Arıtma Tesisi Atık Suyu ile Sulamanın Ak Üçgül (Trifolium repens L.) + Çayır Salkım Otu (Poa pratensis L.) Bitkilerinden Oluşan Karışımın Gelişimi, Bazı Metal ve Metaloid İçeriği Üzerine Kısa Vadeli Etkileri
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3, 352 - 361, 31.10.2021
Hülya Ek
,
Şeyda Zorer Çelebi
,
Zübeyir Ağırağaç
Öz
Bu çalışmada, ak üçgül (Trifolium repens L.) ve çayır salkım otu (Poa pratensis L.) bitkilerinden oluşan karışımın, Türkiye-Van Edremit İleri Biyolojik Atık Su Arıtma Tesisi çıkış suyunun farklı konsantrasyonları ile sulanması konusu ele alınmıştır. Bu kapsamda, araştırma; atık suyun, bitkilerin ayrı ayrı ve karışım gelişimine etkisinin araştırılması amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Ayrıca, atık suyun toprak ve bitkide bazı metal ve metaloid içeriği üzerine kısa vadeli etkilerinin belirlenmesi de amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, denemeler 2018 yılında iklim odasında saksılarda tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre üç tekrarlamalı olarak yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada uygulamalar; % 100 saf su kontrol (100S), % 25 atık su + % 75 saf su (25A75S), % 50 atık su + % 50 saf su (50A50S) ve % 75 atık su + % 25 saf su (75A25S) şeklinde yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, bitki boyu her biçimde atık su uygulama miktarına bağlı olarak artış göstermiş olup; en yüksek bitki boyu ortalaması ak üçgülde 10.70 cm ile 75A25S, çayır salkım otunda 11.42 cm ve 11.21 cm ile sırasıyla kontrol ve 75A25S uygulamasından elde edilmiştir. Ak üçgülün yaş ve kuru ağırlığı atık su uygulamalarına bağlı olarak artmış, çayır salkım otunda ise atık su uygulamalarının etkisi görülmemiştir. Bitkilerin ve hasat sonrası toprağın metal ve metaloid içeriği uygulamalara bağlı olarak genelde artmıştır. Çayır salkım otunda molibden (Mo), ak üçgülde ise bakır dışında incelenen metal ve metaloid içerikleri 75A25S uygulamasında en yüksek değerlere ulaşmıştır. Hasat sonrası toprakta Mo, kurşun ve kadmiyum içeriğinde bir değişiklik olmamış, ancak diğer metal ve metaloid içerikleri artmıştır. Hasat sonrası alınan toprak örneklerinde atık su uygulamaları ile pH değerinde bir düşüş olduğu belirlenmiştir. Atık su uygulama konsantrasyonları arttıkça toprağın elektriksel iletkenlik değerinde de artış belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlar ışığında, kullanılan atık suyun bitki büyüme ve gelişmesi üzerine olumlu etkileri belirlenmiş ancak toprak üzerine etkileri için uzun süreli çalışmalara ihtiyaç olduğu kanısına varılmıştır.
Destekleyen Kurum
Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırmalar ve Proje Başkanlığı
Proje Numarası
FYL – 2018 – 7405
Teşekkür
Bu projenin yürütülmesine FYL – 2018 – 7405 No’lu proje kapsamında destekte bulunan Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırmalar ve Proje Başkanlığına teşekkür ederiz.
Kaynakça
- Açıkgöz, E., 2001. Yem Bitkileri. Uludağ Üniversitesi Vakfı (Yenilenmiş 3. Baskı) Yayın No: 182, Bursa.
- Acar, Z., Ayan, İ., 2012. Yem Bitkileri Kültürü. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Ders Kitabı No: 2, Samsun.
- Ahmed, F., Arshad, M., Ditta, A., Hussain, A., Naveed, M., Hasnain, M., Nazir, Q., 2016. Combining textile effluent wastewater with organic fertilizer for improved growth and productivity of wheat and soil health. Journal of Environmental and Agricultural Sciences, 8: 14-20.
- Alghobar, M., Suresha, S., 2016. Growth and yield of tomato, Napier grass and sugarcane crops as influenced by wastewater irrigation in Mysore, Karnataka, India. World Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 3(1): 069-079.
- Anonim, 1991. Su Kirliliği Kontrolü Yönetmenliği Numune Alma ve Analiz Metotları Tebliği. T.C Resmi Gazete, Sayı No: 27372, Tarih: 10.10.2009.
- Anonim, 2010. Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi Teknik Usuller Tebliği. T.C. Resmi Gazete, Sayı No: 27527, Tarih: 20.03.2010.
- Bedbabis, S., Ferrara, G., Ben Rouina, B., Boukhris, M., 2010. Effects of irrigation with treated wastewater on olive tree growth, yield and leaf mineral elements at short term. Scientia Horticulturae, 126(3): 345-350.
- Bender, J., Muntifering, R.B., Lin, J.C., Weigel, H.J., 2006. Growth and nutritive quality of Poa pratensis as influenced by ozone and competition. Environmental Pollition, 142(1): 109-115.
- Bernal, M.P., Garcia-Gomez, A., Roig, A., 2002. Growth of ornamental plants in two composts prepared from agroindustrial wastes. Bioresource Technology, 83(2): 81-87.
- Bouyoucos, G.J., 1951. A recabliration of the hidrometer for marking mechanical analysis of soil. Agronomy Journal, 43(9): 434-437.
- Chandra, R., Bharagava, R.N., Yadav, S., Mohan, D., 2009. Accumulation and of toxic metals in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Indian mustard (Brassica campestrist L.) irrigated with distillery and tannery effluents. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 162(2-3): 1514-1521.
- Dhima, K.V., Lithourgidis, A.S., Vasilakoglou, I.B., Dordas, C.A., 2007. Competition indices of common vetch and cereal intercrops in two seeding ratio. Field Crops Research, 100(2-3): 249-256.
- Drechsel, P., Scott, C.A., Raschid-Sally, L., Redwood, M., Bahri, A., 2010. Wastewater Irrigation and Health: Assessing and Mitigating Risks in Low-Income Countries. IWMI, Earth Scan, London.
- Gupta, S.P., Yadav, R.K., Magan, S., Koushik, P., 2015. Effect of irrigation schedules of domestic waste water on growth and yield of fodder sorghum. Indian Journal of Small Ruminants, 21(2): 257-263.
- Jantzen, J., Van Der Woerd, H., 2007. Sound Sludge. Project Report About Disposal and Recycling Routes for Sewage Sludge.
- Javanmard, A., Nasab, A.D.M., Javanshir, A., Moghaddam, M., Janmohammadi, H., 2009. Forage yield and quality in intercropping of maize with different legumes as double-cropped. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 7(1): 163-166.
- Kacar, B., İnal, A., 2008. Bitki Analizleri (I. Basım). Nobel Yayın Dağıtım Ltd. Şti. Yayınları, Yayın No: 1241, Fen Bilimleri: 63, Ankara.
- Kashif, S.R., Akram, M., Yaseen, M., Ali, S., 2009. Studies on heavy metals status and uptake by vegetables in adjoining areas of Hudiara drain in Lahore. Soil Environment, 28(1): 7-12.
- Kausar, S., Faizan, S., Haneef, I., 2017. Nitrogen level affects growth and reactive oxygen scavenging of fenugreek irrigated with wastewater. Tropical Plant Research, 4(2): 210-224.
- Khurana, M.P., Singh, P., 2012. Waste water use in crop production. Resources and Environment, 2(4): 116-131.
- Kırımhan, S., Sağlam, M.T., Karakaplan, S., 1982. Erzurum’da kentsel atık sular ile sulanan tarım topraklarında kimyasal kirlenme: 1. Azot, fosfor ve potasyum durumu. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 13: 3-4.
- Kitiş, M., Beyhan, M., Yiğit, N.Ö., Civelekoğlu, G., 2004. Kentsel ve endüstriyel atıksuların arıtılıp geri kazanımı uygulama alanları ve problemler. 9. Ulusal Endüstriyel Kirlenme Kontrolü Sempozyumu, 2 Haziran, İstanbul, s. 527-533.
- Kitiş, M., Yiğit, N.Ö., Köseoğlu, H., Bekaroğlu, Ş.Ş., 2009. Su ve Atıksu Arıtımında İleri Arıtma Teknolojileri-Arıtılmış Atıksuların Geri Kullanımı. T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı, Ankara.
- Lithourgidis, A.S., Dhima, K.V., Vasilakoglou, I.B., Dordas, C.A., Yiakoulaki, M.D., 2007. Sustainable production of barley and wheat by intercropping common vetch. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 27: 95-99.
- Mclean, E.O., 1982. Soil pH and lime requirement. methods of soil analysis, part 2. chemical and microbiological properties. American Society of Agronomy, 9(2): 199-223.
- Milano, M., Ruelland, D., Fernandez, S., Dezetter, A., Fabre, J., Servat, E., 2012. Facing climatic and anthropogenic changes in the Mediterranean basin: what will be the medium-term impact on water stress. Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 344(9): 432-440.
- Murtaza, G., Ghafoor, A., Qadir, M., Owens, G., Aziz M.A., Zia, M.H., 2010. Disposal and use of sewage on agricultural lands in Pakistan: A review. Pedosphere, 20(1): 23-34.
- Nath, K., Singh, D., Shyam, S., Sharma, Y.K., 2009. Phytotoxic effects of chromium and tannery effluent on growth and metabolism of Phaseolus mungo Roxb. Journal Environmental Biology, 30(2): 227-234.
- Nelson, D.W., Sommers, L.E., 1982. Total carbon, organic carbon, organic matter. In: AL Madison (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis Part 2, Chemical and Microbiological Properties, Second Edition, Wisconsin, USA, American Society of Agronomy Inc., pp. 539-579.
- Owusu, A., Sadick, A., 2016. Assessment of soil nutrients under maize intercropping system involving soybean. International Research Journal of Agricultural and Food Science, 1: 33-43.
- Palese, A.M., Pasquale, V., Celano, G., Figliuolo, G., Masi, S., Xiloyannis, C., 2009. Irrigation of olive groves in Southern Italy with treated municipal waste water: Effects on microbiological quality of soil and fruits. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 129: 43-51.
- Paranychianakis, N.V., Nikolantonakis, M., Spanakis, Y., Angelakis, A.N., 2006. The effect of recycled water on the nutrient status of Soultanina grapevines grafted on different rootstocks. Agricultural Water Management, 81(1) :185-198.
- Pescod, M.B., 1992. Wastewater Treatment and Use in Agriculture. FAO, 47, Rome.
- Richards, L.A., 1954. Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., Calcutta No: 60, USA.
- Sharma, R.K., Agrawal, M., Marshall, F., 2007. Heavy metal contamination of soil and vegetables in suburban areas of Varanasi, India. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 66(2): 258-266.
- Thapliyal, A., Vasudevan, P., Dastidar, M.G., 2009. Domestic wastewater for fertigation: A solution for water recycling and irrigation. In Proceedings of Micropol and Ecohazard, 6th IWA/GRA Specialized Conference on Assessment and Control of Micropollutants / Hazardous Substances in Water, 8-10 June, San Francisco, California, USA, p. 317.
- Travis, M.J., Wiel-Shafran, A., Weisbrod, N., Adar, E., Gross, A., 2010. Grey water reuse for irrigation: effect on soil properties. Science of the Total Environment, 408(12): 2501-2508.
- Tunc, T., Sahin, U., 2015. The changes in the physical and hydraulic properties of a loamy soil under irrigation with simpler-reclaimed wastewaters. Agricultural Water Management, 158: 213-224.
- Vasilakoglou, I., Dhima, K., Lithourgidis, A., Eleftherohorinos, I., 2008. Competitive ability of winter cereal-common vetch intercrops against sterile oat. Experimental Agriculture, 44(4): 509-520.
- Zhu, J., Van Der Werf, W., Anten, N.P.R., Vos, J., Evers, J.B., 2015. The contribution of phenotypic plasticity to complementary light capture in plant mixtures. New Phytologist, 207(4): 1213-1222.
Short-Term Effects of Irrigation with Wastewater from Treatment Plant on the Development and Some Metal and Metalloid Contents of White Clover (Trifolium repens L.) + Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) Mixture
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3, 352 - 361, 31.10.2021
Hülya Ek
,
Şeyda Zorer Çelebi
,
Zübeyir Ağırağaç
Öz
In this study, the issue of irrigation of a mixture of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) plants with different concentrations of the effluent of Van Edremit Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant in Turkey is discussed. In this context, the research was carried out to investigate the effect of wastewater on the growth of plants sole and in mixtures. In addition, it was aimed to determine the short-term effects of wastewater on some metal and metalloid content in soil and plants. The experiment was carried out in three replications according to the randomized plots trial design in pots in the climate room in 2018. Applications in the study were 100% pure water control (100S), 25% wastewater + 75% pure water (25A75S), 50% wastewater + 50% pure water (50A50S) and 75% wastewater + 25% pure water (75A25S). The plant height of the plants increased depending on the amount of wastewater application in all forms. The highest average plant height of 10.70 cm was obtained from 75A25S in white clover, and 11.42 cm and 11.21 cm in kentucky bluegrass from control and 75A25S applications, respectively. The fresh and dry weight of white clover increased depending on wastewater applications, but the effect of wastewater applications was not observed in kentucky bluegrass. The metal and metalloid content of plants and post-harvest soil generally increased depending on the applications. The metal and metalloid contents, except molybdenum (Mo) in the kentucky bluegrass and copper in the white clover, reached the highest values in the 75A25S application. There was no change in Mo, lead, and cadmium contents in the soil after harvest, but other metal and metalloid contents increased. It was determined that there was a decrease in pH value with wastewater applications in soil samples taken after harvest. It was determined that the electrical conductivity value of the soil increased as the wastewater application concentrations increased. In the light of these results, the positive effects of the wastewater used on plant growth and development were determined, but it was concluded that long-term studies are needed for its effects on the soil.
Proje Numarası
FYL – 2018 – 7405
Kaynakça
- Açıkgöz, E., 2001. Yem Bitkileri. Uludağ Üniversitesi Vakfı (Yenilenmiş 3. Baskı) Yayın No: 182, Bursa.
- Acar, Z., Ayan, İ., 2012. Yem Bitkileri Kültürü. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Ders Kitabı No: 2, Samsun.
- Ahmed, F., Arshad, M., Ditta, A., Hussain, A., Naveed, M., Hasnain, M., Nazir, Q., 2016. Combining textile effluent wastewater with organic fertilizer for improved growth and productivity of wheat and soil health. Journal of Environmental and Agricultural Sciences, 8: 14-20.
- Alghobar, M., Suresha, S., 2016. Growth and yield of tomato, Napier grass and sugarcane crops as influenced by wastewater irrigation in Mysore, Karnataka, India. World Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 3(1): 069-079.
- Anonim, 1991. Su Kirliliği Kontrolü Yönetmenliği Numune Alma ve Analiz Metotları Tebliği. T.C Resmi Gazete, Sayı No: 27372, Tarih: 10.10.2009.
- Anonim, 2010. Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi Teknik Usuller Tebliği. T.C. Resmi Gazete, Sayı No: 27527, Tarih: 20.03.2010.
- Bedbabis, S., Ferrara, G., Ben Rouina, B., Boukhris, M., 2010. Effects of irrigation with treated wastewater on olive tree growth, yield and leaf mineral elements at short term. Scientia Horticulturae, 126(3): 345-350.
- Bender, J., Muntifering, R.B., Lin, J.C., Weigel, H.J., 2006. Growth and nutritive quality of Poa pratensis as influenced by ozone and competition. Environmental Pollition, 142(1): 109-115.
- Bernal, M.P., Garcia-Gomez, A., Roig, A., 2002. Growth of ornamental plants in two composts prepared from agroindustrial wastes. Bioresource Technology, 83(2): 81-87.
- Bouyoucos, G.J., 1951. A recabliration of the hidrometer for marking mechanical analysis of soil. Agronomy Journal, 43(9): 434-437.
- Chandra, R., Bharagava, R.N., Yadav, S., Mohan, D., 2009. Accumulation and of toxic metals in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Indian mustard (Brassica campestrist L.) irrigated with distillery and tannery effluents. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 162(2-3): 1514-1521.
- Dhima, K.V., Lithourgidis, A.S., Vasilakoglou, I.B., Dordas, C.A., 2007. Competition indices of common vetch and cereal intercrops in two seeding ratio. Field Crops Research, 100(2-3): 249-256.
- Drechsel, P., Scott, C.A., Raschid-Sally, L., Redwood, M., Bahri, A., 2010. Wastewater Irrigation and Health: Assessing and Mitigating Risks in Low-Income Countries. IWMI, Earth Scan, London.
- Gupta, S.P., Yadav, R.K., Magan, S., Koushik, P., 2015. Effect of irrigation schedules of domestic waste water on growth and yield of fodder sorghum. Indian Journal of Small Ruminants, 21(2): 257-263.
- Jantzen, J., Van Der Woerd, H., 2007. Sound Sludge. Project Report About Disposal and Recycling Routes for Sewage Sludge.
- Javanmard, A., Nasab, A.D.M., Javanshir, A., Moghaddam, M., Janmohammadi, H., 2009. Forage yield and quality in intercropping of maize with different legumes as double-cropped. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 7(1): 163-166.
- Kacar, B., İnal, A., 2008. Bitki Analizleri (I. Basım). Nobel Yayın Dağıtım Ltd. Şti. Yayınları, Yayın No: 1241, Fen Bilimleri: 63, Ankara.
- Kashif, S.R., Akram, M., Yaseen, M., Ali, S., 2009. Studies on heavy metals status and uptake by vegetables in adjoining areas of Hudiara drain in Lahore. Soil Environment, 28(1): 7-12.
- Kausar, S., Faizan, S., Haneef, I., 2017. Nitrogen level affects growth and reactive oxygen scavenging of fenugreek irrigated with wastewater. Tropical Plant Research, 4(2): 210-224.
- Khurana, M.P., Singh, P., 2012. Waste water use in crop production. Resources and Environment, 2(4): 116-131.
- Kırımhan, S., Sağlam, M.T., Karakaplan, S., 1982. Erzurum’da kentsel atık sular ile sulanan tarım topraklarında kimyasal kirlenme: 1. Azot, fosfor ve potasyum durumu. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 13: 3-4.
- Kitiş, M., Beyhan, M., Yiğit, N.Ö., Civelekoğlu, G., 2004. Kentsel ve endüstriyel atıksuların arıtılıp geri kazanımı uygulama alanları ve problemler. 9. Ulusal Endüstriyel Kirlenme Kontrolü Sempozyumu, 2 Haziran, İstanbul, s. 527-533.
- Kitiş, M., Yiğit, N.Ö., Köseoğlu, H., Bekaroğlu, Ş.Ş., 2009. Su ve Atıksu Arıtımında İleri Arıtma Teknolojileri-Arıtılmış Atıksuların Geri Kullanımı. T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı, Ankara.
- Lithourgidis, A.S., Dhima, K.V., Vasilakoglou, I.B., Dordas, C.A., Yiakoulaki, M.D., 2007. Sustainable production of barley and wheat by intercropping common vetch. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 27: 95-99.
- Mclean, E.O., 1982. Soil pH and lime requirement. methods of soil analysis, part 2. chemical and microbiological properties. American Society of Agronomy, 9(2): 199-223.
- Milano, M., Ruelland, D., Fernandez, S., Dezetter, A., Fabre, J., Servat, E., 2012. Facing climatic and anthropogenic changes in the Mediterranean basin: what will be the medium-term impact on water stress. Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 344(9): 432-440.
- Murtaza, G., Ghafoor, A., Qadir, M., Owens, G., Aziz M.A., Zia, M.H., 2010. Disposal and use of sewage on agricultural lands in Pakistan: A review. Pedosphere, 20(1): 23-34.
- Nath, K., Singh, D., Shyam, S., Sharma, Y.K., 2009. Phytotoxic effects of chromium and tannery effluent on growth and metabolism of Phaseolus mungo Roxb. Journal Environmental Biology, 30(2): 227-234.
- Nelson, D.W., Sommers, L.E., 1982. Total carbon, organic carbon, organic matter. In: AL Madison (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis Part 2, Chemical and Microbiological Properties, Second Edition, Wisconsin, USA, American Society of Agronomy Inc., pp. 539-579.
- Owusu, A., Sadick, A., 2016. Assessment of soil nutrients under maize intercropping system involving soybean. International Research Journal of Agricultural and Food Science, 1: 33-43.
- Palese, A.M., Pasquale, V., Celano, G., Figliuolo, G., Masi, S., Xiloyannis, C., 2009. Irrigation of olive groves in Southern Italy with treated municipal waste water: Effects on microbiological quality of soil and fruits. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 129: 43-51.
- Paranychianakis, N.V., Nikolantonakis, M., Spanakis, Y., Angelakis, A.N., 2006. The effect of recycled water on the nutrient status of Soultanina grapevines grafted on different rootstocks. Agricultural Water Management, 81(1) :185-198.
- Pescod, M.B., 1992. Wastewater Treatment and Use in Agriculture. FAO, 47, Rome.
- Richards, L.A., 1954. Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., Calcutta No: 60, USA.
- Sharma, R.K., Agrawal, M., Marshall, F., 2007. Heavy metal contamination of soil and vegetables in suburban areas of Varanasi, India. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 66(2): 258-266.
- Thapliyal, A., Vasudevan, P., Dastidar, M.G., 2009. Domestic wastewater for fertigation: A solution for water recycling and irrigation. In Proceedings of Micropol and Ecohazard, 6th IWA/GRA Specialized Conference on Assessment and Control of Micropollutants / Hazardous Substances in Water, 8-10 June, San Francisco, California, USA, p. 317.
- Travis, M.J., Wiel-Shafran, A., Weisbrod, N., Adar, E., Gross, A., 2010. Grey water reuse for irrigation: effect on soil properties. Science of the Total Environment, 408(12): 2501-2508.
- Tunc, T., Sahin, U., 2015. The changes in the physical and hydraulic properties of a loamy soil under irrigation with simpler-reclaimed wastewaters. Agricultural Water Management, 158: 213-224.
- Vasilakoglou, I., Dhima, K., Lithourgidis, A., Eleftherohorinos, I., 2008. Competitive ability of winter cereal-common vetch intercrops against sterile oat. Experimental Agriculture, 44(4): 509-520.
- Zhu, J., Van Der Werf, W., Anten, N.P.R., Vos, J., Evers, J.B., 2015. The contribution of phenotypic plasticity to complementary light capture in plant mixtures. New Phytologist, 207(4): 1213-1222.