Ağır Metallerle Bulaşık Topraklarda Endofitlerle Fitoremediasyon

Öz

Fitoremediasyon, bitkilerin; sudan, topraktan ve havadan kimyasalları çıkarma konusundaki doğal yeteneğine dayanmakta olup, uygulanması geleneksel arındırma teknolojilerinden çok daha ekonomiktir. Fitoremidasyonun etkisini artıran endofitler ise sağlıklı bitki dokularından elde edilen, konukçuda herhangi bir hastalık belirtisi göstermeyen ve bitki ile simbiyotik olarak yaşayan mikroorganizmalardır. Son zamanlarda yapılan çalışmalar birçok endofitin metale dirençli olduğunu ve bitki büyümesini arttırmak ve/veya organik maddeleri ayrıştırmak için fitoremediasyonda başarıyla kullanılabildiğini göstermiştir. Bitkiler kendi başlarına kök ve sürgünlerinde uranyum ve kurşun gibi metalleri biriktirme potansiyeli gösterse de endofitik bakteri konsorsiyumları metal alım kapasitesini daha da artırmaktadır. Çeşitli bitkilerden birçok siderofor üreten endofit varlığı rapor edilmiş; bunların, fakir ortamlarda bitki büyümesini arttırdığı bildirilmiştir. Sideroforun bir metale bağlanmasının, çözünebilir metal konsantrasyonunu arttırdığı belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca endofitler, metan ve karbondioksit gibi sera gazlarının biyoremediasyonuna da yardımcı olabilmektedir. Endofitik funguslardan özellikle Neotyphodium coenophialum ve Neotyphodium uncinatum bitkilerin rizosferinde ağır metal kirliliğine karşı başarı gösterdiği belirtilmiştir. Bu derlemenin amacı, günümüzün en önemli problemlerinden olan çevresel kirlilik nedeniyle bitkisel üretimin temel unsuru olan toprağın ağır metaller gibi kalıcılığı yüksek ve sürdürülebilir çevreyi sınırlandıran maddelerden fiteromediasyon olarak isimlendirilen yeni bir bakış açısı içinde özellikle endofit mikroorganizmalar marifetiyle kontrol edilebilmesine yönelik çalışmaları özetlemek ve bilgiler vermektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Endofitik mikroorganizmalar
• fitostabilizasyon
• fitoekstraksiyon
• fitovolatilizasyon
• fitofiltrasyon

Phytoremediation with Endophytes in Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils

Öz

Phytoremediation is based on the natural ability of plants to remove chemicals from water, soil and air and is much more economical to implement than conventional decontamination technologies. Endophytes, which enhance the effect of phytoremediation, are microorganisms obtained from healthy plant tissues, do not show any disease symptoms in the host and live symbiotically with the plant. Recent studies have shown that many endophytes are metal resistant and can be successfully used in phytoremediation to enhance plant growth and/or decompose organic matter. While plants on their own have the potential to accumulate metals such as uranium and lead in their roots and shoots, bacterial consortia further enhance metal uptake capacity. Many siderophore-producing endophytes have been reported from various plants and have been reported by researchers to enhance plant growth in poor environments. The binding of siderophore to a metal has been found to increase the soluble metal concentration. Endophytes can also help with the bioremediation of greenhouse gases such as methane and carbon dioxide. It has been reported that the endophytic fungi such as Neotyphodium coenophialum and Neotyphodium uncinatum, were successive to reducing of heavy metal pollution. The aim of this review is to summarize the studies and provide information about the control of the soil by endophytes, which is the basic element of plant production due to environmental pollution, which is one of the most important problems of today, from substances such as heavy metals that are highly persistent and limit the sustainable environment, within a new perspective called phytoremediation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Endophytic microorganisms
• phytostabilization
• phytoextraction
• phytovolatilization
• phytofiltration

Kaynakça

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