Tarımsal Biyoteknolojide Mobil Genetik Elementlerin Moleküler Markör Olarak Kullanılması

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 3, 302 - 310, 31.10.2017

Arzu Koçak Behcet İnal

https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.310507

Öz

Moleküler markör tekniklerinin temeli, melezleme
veya polimeraz zincir reaksiyonuna (PZR) dayanır. Farklı stratejilerin bir
kombinasyonu olarak yeni ve ileri teknikler geliştirilmiştir; örneğin cDNA’lar,
spesifik dizilerin enzim kesimi veya kullanımı, ifade edilmiş dizi etiketleri
(EST’ler), mikrosatellitler, retrotranspozonlar olarak sıralanabilir. Retrotranspozonlar
bir tür (Sınıf I) transpoze olabilen (genomda farklı yerlere entegre olabilen)
elementlerdir. Transpozon elementleri (TE) bitkilerde fiziksel olarak genomun
önemli bir kısmını oluştururlar. Retrotranspozonlar aynı zamanda, amplifikasyon
mekanizmaları ve dizilim karakteristikleri nedeniyle moleküler markör
teknikleri geliştirmek için de oldukça ideal genetik elementlerdir. Bunlardan
bazıları; Retrotranspozon-Arası Çoğaltılmış Polimorfizm, Retrotranspozon-Mikrosatellit
Çoğaltılmış Polimorfizm, Primer Bağlanma Yeri Arası Çoğaltım, Dizilim-Spesifik
Çoğaltım Polimorfizmi, Retrotranspozon Temelli İnsertion Polimorfizmi,
SINE-Arası Çoğaltılan Polimorfizm, RAPD-Retrotranspozon Çoğaltılan Polimorfizm,
Ters Dizilim Etiketli Tekrarlar, MITE-Arası Polimorfizm ve Transpoze Olabilen
Gösterim bulunmaktadır. Bu metotlar farklı tarımsal ıslah amaçları için yaygın bir
şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Bunlardan bazıları genetik çeşitliliğin, genetik
bağlantının belirlenmesi, genom haritalaması, DNA parmak izi analizi,
filogenetik, somaklonal varyasyon çalışmaları, transgenik araştırmaları,
gelişim biyolojisi ve mutagenesis çalışmalarında kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada,
farklı retrotranspozon-temelli markör tiplerinin tarımsal biyoteknolojide genel
kullanım alanlarından ve potansiyel uygulamalarından bahsedilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

biyo markör, bitki, biyoteknoloji, Transpozon, ıslah

The Use of Mobile Genetic Elements as Molecular Marker in Agricultural Biotechnology

Öz

The basis of molecular marker techniques are based on hybridization or Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). New
and improved techniques have been developed as a combination of different strategies such as; cDNAs, enzyme digestion or
the utilization of specific sequences; e.g. expressed sequence tags, microsatellites, and retrotransposons. Retrotransposons
are a class (Class I) of transposable elements. Transposon elements physically form an important part of the genome in
plants. Retrotransposons are also an ideal target for developing molecular marker techniques because of their amplification
mechanism and sequence characteristics. Some of these are; Inter-Retrotransposon Amplified Polymorphism,
Retrotransposon-Microsatellite Amplified Polymorphism, Inter Primer Binding Site Amplification, Sequence-Specific
Amplification Polymorphism, Retrotransposon Based Insertion Polymorphism, Inter Sine Amplified Polymorphism, RAPDRetrotransposon
Amplified Polymorphism, Inverse Sequence Tagged Repeats, Inter-MITE Polymorphism and Transposable
display. These methods are used widely for different breeding purposes. Some of those are used in determination of genetic
diversity, genetic linkage, genome mapping, DNA fingerprint analysis, phylogenetics, somaclonal variation studies,
transgenic research, developmental biology, and mutagenesis studies. In this article, the common uses and potential
applications of different retrotransposon-based marker types in agricultural biotechnology will be discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Transposon, biomarker, plant, biotechnology, breeding

Kaynakça

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