Evaluation of Heavy Metal Pollution in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Fields of Bafra Plain

Öz

Heavy metals are naturally present in the soils in trace quantity. Besides, some soils include these elements at high levels resulting from the weathering of minerals or human activities. Contamination of these metals has been of great concern in the environment interrelatedly with their toxicity, persistence and non-degradability. So, this article aimed to evaluate heavy metal pollution by using several pollution indices contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (CD), pollution load index (PLI), summarization of the sources of heavy metals, and change of these metals along soil depth. For this purpose, 10 coordinated soil samples were taken from 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm depths in the rice fields of Bafra Plain in Samsun-Türkiye. In these samples, some physico-chemical soil characteristics (texture, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter and lime content, available phosphorus and cation exchange capacity) and heavy metal contents Zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb) were determined. According to the results, metal contents were determined between 39.79-58.44 mg kg-1, 32.15-68.31 mg kg-1, 75.68-132.6 mg kg-1, 11.95-18.02 mg kg-1, 0.001-0.278 mg kg-1, 61.88-102.5 mg kg-1, and 9.942-14.67 mg kg-1 for Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Cd, Cr and Pb, respectively. While Cd content was higher at 0-20 cm depth, Cr, Ni and Zn values were higher at 20-40 cm. Cu, Pb and Co values did not show significant change with depth. Average CF values for heavy metals were determined as Ni>Pb>Cr>Cu>Cd>Zn>Co. Degree of contamination values varied between 4.922-7.848 and PLI values varied between 0.946-1.028. In all elements, CF and CD values were classified in the group of low and moderate contamination. Besides, significant relationships were found between soil physicochemical properties, heavy metal concentrations and pollution indices.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Rice
• heavy metal
• soil
• pollution indices

Kaynakça

1. Ahirvar, B.P., Das, P., Srivastava, V., Kumar, M., 2023. Perspectives of heavy metal pollution ındices for soil, sediment, and water pollution evaluation: an insight. Total Environment Research Themes, 6: 100039.
2. Ahmed, F, Fakhruddin, A.N., Imam, M.T., Khan, N., Khan, T.A., Rahman, M.M., Abdullah, A.T., 2016. Spatial distribution and source identification of heavy metal pollution in roadside surface soil: a study of Dhaka Aricha highway, Bangladesh. Ecological Processes, 5(1): 2.
3. Akay, A., Özaytekin, H.H., 2022. Using contamination indices for assessments of heavy metals status of soils around mercury mine, in Kurşunlu, (Konya) Province. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 36(3): 312-319.
4. Akkan, E., 1970. Bafra Burnu-Dicle Kavşağı Arasında Kızılırmak Vadisinin Jeomorfolojisi. Ankara University, Faculty of Language History and Geography Publication: 191, Ankara, Türkiye. (In Turkish).
5. Alloway, B.J., 1995. Heavy Metals in Soils. Blackie Academic and Professional, Chapman and Hall, London.
6. Anonymous, 1992. Procedures for Collecting Soil Samples and Methods of Analysis For Soil Survey. Soil Survey Investigation Report, I. U.S. Gov. Print. Office, Washington D.C., USA.
7. Anonymous, 1995. Soil Quality-Determination of Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Nickel and Zinc Content-Flame and Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Methods. TSE ISO/DIS 11047, Turkish Standards Institute, Ankara, Türkiye. (In Turkish).
8. Anonymous, 2023. Samsun Province Agricultural Production Action Plan. (https://samsun.tarimorman. gov.tr/Belgeler/Yayinlar/Tarimsal_strateji/Samsun_ili_Tarimsal_Uretim_Eylem_Plani), (Accessed: 24.03.2023).

9. Banu, Z., Chowdhury, M.S.A., Hossain, M.D., Nakagami, K.I., 2013. Contamination and ecological risk assessment of heavy metal in the sediment of Turag River, Bangladesh: an index analysis approach. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 5: 239-248.
10. Bayraklı, B., Dengiz, O., 2019. Determination of heavy metal risk and their enrichment factor in intensive cultivated soils of Tokat province. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, 8(3): 249-256.
11. Bayrakli, B., 2023. Evaluating heavy metal pollution risks and enzyme activity in soils with intensive hazelnut cultivation under humid ecological conditions. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195(2): 331.
12. Bouyoucos, G.J., 1962. Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analyses of soils. Agronomy Journal, 54: 464-65.
13. Chi, G., Qin, F., Zhu, B., Chen, X., 2023. Long-term wetland reclamation affects the accumulation and profile distribution of heavy metals in soils. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 23(4): 1706-1717.
14. Chibuike, G.U., Obiora, S.C., 2014. Heavy metal polluted soils: effect on plants and bioremediation methods. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, Article ID: 752708.
15. Curran-Cournane, F., Lear, G., Schwendenmann, L., Khin, J., 2015. Heavy metal soil pollution is influenced by the location of green spaces within urban settings. Soil Research, 53(3): 306-315.
16. Demir, Y., Canbolat, M.Y., Doğan Demir, A., 2016. Assessment of some heavy metals of change that processed and unprocessed in lands throughout soil profile. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 26(4): 614-620. (In Turkish).
17. Dengiz, O., Özcan, H., 2006. Determination of productivity index (PI) of soils of Samsun-Bafra plain using GIS technique. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 20(38): 136-142. (In Turkish).
18. Fawibe, O.O., Hiramatsu, M., Taguchi, Y., Wang, J., Isoda, A., 2020. Grain yield, water-use efficiency, and physiological characteristics of rice cultivars under drip irrigation with plastic-film-mulch. Journal of Crop Improvement, 34(3): 414-436.
19. Gimeno-García, E., Andreu, V., Boluda, R., 1996. Heavy metals incidence in the application of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides to rice farming soils. Environmental Pollution, 92(1): 19-25.
20. Gjoka, F., Felix-Henningsen, P., Wegener, H.R., Salillari, I., Beqiraj, A., 2011. Heavy metals in soils from Tirana (Albania). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 172: 517-527.
21. Hakanson, L., 1980. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water Reesearchs, 14(8): 975-1001.
22. Huang, H., Lin, C., Yu, R., Yan, Y., Hu, G., Li, H., 2019. Contamination assessment, source apportionment and health risk assessment of heavy metals in paddy soils of Jiulong River Basin, Southeast China. RSC Advances, 9(26): 14736-14744.
23. Jalali, M., Hemati, N., 2013. Chemical fractionation of seven heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in selected paddy soils of Iran. Paddy and Water Environment, 11: 299-309.
24. Joksimović, D., Perošević, A., Castelli, A., Pestorić, B., Šuković, D., Đurović, D., 2020 Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface sediments of the Montenegrin coast: a 10-year review. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 20(6): 2598-2607.
25. Kabata-Pendias, A., 2001. Trace Elements in Soils and Plants. CRC Press.
26. Kabata-Pendias, A., Mukherjee, A.B., 2007. Trace Elements from Soil to Human. Springer Science & Business Media: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany.
27. Kizilkaya, R., Dengiz, O., Ozyazici, M.A., Askin, T., Mikayilov, F., Shein, E.V., 2011. Spatial distribution of heavy metals in soils of the Bafra plain in Turkey. Eurasian Soil Science, 44(12): 1343-1351.
28. Kloke, A., 1980. Orientierungsdaten für tolerierbare gesamtgehalte einiger elemente in kulturboden. Mitteilungen des VDLUFA, 1: 9-11.
29. Kumar, A, Cabral-Pinto, M., Kumar, A., Kumar, M., Dinis, P.A., 2020. Estimation of risk to the eco-environment and human health of using heavy metals in the Uttarakhand Himalaya, India. Applied Sciences, 10(20): 7078.
30. Li, C., Quan, Q., Gan, Y., Dong, J., Fang, J., Wang, L., Liu, J., 2020. Effects of heavy metals on microbial communities in sediments and establishment of bioindicators based on microbial taxa and function for environmental monitoring and management. Science of the Total Environment, 749: 141555.
31. Luo, Y., Jia Q., 2021. Pollution and risk assessment of heavy metals in the sediments and soils around tiegelongnan copper deposit, Northern Tibet, China. Journal of Chemistry, Article ID 8925866.
32. Machiwa, J.F., 2010. Heavy metal levels in paddy soils and rice (Oryza sativa (L)) from wetlands of Lake Victoria Basin, Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Science, 36: 59-72.
33. Makuleke, P., Ngole-Jeme, V.M., 2020. Soil heavy metal distribution with depth around a closed landfill and their uptake by Datura stramonium. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, Article ID 8872475.
34. Malidareh, H.B., Mahvi, A.H., Yunesian, M., Alimohammadi, M., Nazmara, S., 2014. Effect of fertilizer application on paddy soil heavy metals concentration and groundwater in North of Iran. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 20(12): 1721-1727.
35. Mulla, D.J., Mc Bratney, A.B., 2000. Soil Spatial Variability. Handbook of Soil Science CRS Pres.
36. Nelson, D.W., Sommers, L.E., 1982. Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. In: A.L. Page, R.H. Miller, and D.R. Keeney (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis: Chemical and Microbiological Properties, American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, pp. 539-579.
37. Olsen, S.R., Cole, C.V., Watanabe, F.S., 1954. Estimation of Available Phosphorus in Soils by Extraction with Sodium Bicarbonate. USDA Circular No. 939, US Government Printing Office, Washington DC.
38. Omran, E.S.E., 2016. Environmental modelling of heavy metals using pollution indices and multivariate techniques in the soils of Bahr El Baqar, Egypt. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 2(3): 1-17.
39. Proshad, R., Kormoker, T., Islam, S., 2021. Distribution, source identification, ecological and health risks of heavy metals in surface sediments of the Rupsa River, Bangladesh. Toxin Reviews, 40(1): 77-101.
40. Rajwade, Y.A., Swain, D.K., Tiwari, K.N., Singh Bhadoria, P.B., 2018. Grain yield, water productivity, and soil nitrogen dynamics in drip irrigated rice under varying nitrogen rates. Agronomy Journal, 110(3): 868-878.
41. Robbins, C.W., 1984. Sodium adsorption ratio-exchangeable sodium percentage relationships in a high potassium saline-sodic soil. Irrigation Science, 5: 173-179.
42. Said, I., Salman, S.A., Elnazer, A.A., 2019. Multivariate statistics and contamination factor to identify trace elements pollution in soil around Gerga City, Egypt. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 43(1): 1-6.
43. Sarkar, N., Ghosh, U., Biswas, R.K., 2018. Effect of drip irrigation on yield and water use efficiency of summer rice cultivation in pots. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(1): 37-40.
44. Shahmoradi, B., Hajimirzaei, S., Amanollahi, J., Wantalla, K., Maleki, A., Lee, S.M., Shim, M.J., 2020. Influence of iron mining activity on heavy metal contamination in the sediments of the Aqyazi River, Iran. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192: 521.
45. Shen, F., Mao, L., Sun, R., Du, J., Tan, Z., Ding, M., 2019. Contamination evaluation and source identification of heavy metals in the sediments from the Lishui River Watershed, Southern China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(3): 336.
46. Shirani, M., Afzali, K. N., Jahan, S., Strezov, V., Soleimani-Sardo, M., 2020. Pollution and contamination assessment of heavy metals in the sediments of Jazmurian playa in southeast Iran. Scientific Reports, 10(1): 1-11.
47. Sun, J., Yu, R., Hu, G., Su, G., Zhang, Y., 2018. Tracing of heavy metal sources and mobility in a soil depth profile via isotopic variation of Pb and Sr. Catena, 171: 440-449.
48. Tas, I., 2021. Production cost and water savings of paddy produced by drip irrigation. Current Trends in Natural Sciences, 10(19): 151-165.
49. Taylor, S.R., 1964. Abundance of chemical elements in the continental crust: a new table. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 28(8): 1273-1285.
50. Teng, Y., Liu, L., Zheng, N., Liu, H., Wu, L., Yue, W., 2022. Application of different indices for soil heavy metal pollution risk assessment comparison and uncertainty: A case study of a copper mine tailing site. Minerals, 12(9): 1074.
51. Tomlinson, D.C., Wilson, J.G., Harris,C.R., Jeffery, D.W., 1980. Problems in the assessment of heavy-metal levels in estuaries and the formation of a pollution index. Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen, 33: 566-575.
52. Turan, M., Dengiz, O., Demirağ Turan, İ., 2018. Determination of soil moisture and temperature regimes for Samsun province according to Newhall Model. Turkish Journal of Agricultural Research, 5(2): 131-142. (In Turkish).
53. Wilding, L.P., 1985. Spatial variability: It's documentation, accommodation and implication to soil surveys. In: D.R. Nielsen and J. Bouma (Eds.), Soil Spatial Variability, Pudoc, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp: 166-194.
54. Wu, Y., Li, X., Yu, L., Wang, T., Wang, J., Liu, T., 2022. Review of soil heavy metal pollution in China: Spatial distribution, primary sources, and remediation alternatives. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 181: 106261.
55. Xu, D., Shen, Z., Dou, C., Dou, Z., Li, Y., Gao, Y., Sun, Q., 2022. Effects of soil properties on heavy metal bioavailability and accumulation in crop grains under different farmland use patterns. Scientific Reports, 12(1): 9211.
56. Zhang, Q., Han, G., Liu, M., Li, X., Wang, L., Liang, B., 2019. Distribution and contamination assessment of soil heavy metals in the jiulongjiang river catchment, southeast China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(23): 4674.
57. Zhang, J., He, Y., Fang, Y., Zhao, K., Wang, N., Zhou, Y., Luo, L.,Yang, Y., 2021. Characteristics and influencing factors of microbial community in heavy metal contaminated soil under silicon fertilizer and biochar remediation. Adsorption Science & Technology, Article ID 9964562.
58. Zhao, Q., Bai, J., Gao, Y., Zhang, G., Lu, Q., Jia, J., 2021. Heavy metal contamination in soils from freshwater wetlands to salt marshes in the Yellow River Estuary, China. Science of the Total Environment, 774: 145072.
59. Žvab Rožič, P., Dolenec, T., Bazdaric, B., Karamarko, V., Kniewald, G., Dolenec, M., 2012. Major, minor and trace element content derived from aquacultural activity of marine sediments (Central Adriatic, Croatia). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 19: 2708-2721.