Haşhaş (Papaver somniferum L.)’ta Heterosis

Öz

Haşhaş (Papaver somniferum L.) içerdiği alkaloidler ve yüksek yağ oranı nedeniyle hem tıbbi hem de endüstriyel açıdan önemli bir bitkidir. Türkiye başta olmak üzere birçok ülkede geleneksel olarak yetiştirilen haşhaş, tohumları, kapsülleri ve çiçekleriyle gıda, ilaç, kozmetik ve boya sanayi gibi alanlarda kullanılmaktadır. Haşhaş ıslahında, yüksek verimli, kaliteli ve çevre koşullarına dayanıklı yeni çeşitlerin geliştirilmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu hedeflere ulaşmak için kullanılan yöntemlerden biri de heterosis (melez gücü) olgusudur. Heterosis, genetik olarak farklı iki bireyin melezlenmesi sonucu elde edilen F1 neslinde, anaçlara kıyasla gözlenen üstün performansı tanımlar. Bu üstünlük; erkencilik, fide gelişimi, kök yapısı, kapsül sayısı, tohum verimi, alkaloid içeriği ve çevresel stres faktörlerine karşı dayanıklılık gibi özelliklerde ortaya çıkmaktadır. Literatürde haşhaş bitkisinde kapsül ve tohum verimi için % 20 ile % 80 arasında, morfin verimi için ise % 10 ile % 60 arasında heterosis değerleri bildirilmiştir. Erkek kısırlığı, melez tohum üretiminde kullanılabilecek önemli bir araç olup, bazı çalışmalar gama ışınlaması ve türler arası melezlemelerle haşhaşta indüklenmiş erkek kısırlık hatlarının geliştirilebildiğini göstermektedir. Ayrıca, heterosisin genetik temelleri, ebeveyn hatlar arasındaki genetik mesafeye, kombinasyon yeteneklerine ve çevresel faktörlere bağlı olarak değişiklik gösterebilmektedir. Heterosis, yalnızca morfin ve tohum verimi gibi ekonomik öneme sahip özelliklerde değil, aynı zamanda bitkinin morfolojik ve fenolojik özelliklerinde de olumlu etkiler yaratmaktadır. Hibrit hatlarda bitki boyu, kapsül büyüklüğü, çiçeklenme süresi ve alkaloid profili bakımından önemli farklılıklar gözlemlenmiştir. Bu nedenle heterosis, haşhaş ıslahında kullanılabilecek etkili bir strateji olarak ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu derlemede, P. somniferum bitkisinde heterosis olgusunun biyolojik temelleri, uygulama yöntemleri ve ıslah programlarındaki yeri güncel literatür verileri ışığında kapsamlı şekilde ele alınmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Haşhaş
• Papaver somniferum
• ıslah
• heterosis
• alkaloid

Heterosis in Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)

Öz

Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is an important plant that is used in oharmaceutical and other industries due to the presence of alkaloids and its high oil contents. It is traditionally grown in many countries, including Türkiye. Poppy seeds, capsules and flowers are used in areas like food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and paint industries. The development of new high yielding, with high quality and resistance to environmental conditions is of great importance. One of the methods used to achieve these goals is the phenomenon of heterosis (hybrid vigor). Heterosis describes the superior performance observed in the F1 generation obtained as a result of the crossbreeding of two genetically different individuals, compared to the parents. This superiority is evident in features such as earliness, seedling development, root structure, number of capsules seed yield, alkaloid contents and resistance to environmental stress factors. Heterosis values between 20% to 80% for capsule and seed yields and between 10% to 60% for morphine yield have been reported in poppy plants. Male sterility is an important tool that can be used in hybrid seed production. Some studies show that induced male sterile lines can be developed in poppy by gamma irradiation and interspecific cross breeding. The genetic basis of heterosis may vary depending on the genetic distance between parental lines, their combining abilities and environmental factors. Heterosis has positive effects not only on economically important traits such as morphology and seed yield, but also on the morphological and phenological characteristics of the plant. Significant differences were observed in hybrid lines in terms of plant height, capsule size, flowering time and alkaloid profile. Therefore, heterosis stands out as an effective strategy that can be used in poppy breeding. Biological basis of heterosis in P. somniferum, its application methods and its place in breeding programs were comprehensively discussed in the light of current literature data in this review.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Poppy
• Papaver somniferum
• breeding
• heterosis
• alkaloid

Kaynakça

1. Brunet, J., Flick, A.J., Bauer, A., 2021. Phenotypic selection on flower color and floral display size by three bee species. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11: 587528.
2. Dubey, R.B., Jain, S.K., Maloo, S.R., 2007. Combining ability and heterosis for latex yield, seed yield and other agronomic traits in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 67(4): 392-395.
3. Güler, E., 1977. Heterosis among selfed lines in some sunflower varieties. PhD Thesis, Ankara University, Institute of Science, Ankara.
4. Gümüşçü, A., 2002. Studies on heterosis in yield and some traits of hybrids of selected P. somniferum lines. PhD Thesis, Ankara University, Institute of Science, Ankara.
5. Gümüşçü, A., Arslan, N., 2008. Bazı haşhaş (Papaver somniferum L.) melez hatlarının verim ve verim öğelerinde heterosis üzerine araştırmalar. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 14(4): 365-373.
6. Hong, U.V., Tamiru-Oli, M., Hurgobin, B., Okey, C.R., Abreu, A., Lewsey, M.G., 2021. Insights into opium poppy (Papaver spp.) genetic diversity from genotyping-by-sequencing analysis. Scientific Reports, 11: 22579.
7. Hrishi, N.J., 1960. Cytological studies of Papaver somniferum and P. setigerum and their hybrids. Genetica, 31: 1-30.
8. Hrishi, N., Hrishi, K., 2005. Studies on the correlation between male sterility and flower colour in the F2 of an interspecific cross between Papaver setigerum and P. somniferum. Genetica, 45(1): 91-95.

9. Jonsson, B., Jonsson, R., 1986. Breeding of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Sveriges Utsadesforenings Tidskrift, 96(3): 243-249.
10. Kahraman-Yanardağ, Y., Day, S., Bayraktar, N., Özgen, Y., 2024. Evaluation of agronomic and oil characteristics of selected Turkish poppy genotypes under Ankara’s climate conditions. Agronomy, 14(5): 957.
11. Kaya, S., 2024. Türk kültüründe haşhaş (afyon bitkisi) kullanımı (11-14. Yüzyıl Anadolu’sunda). Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi, 109: 115-138.
12. Kaymak, F., 1980. Diallel Melezleme Sisteminde Genel ve Özel Uyuşma Yeteneğinin Hesaplanması. T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Nazilli Bölge Pamuk Araştırma Enstitüsü.
13. Khatik, C.L., Sharma, S.P., Dodiya, N.S., Maloo, S.R., Joshi, A., Jain, H.K., Padiwal, N., 2016.
14. Heterosis for latex yield and its attributes in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences, 38(1): 1-6.
15. Khatik, C.L., Sharma, S., Dodiya, N.S., Maloo, S., Joshi, A., Jain, H., Padiwal, N., 2017. Estimate of heterosis for latex yield and its related traits in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 8(2): 1063-1067.
16. Krüger, A.P., Ferreira, M.S., Martins, L.N., Teixeira, C.M., Schlesener, D.C., Deprá, M., Garcia, F., 2021. Impact of gamma radiation dose on sterility and quality parameters of Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae). Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 93(1): e20190249.
17. Lal, R.K., Chanotiya, C., Gupta, P., 2020. Induced mutation breeding for qualitative and quantitative traits and varietal development in medicinal and aromatic crops at CSIR-CIMAP, Lucknow (India): Past and recent accomplishments. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 96(11): 1489-1497.
18. Lattoo, S.K., Khan, S., Dhar, A.K., Choudhary, D., Gupta, K.K., Sharma, P.R., 2006. Genetics and mechanism of induced male sterility in Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) nees and its significance. Current Science, 91(3): 272-276.
19. Liu, J., Li, M., Zhang, Q., Wei, X., Huang, X., 2020. Exploring the molecular basis of heterosis for plant breeding. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 62(3): 287-298.
20. Martínez-Harms, J., Hadar, R., Márquez, N., Menzel, R., Shmida, A., Stavenga, D., Vorobyev, M., 2020. Enhanced UV-reflection facilitated a shift in the pollination system of the red poppy, Papaver rhoeas (Papaveraceae). Plants, 9(8): 927.
21. Masihuddin, M., Jafri, M., Siddiqui, A., Chaudhary, S., 2018. Traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of Papaver somniferum with special reference to Unani medicine: An updated review. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 8(5-S): 2069.
22. Matyasova, E., Novák, J., Stranska, I., Hejtmánková, A., Skalický, M., Hejtmánková, K., Hejnak, V., 2018. Production of morphine and variability of significant characters of Papaver somniferum L. Plant Soil and Environment, 64(10): 453-459.
23. Meena, N.S., Dadheech, A., Sharma, H., Singh, V., Choudhary, J., Momin, S., 2024. Elucidating heterosis in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) for seed yield and its component traits. International Journal of Research in Agronomy, 7(7): 1144.
24. Miller, J., Henning, L., Heazlewood, V.J., Larkin, P., Chitty, J., Allen, R., Brown, P., Gerlach, W., Fist, A.J., 2005. Pollination biology of oilseed poppy, Papaver somniferum L. Crop & Pasture Science, 56(6): 475-481.
25. Naseem, S., Kumar, G., 2013. Induced desynaptic variation in poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 13(4): 295-300.
26. Rahevar, P.M., Chauhan, R.M., Patel, P.T., Patel, M.P., Bhadauria, H.S., Solanki, S.D., Viradiya, Y.A., Gami, R.A., Vaghela, S.J., 2024. Isolation and evaluation of novel male sterile and self‐incompatible mutant lines of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.). Plant Breeding, 143(5): 666-674.
27. Rajan, N., Debnath, S., Perveen, K., Khan, F., Pandey, B., Srivastava, A., Khanam, M.N., Subramaniyan, V., Kumarasamy, V., Paul, P., Lal, M., 2023. Optimizing hybrid vigor: A comprehensive analysis of genetic distance and heterosis in eggplant landraces. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14: 1238870.
28. Ray, T., Pandey, S., Pandey, A., Srivastava, M., Shanker, K., Kalra, A., 2019. Endophytic consortium with diverse gene-regulating capabilities of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids biosynthetic pathway can enhance endogenous morphine biosynthesis in Papaver somniferum. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10: 925.
29. Shah, H.A., Khan, S., Ahmed, M.M., 2025. Unravelling the medicinal secrets of Khashkhaash (Papaver somniferum L.) seeds: A powerful blend of Unani wisdom and modern science. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 15(1): 6957.
30. Singh, N., Singh, A., Singh, V., Lal, R.K., Kumar, V., 2021. Estimation of heterosis and pattern of inheritance for elite economic yield traits in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 9(2B): 1255.
31. Singh, U.P., Khanna, K.R., 1970. Male sterility in opium poppy. Science and Culture, 36: 554-556. Temesgen, B., 2021. Combining ability and heterosis in plant improvement. Open Journal of Plant Science, 6(1): 14-20.
32. Trunschke, J., Lunau, K., Pyke, G., Ren, Z., Wang, H., 2021. Flower color evolution and the evidence of pollinator-mediated selection. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12: 617851. Valizadeh, N., Arslan, N., Khawar, K.M., 2017. Heterosis and heterobeltiosis studies on yield and yield components of some Turkish poppy hybrids (Papaver somniferum L.). Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 6: 41-51.
33. Wang, Y., Liu, D., Tian, Y., Wu, S., An, X., Dong, Z., Zhang, S., Bao, J., Li, Z., Li, J., Wan, X., 2019. Map-based cloning, phylogenetic, and microsynteny analyses of ZmMs20 gene regulating male fertility in maize. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(6): 1411.
34. Yazıcı, L., Yılmaz, G., 2020. Hybrid vigor for alkaloid contents in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Agricultural Science Digest, 40(1): 35-39.
35. Zandi, P., Majidi, M.M., Alizadeh, H., Mirlohi, A., 2020. Genetic diversity and population structure of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) based on agro-morphological traits and molecular markers. Industrial Crops and Products, 147: 112225.