Yarı Sentetik Spinosyn İnsektisit Olan Spinetoram’ın Alman Hamamböceği [Blatella germanica L. (Blattodea: Blatellidae)] Nimflerine Karşı Ölüm Etkisi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 144 - 153, 30.06.2021

Ferhat Küçüksarı Hasan Tunaz

https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.860952

Öz

Bu çalışmada laboratuvar koşullarında yarı-sentetik sponisin insektisidi Spinetoram’ın solüsyon halinde üç farklı uygulama yüzeyinde (beton, fayans ve parke) Blatella germanica (L.)’nin nimflerine karşı rezidual kontak toksisitesi araştırılmıştır. Bu bağlamda üç farklı yüzeyde B. germanica’nın 3. ve 4. dönem nimflerine karşı 1, 3, 5, 7 ve 9 gün süreyle Spinetoram’ın 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 25, 50, 75 ve 100 mg aktif madde m-2 konsantrasyonlarında biyolojik testler yürütülmüştür. Spinetoram’ın tüm yüzey uygulamalarında, maruz kalma süreleri ve konsantrasyonları, B. germanica nimflerinin ölüm oranları üzerinde önemli etkiye sebep olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Uygulanan tüm yüzeylerde daha düşük Spinetoram konsantrasyonları (2.5 ve 5 mg m-2) B. germanica nimflerinde düşük ölüm oranına neden olmuştur. Bununla birlikte, 50, 75 ve 100 mg m-2 konsantrasyonları, B. germanica nimflerinin 9 günlük maruz bırakma süresinden sonra % 100 ölüm ya da % 100’e yakın ölüme neden olmuştur. Genel olarak, B. germanica nimflerinin ölüm oranı maruz bırakma süresiyle artarken, nispeten düşük Spinetoram konsantrasyonlarında (7.5, 10, 15 ve 25 mg m-2) % 100 ölüm sağlanamamıştır. Spinetoram uygulanan üç farklı yüzeyde de Spinetoram konsantrasyonlarının B. germanica nimflerine karşı etkinliğinde önemli farklılıklar ortaya çıkmıştır. 100 mg m-2 Spinetoram konsantrasyonunda B. germanica nimflerinin ölüm oranının 5. gün sonunda beton yüzeyde diğer yüzeylere göre daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Bununla birlikte, diğer Spinetoram konsantrasyonlarında, 5. gün sonunda nimflerin ölüm oranı genellikle üç yüzeyde de benzer bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, Spinetoram’ın ev zararlısı olan B. germanica’nın mücadelesinde kullanılma potansiyeline sahip olduğu ve bu böceğin mücadelesinde kullanılan geleneksel sentetik kimyasalların kullanımını düşürebileceği ortaya çıkmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Spinetoram, Blatella germanica, Nimf, rezidual kontak toksisite

Mortality Effect of Spinetoram, Semi-Synthetic Spinosyn Insecticide, Against German Cockroach [Blatella germanica L. (Blattodea: Blatellidae)] Nymphs

Öz

The study investigated the toxicity of spinosyn (semi-synthetic) insecticide Spinetoram suspension against Blatella germanica (L.) nymphs on three different surfaces; concrete, ceramic and parquet. In this context, biological tests were carried out at 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg of Spinetoram active substance m-2 concentrations against B. germanica's 3rd and 4th stage nymphs on three different surfaces for 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 days. In all surface applications of Spinetoram, exposure times and concentrations have been observed to have a significant effect on the mortality rates of B. germanica nymphs. Lower Spinetoram concentrations (2.5 and 5 mg m-2) on all applied surfaces resulted in low mortality in B. germanica nymphs. However, concentrations of 50, 75 and 100 mg m-2 resulted in 100% mortality or near 100% mortality of the B. germanica nymphs after 9 days of exposure. In general, the mortality rate of B. germanica nymphs increased with increasing exposure time, while at relatively low Spinetoram concentrations (7.5, 10, 15, and 25 mg m-2), 100% mortality was not achieved. Significant differences emerged in the effectiveness of Spinetoram concentrations against B. germanica nymphs on three different Spinetoram applied surfaces. At the 100 mg m-2 concentration, the mortality rate of B. germanica nymphs was found to be higher on the concrete surface at the end of the 5th day compared to the other surfaces. However, in other Spinetoram concentrations, nymph mortality at the end of day 5th was generally similar on all three surfaces. As a result, it has been revealed that Spinetoram has the potential to be used in the control of the house pest B. germanica and may reduce the use of traditional synthetic chemicals used in the control of this insect.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Spinetoram, Blatella germanica, nymph, residual contact toxicity

Kaynakça

• Anonymous, 2009. SAS/STAT User’ s Guide, Version 9.1.3. Portable, SAS Institute, Cary, NC.
• Arnason, J.T., Philogene, B.J.R., Morand, P., 1989. Insecticides of Plant Origin. ACS Symp Ser. No 387. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, USA.
• Arthur, F.H., 1997. Differential effectiveness of deltamethrin dust on plywood, concrete and tile surfaces against three stored-product beetles. Journal of Stored Product Research, 33(2): 167-173.
• Arthur, F.H., 2007. Efficacy of chlorfenapyr against Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) adults exposed on concrete, vinyl tile, and plywood surfaces Journal of Stored Product Research, 44(2): 145-151.
• Besard, L., Mommaerts, V., Abdu-Alla, G., Smagghe, G., 2011. Lethal and sublethal side-effect assessment supports a more benign profile of spinetoram compared with spinosad in the bumblebee Bombus terrestris. Pest Management Science, 67(5): 541-547.
• Bitter, Z.S., Williams, O.B., 1949. Enteric organisms from the American Cockrach. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 85: 87-89.
• Bret, B.L., Larson, L.L., Schoonover, J.R., Sparks, T.C., Thompson, G.D., 1997. Biological properties of spinosad. Down to Earth, 52(1): 6 -13.
• Burgess, N.R.H., Mc Dermott, S.N., Whiting, A., 1973. Aerobic bacteria occoring in the hind-gut of the cockroach, B. Orientalis. Epidemiol Infect, 71(1): 1-8.
• Chadwick, P.R., 1985. Surfaces and other factors modifying the effectiveness of pyrethroids against insects in public health. Journal of Pesticide Science, 16(4): 383-391.
• Copping, L.G., Menn, J.J., 2000. Biopesticides: a review of their action, applications and efficacy. Pest Management Science, 56(8): 651-676.
• Çelik, A., 2013. Yarı-sentetik Spinosin insektisidi spinetoram’ın fasulye tohum böceği (Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say.))’e karşı residual kontak toksisitesinin belirlenmesi. Yüksek lisans tezi, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kahramanmaraş.
• DeAmicis, C., Edwards, N.A., Giles, M.B., Harris, G.H., Hewitson, P., Janavay, L., Ignatova, S., 2011. Comparison of preparative reversed phase liquid chromatography and countercurrent chromatography for the kilogram scale purification of crude spinetoram insecticide. Journal of Chromatogaphy A, 1218(36): 6122-6127.
• DeAmicis, C.V., Dripps, J.E., Hatton, C.J., Karr, L.L., 1997. Physical and biological properties of the spinosyns: novel macrolide pest-control agents from fermentation. In: P.A. Hedin, R.M. Hollingworth, E.P. Masler, J. Miyamoto and D.G. Thompson (Eds.), Phytochemicals for Pest Control, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, pp. 144-154.
• Dong, K., Valles, R.M., Scharf, M.E., Zeichner, B., Bennet, G.W., 1998. The Knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation in Pyrethroid-Resistant German cockroaches. Pesticide Biochemistry Physiology, 60(3): 195-204.
• Dripps, J., Olson, B., Sparks, T., Crouse, G., 2008. Spinetoram: How Artificial Intelligence Combined Natural Fermentation with Synthetic Chemistry to Produce a New Spinosyn Insecticide. Plant Health Progress, (https://www.plantmanagementnetwork. org/pub/php/perspective/2008/spinetoram/), (Erişim tarihi: 13.04.2021).
• Feng, R., Isman, M.B., 1995. Selection for resistance to Azadirachtin in the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae. Experiantia, 51(8): 831-833.
• Gamal, A., El-Kady, E.L., Sharabasy, H.M., Mahmoud, M.F., Bahgat, I.M., 2007. Toxicity of two potential bio-insecticides against moveable stages of Tetranychus urticae Koch. Journal of Applied Science Research, 3(11): 1315-1319.
• Hodges, R.J., Dales, M.J., 1991. Report on an Investigation of Insecticide Persistence on Grain Store Surfaces in Ghana. NRI Report, p. 2630.
• Hodges, R.J., 1993. The Relative Efficacy of Contact Insecticide Sprayed Onto Store Wall Surfaces in Mali. West Africa NRI Report, p. 2027.
• Jain, S., Yadav, T.D., 1989. Persistence of deltamethrin, etrimfos and malathion on different storage surfaces. Pesticide Science, 23(11): 21-24.
• Mahmoud, M.F., Osman, M.A.M., 2007. Relative toxicity of some bio-rational insecticides to second instar larvae and adults of onion thrips (Thrips tabaci Lind.) and their predator Orius albidipennis under laboratory and field conditions. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 47(4): 391-400.
• Mansouri, F., Azaizeh, H., Saadf, B., Tadmor, Y., Abo-Moch, F., Said, O., 2004. The potential of middle eastern flora as a source of new safe bio-acairicides to control Tetranychus cinnabarinus, the Carmine Spider Mite. Phytoparasitica, 32(1): 66-72.
• Mertz, F.P., Yao, R.C., 1990. Saccharopolyspora spinosa sp. now. isolated from soil collected in a sugar rum still. Internatioanl Journal of Systematic Evolulatin Microbiolology, 40(1): 34-39.
• Rişvanlı, M.R., 2015. Spinosin insektisidi Spinetoram’ın Amerikan hamam böceği (Periplaneta americana) (L.)’nin 3-4. dönem nimf ve ergin dönemine karşı residual kontak toksisitesinin belirlenmesi. Yüksek lisans tezi, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kahramanmaraş.
• Rust, M.K., Reierson, D.A., 1991. Chlorpyrifos resisance in German cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) from restaurants. Journal of Economical Entomology, 84(3): 736-740.
• Rust, M.K., Reierson, D.A., Ziechner, B.C., 1993. Relationship between insecticide resistance and performance in choice tests of field coolected German cookroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae). Journal of Economical Entomology, 86(4): 1124-1130.
• Samson, P.R., Hall, E.A., 1989. Effect of relative humidity on the biological activity of fenitrothion residues on different surfaces. Journal of Stored Product Research, 25(4): 243-246.
• Thacker, J.R.M., 1999. Identification of a plant phytosterol with toxicity against arthropod pests. Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, 4(2): 13-17.
• Thompson, G.D., Dutton, R., Sparks, T.C., 2000. Spinosad a case study: an example from a natural products discovery programme. Pest Management Science, 56(8): 696-702.
• Toews, M.D., Subramanyam, B.H., Rowan, J.M., 2003. Knockdown and mortality of adults of eight species of stored-product beetles exposed to four surfaces treated with spinosad. Journal of Economical Entomology, 96(6): 1967-1973.
• Waldvogel, M.G., Moore, C.B., Nalyanya, G.W., Stringham, S.M., Watson, D.W., Schal, C., 1999. Integrated cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) management in confined swine production. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference of Urban Pests, Prague (Czech Republic), Graficke Zavody Hronov, pp. 183-188.
• Wewetzer, A., 1995. Callus cultures of Azadirachta indica and their potential for the production of Azadirachtin. Phytoparasitica, 26(1): 47-52.
• White, N.D.G., 1982. Effectiveness of malathion and pirimiphos-methyl applied to plywood and concrete to control Prostephanus truncatus (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). Journal of Entomological Society Onterio, 113: 65-69.
• Williams, T., Valle, J., Viñuela, E., 2003. Is the naturally derived insecticide Spinosad® compatible with insect natural enemies. Biocontrol Science Technology, 13(5): 459-475.
• Zhang, J., Wu, M., Chen, J., 2007. Resistance investigation of Blattella germanica to six insecticides and control strategy in Hefei city. Chinse Journal of Vector Biology and Contol, 18(2): 98-99.