA (Project Code NR0107), Nottingham.
  • Hanyu, K., Tamura, K., Mori, H., 2014. Changes in heart rate variability and effects on POMS by whether or not soil observation was performed. Open Journal of Soil Science, 4(1): 1-6.
  • Jenny, H., 1941. Factors of Soil Formation. McGrawHill, Newyork.
  • Kantarcı, M.D., 2000. Toprak İlmi Ders Kitabı (2. Baskı). İstanbul Üniversitesi, Yayın No: 4261, Çantay Basımevi, İstanbul.
  • Kasparinskis, R., Ruskule, A., Vinogradovs, I. Pecina, M.V., 2018. The introduction to the ecosystem service framework and its application in integrated planning. University of Latvia, Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences, Latvia, pp. 5-86. (https://vivagr ass.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/guidebook_eco system_services_vivagrass-compressed. pdf), (Erişim tarihi: 09.01.2022).
  • Knitter, D., Braun, R., Clare, L., Nykamp, M., Schütt, B., 2019. Göbekli Tepe: a brief description of the environmental development in the surroundings of the UNESCO World Heritage Site. Land, 8(4): 72.
  • Lal, R., 2004a. Carbon sequestration in dryland ecosystems. Environmental Management, 33(4): 528-544.
  • Lal, R., 2004b. Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security. Science, 304(5677): 1623-1627.
  • Lehmann, A., Stahr, K., 2010. The potential of soil functions and planner-oriented soil evaluation to achieve sustainable land use. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 10(6): 1092-1102.
  • Liu, S., Lei, Y., Zhao, J., Yu, S., Wang, L., 2021. Research on ecosystem services of water conservation and soil retention: a bibliometric analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(3): 2995-3007.
  • McBratney, A., Field, D.J., Koch, A., 2014. The dimensions of soil security. Geoderma, 213: 203-213.
  • Özyazıcı, M.A., Dengiz, O., Aydoğan, M., Bayraklı, B., Kesim, E., Urla, Ö., Yıldız, H., Ünal, E., 2016. Orta ve Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi tarım topraklarının temel verimlilik düzeyleri ve alansal dağılımları. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 31(1): 136-148.
  • Özüdoğru, T., 2021. Dünya ve Türkiye’de Pamuk Üretim Ekonomisi. Tekstil ve Mühendis, 28(122): 149-161.
  • Paul, C., Kuhn, K., Steinhoff‐Knopp, B., Weisshuhn, P., Helming, K., 2021. Towards a standardization of soil‐related ecosystem service assessments. European Journal of Soil Science, 72(4): 1543-1558.
  • Pereira, P., Bogunovic, I., Muñoz-Rojas, M., Brevik, E.C., 2018. Soil ecosystem services, sustainability, valuation and management. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 5: 7-13.
  • Potschin, M., Haines-Young, R., 2016. Defining and measuring ecosystem services. In: M. Potschin, R. Haines-Young, R. Fish and R.K. Turner (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Ecosystem Services, 1st Edition, Routledge, London, pp. 25-44.
  • Rowe, J.S., 1961. The level-of-integration concept and ecology. Ecology, 42(2): 420-427.
  • Robinson, D.A., Lebron, I., Vereecken, H., 2009. On the definition of the natural capital of soils: A framework for description, evaluation, and monitoring. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 73(6): 1904-1911.
  • Smith, P., Ashmore, M.R., Black, H.I., Burgess, P.J., Evans, C.D., Quine, T.A., Thomson, A.M., Hicks, K., Orr, H.G., 2013. The role of ecosystems and their management in regulating climate, and soil, water and air quality. Journal of Applied Ecology, 50(4): 812-829.
  • Steinhoff-Knopp, B., Kuhn, T.K., Burkhard, B., 2021. The impact of soil erosion on soil-related ecosystem services: development and testing a scenario-based assessment approach. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193(1): 1-18.
  • Swift, M.J, Heal, O.W., Anderson, J.M., 1979. Decomposition in Terrestrial Ecosystems. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.
  • Tiedje, J. M., Cho, J.C., Murray, A., Teves, D., Xia, B., Zhou, J., 2001. Soil teeming with life: new frontiers tos soil science. In: R.M. Rees, B.C. Ball, C.D. Cambell and C.A. Watson (Eds.), Sustainable Management of Soil Organic Matter, CAB International, Wallingford, pp. 393-412.
  • Tolunay, D., 2019. Toprak fonksiyonları. Y. Aksoy (Ed.), Yaşamın Her Karesinde Toprak, İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi, s. 27-47.
  • Tscharntke, T., Klein, A.M., Kruess, A., Steffan‐Dewenter, I., Thies, C., 2005. Landscape perspectives on agricultural intensification and biodiversity-ecosystem service management. Ecology Letters, 8(8): 857-874.
  • Yun, W., Hall, I.R., 2004. Edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms: challenges and achievements. Canadian Journal of Botany, 82(8): 1063-1073.
  • Wall, D.H., Adams, G.A., Parsons, A.N., 2001. Soil biodiversity. In: Y. Qi, S.F. Chapin III, O.E. Sala and E. Huber-Sannwald (Eds.), Global Biodiversity in a Changing Environment: Scenarios for the 21st Century. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 47-82.
Toplam 60 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derleme / Review
Yazarlar

Safiye Bülbül 0000-0002-4252-0405

Abdulkadir Sürücü 0000-0002-1366-4522

Hikmet Günal 0000-0002-4648-2645

Mesut Budak 0000-0001-5715-1246

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Şubat 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

APA Bülbül, S., Sürücü, A., Günal, H., Budak, M. (2022). Ekosistem Servislerinde Toprağın Rolü. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9(1), 107-117. https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.1000641
AMA Bülbül S, Sürücü A, Günal H, Budak M. Ekosistem Servislerinde Toprağın Rolü. TÜTAD. Şubat 2022;9(1):107-117. doi:10.19159/tutad.1000641
Chicago Bülbül, Safiye, Abdulkadir Sürücü, Hikmet Günal, ve Mesut Budak. “Ekosistem Servislerinde Toprağın Rolü”. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi 9, sy. 1 (Şubat 2022): 107-17. https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.1000641.
EndNote Bülbül S, Sürücü A, Günal H, Budak M (01 Şubat 2022) Ekosistem Servislerinde Toprağın Rolü. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi 9 1 107–117.
IEEE S. Bülbül, A. Sürücü, H. Günal, ve M. Budak, “Ekosistem Servislerinde Toprağın Rolü”, TÜTAD, c. 9, sy. 1, ss. 107–117, 2022, doi: 10.19159/tutad.1000641.
ISNAD Bülbül, Safiye vd. “Ekosistem Servislerinde Toprağın Rolü”. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi 9/1 (Şubat 2022), 107-117. https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.1000641.
JAMA Bülbül S, Sürücü A, Günal H, Budak M. Ekosistem Servislerinde Toprağın Rolü. TÜTAD. 2022;9:107–117.
MLA Bülbül, Safiye vd. “Ekosistem Servislerinde Toprağın Rolü”. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi, c. 9, sy. 1, 2022, ss. 107-1, doi:10.19159/tutad.1000641.
Vancouver Bülbül S, Sürücü A, Günal H, Budak M. Ekosistem Servislerinde Toprağın Rolü. TÜTAD. 2022;9(1):107-1.

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