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Comparative Evaluation of Water Quality Properties: A Case Study of Coupled Commercial Aquaponics System

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 164 - 175, 28.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.1432401

Öz

The current study intends to evaluate the influence of seasonal changes on the water quality parameters of a coupled commercial aquaponics system. The determined water quality parameters for the comparative study were total ammonium-nitrogen (TAN), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) and phosphate (PO43-), water temperature (WT), water pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids (TDS). The WT and DO analysis were carried out using a portable dissolved oxygen meter (Model: PDO-520, Taiwan). A portable electrode pH meter (Model: PH-220, Taiwan) was utilized for the pH measurement. The TDS and EC readings were obtained using a multi-parameter water quality meter (PHT-27, China). The TAN, NO3-N, and PO43- determinations were done using their individual Merck Spectro-quant® test kits. The research results indicated a significant (p<0.05) difference in the NO3-N, PO43-, WT, pH, EC, and TDS values among the comparative four seasons (winter, spring, summer, and autumn). However, the TAN and DO levels revealed no significant (p>0.05) difference. The observed significant increase of NO3-N, PO43-, EC, and TDS in the summer and autumn periods could be associated to the increased fish feeding rate (which increases waste production) as well as relative increase in microbial waste conversion/mineralization. The investigated water quality makers were within the recommended amounts in the aquaponics system. Thus, in this study, seasonal differences have induced variation in the NO3-N, PO43-, WT, pH, EC, and TDS amounts. However, these differences do not affect the TAN and DO levels.

Kaynakça

  • Al Tawaha, A.M., Wahab, P.E.M., Jaafar, H.B., Zuan, A.T.K., Hassan, M.Z., 2021. Effects of fish stocking density on water quality, growth performance of tilapia and yield of butterhead lettuce grown in decoupled recirculation aquaponics systems. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 22(6): 85-94.
  • Amalfitano, C.A., Del Vacchio, L.D.V., Somma, S., Cuciniello, A.C., Caruso G., 2017. Effects of cultural cycles and nutrient solution electrical conductivity on plant growth, yield, and fruit quality of 'Friariello’ pepper grown in hydroponics. Horticultural Science, 44(2): 91-98.
  • Balakrishnan, S., Chelladurai, G., Mohanraj, J., Poongodi, J., 2017. Seasonal variations in physico-chemical characteristics of Tuticorin coastal waters, southeast coast of India. Applied Water Science, 7: 1881-1886.
  • Blidariu, F., Drasovean, A., Grozea, A., 2013. Evaluation of phosphorus level in green lettuce conventional grown under natural conditions and aquaponic system. Bulletin of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 70(1): 128-135.
  • Bregnballe, J., 2015. A Guide to Recirculation Aquaculture: An Introduction to The New Environmentally Friendly and Highly Productive Closed Fish Farming Systems. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and Euro Fish International Organization (EFIO).
  • Brinkop, W.S., Piedrahita, R.H., 1996. Water quality modeling for aquaculture water reuse systems. Paper Presented at Successes and Failures in Commercial Recirculating Aquaculture Conference, July 1-6, Roanoke, VA, USA, 2: 521-530.
  • Caruso, G., Villari, G., Melchionna, G., Conti, S., 2011. Effects of cultural cycles and nutrient solutions on plant growth, yield, and fruit quality of alpine strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.) grown in hydroponics. Scientia Horticulturae, 129(3): 479-485.
  • Crossley, M.N., Dennison, W.C., Williams, R.R., Wearing, A.H., 2002. The interaction of water flow and nutrients on aquatic plant growth. Hydrobiologia, 489(1-3): 63-70.
  • Dey, S., Botta, S., Kallam, R., Angadala, R., Andugala, J., 2021. Seasonal variation in water quality parameters of Gudlavalleru Engineering College Pond. Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 4(1): 100058.
  • Eaton, A.D., Clesceri, L.S., Rice, E.W., Greenberg, A.E., 2005. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st Edition, American Public Health Association (APHA) Press, Washington, DC.
  • Eding, E.H., Kamstra, A., Verreth, J.A.J., Huisman, E.A., Klapwijk, A., 2006. Design and operation of nitrifying trickling filters in recirculating aquaculture: A review. Aquacultural Engineering, 34(3): 234-260.
  • Enduta, A., Jusohb, A., Alib, N., Wan Nikc, W.N.S., Hassand, A., 2009. Effect of flow rate on water quality parameters and plant growth of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) in an aquaponic recirculating system. Desalination and Water Treatment, 5(1-3): 19-28.
  • Gjesteland, I., 2013. Study of Water Quality of Recirculated Water in Aquaponic Systems. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway.
  • Helene, V., Ivar R., 2020. Effect of temperature on feeding and digestive processes in fish. Temperature, 7(4): 307-320.
  • Lawson-Wood, K., Robertson, L., 2006. Application Notes for Molecular Spectroscopy: Nitrate-Nitrogen Determination. Water Analysis Using LAMBDA UV-Visible Spectrophotometers, Perkin-Elmer, Inc., UK.
  • Lennard, W.A., Rakocy J.E., 2010. Chemistry and Microbiology of Aquaponics. Department of Human Nutrition, Food, and Animal Science, Hawaii Aquaculture and Aquaponics Association (HAAA), Annual Meeting Lecture, Hilo, Hawaii. (http://kohalacenter.org/HISGN/pdf/Lesson8ChemistryandMicrobiologyofAquaponics.pdf), (Accessed: 12.12.2022).
  • Ludwick, A.E., 2002. Western Fertilizer Handbook. (9th Ed.), Interstate Publication Danville, III., USA.
  • Masser, M.P., Rakocy J., Losordo T.M., 1999. Recirculating Aquaculture Tank Production Systems: Management of Recirculating Systems. College Station TX: Southern Regional Aquaculture Center, Southern Regional Aquaculture Center Publication No. 452.
  • McPharlin, I.R., Jeffery, R.C., Pitman, D.H., 1996. Phosphorous requirements of winter planted lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) on a karrakatta sand and residual value of phosphate as determined by soil test. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 36(7): 897-903.
  • Noratiqah, B.M., Mohd, F.B.J., Zul-Atif, A.L., Mohammad, A.A., 2016. Physicochemical water quality of circulating water in double tier planting tray aquaponic system. International Journal of Agriculture Forestry and Plantation, 3: 29-38.
  • Pai, S.C., Yang, C.C., Riley, J.P., 1990. Effects of acidity and molybdate concentration on the kinetics of the formation of the phospho-antimonyl-molybdenum blue complex. Analytica Chimica Acta, 229: 115-120.
  • Pregitzer, K.S., King J.S., 2005. Effects of soil temperature on nutrient uptake. In: H. BassiriRad (Ed.), Nutrient Acquisition by Plants, Ecological Studies, Vol 181, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 277-310.
  • Rakocy, J.E., Bailey, D.S., Shultz, R.C., Danaher, J.J., 2011. A commercial-scale aquaponic system developed at the University of the Virgin Islands. In: L. Liu and K. Fitzsimmons (Eds.), Aqua Fish Collaborative Research Support Program, Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, April 21-24, Shanghai, China, pp. 336-343.
  • Rakocy, J.E., Bailey, D.S., Shultz, R.C., Thoman E.S., 2004b. Update on tilapia and vegetable production in the UVI aquaponic system. In: R. Bolivar, G. Mair and K. Fitzsimmons (Eds.), New Dimensions in Farmed Tilapia, Proceedings of 6th International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, September 12-16, Manila, Philippines, pp. 676-690.
  • Rakocy, J.E., Michael, P., Masser, J., Losordo, T., 2006. Recirculating Aquaculture Tank Production Systems: Aquaponics-Integrating Fish and Plant Culture. Southern Regional, Stoneville, Mississippi, Southern Regional Aqua-Cultural Research Center Publication, No. 454.
  • Rakocy, J.E., Shultz, R.C., Bailey, D.S., Thoman, E.S., 2004a. Aquaponic production of tilapia and basil: Comparing a batch and staggered cropping system. Acta Horticulturae, 648: 63-69.
  • Roosta, H.R., 2014. Effects of foliar spray of K on mint, radish, parsley, and coriander plants in aquaponic system. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 37(14): 2236-2254.
  • Sallenave, R., 2016. Important Water Quality Parameters in Aquaponics Systems. Extension Aquatic Ecology Specialist, Department of Extension Animal Sciences and Natural Resources, New Mexico State University, Circular 680.
  • Sanchez, H.J.A., 2014. Aquaponics and Its Potential Aquaculture Wastewater Treatment and Human Urine Treatment. Lisbon, Portugal: Universidade, Nova de Lisboa.
  • Scofield, V., Jacques, S.M.S., Guimaraes, J.R., Fajalla, V.F., 2015. Potential changes in bacterial metabolism associated with increases water temperature and nutrient inputs in tropical lagoons. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6(310): 1-10.
  • Sharma, T.K., Singh, R., 2016. Seasonal variation in physicochemical parameters of water in Antiya Taal, Jhansi, India. International Journal of Current Research, 4(5): 1933-1937.
  • Shete, A.P., Verma, A.K., Tandel, R.S., Prakash, C., Tiwari, V.K., Hussain, T., 2013. Optimization of water circulation period for the culture of goldfish with spinach in aquaponic system. Journal of Agricultural Science, 5(4): 26-30.
  • Sinha, A.K. Singh, V.P., Srivastava, K., 2000. Physicochemical studies on river Ganga and its tributaries in Uttar Pradesh-The present status. In: R.K. Revedi (Ed.), Pollution and Biomonitoring of Indian Rivers, ABD Publishers, Jaipur, India, pp. 1-29.
  • Solarzano, L., 1969. Determination of ammonium in natural waters by the phenol hypochlorite method. Limnology Oceanography, 14(5): 799-801.
  • Somerville, C., Cohen, M., Pantanella, E., Stankus, A., Lovatelli, A., 2014. Small-Scale Aquaponic Food Production. Integrated Fish and Plant Farming, Food and Agricultural Organization Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper, No. 589.
  • Strickland, J.D.H., Parsons, T.R., 1972. A Practical Handbook of Seawater Analysis. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Bulletin, (2nd Ed.), Ottawa, Canada.
  • Surya, B.S., Raju, T.K., 2023. Study on the physico-chemical properties of water in the Pokkali wetlands of Ernakulam, Kerala, India. Water Practice and Technology, 18(11): 2538.
  • Timmons, M.B., Ebling, J.M., Wheaton, F.W., Summer-felt, S.T., Vinci B.J., 2002. Recirculating Aquaculture Systems. (2nd Ed.), Northern Regional Aquaculture Center Publication No. 01-002, Cayuga Aqua, Ventures Ithaca, New York.
  • Tyson R.V., Simonne E.H., Treadwell, D.D., 2008. Reconciling pH for ammonia biofiltration and cucumber yield in a recirculating aquaponic system with perlite biofilters. HortScience, 43(3): 719-724.
  • Tyson, R.V., Treadwell, D.D., Simonne, E.H., 2011. Opportunities and challenges to sustainability in aquaponic systems. HortTechnology, 21(1): 6-13.

Comparative Evaluation of Water Quality Properties: A Case Study of Coupled Commercial Aquaponics System

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 164 - 175, 28.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.1432401

Öz

The current study intends to evaluate the influence of seasonal changes on the water quality parameters of a coupled commercial aquaponics system. The determined water quality parameters for the comparative study were total ammonium-nitrogen (TAN), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) and phosphate (PO43-), water temperature (WT), water pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids (TDS). The WT and DO analysis were carried out using a portable dissolved oxygen meter (Model: PDO-520, Taiwan). A portable electrode pH meter (Model: PH-220, Taiwan) was utilized for the pH measurement. The TDS and EC readings were obtained using a multi-parameter water quality meter (PHT-27, China). The TAN, NO3-N, and PO43- determinations were done using their individual Merck Spectro-quant® test kits. The research results indicated a significant (p<0.05) difference in the NO3-N, PO43-, WT, pH, EC, and TDS values among the comparative four seasons (winter, spring, summer, and autumn). However, the TAN and DO levels revealed no significant (p>0.05) difference. The observed significant increase of NO3-N, PO43-, EC, and TDS in the summer and autumn periods could be associated to the increased fish feeding rate (which increases waste production) as well as relative increase in microbial waste conversion/mineralization. The investigated water quality makers were within the recommended amounts in the aquaponics system. Thus, in this study, seasonal differences have induced variation in the NO3-N, PO43-, WT, pH, EC, and TDS amounts. However, these differences do not affect the TAN and DO levels.

Kaynakça

  • Al Tawaha, A.M., Wahab, P.E.M., Jaafar, H.B., Zuan, A.T.K., Hassan, M.Z., 2021. Effects of fish stocking density on water quality, growth performance of tilapia and yield of butterhead lettuce grown in decoupled recirculation aquaponics systems. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 22(6): 85-94.
  • Amalfitano, C.A., Del Vacchio, L.D.V., Somma, S., Cuciniello, A.C., Caruso G., 2017. Effects of cultural cycles and nutrient solution electrical conductivity on plant growth, yield, and fruit quality of 'Friariello’ pepper grown in hydroponics. Horticultural Science, 44(2): 91-98.
  • Balakrishnan, S., Chelladurai, G., Mohanraj, J., Poongodi, J., 2017. Seasonal variations in physico-chemical characteristics of Tuticorin coastal waters, southeast coast of India. Applied Water Science, 7: 1881-1886.
  • Blidariu, F., Drasovean, A., Grozea, A., 2013. Evaluation of phosphorus level in green lettuce conventional grown under natural conditions and aquaponic system. Bulletin of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 70(1): 128-135.
  • Bregnballe, J., 2015. A Guide to Recirculation Aquaculture: An Introduction to The New Environmentally Friendly and Highly Productive Closed Fish Farming Systems. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and Euro Fish International Organization (EFIO).
  • Brinkop, W.S., Piedrahita, R.H., 1996. Water quality modeling for aquaculture water reuse systems. Paper Presented at Successes and Failures in Commercial Recirculating Aquaculture Conference, July 1-6, Roanoke, VA, USA, 2: 521-530.
  • Caruso, G., Villari, G., Melchionna, G., Conti, S., 2011. Effects of cultural cycles and nutrient solutions on plant growth, yield, and fruit quality of alpine strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.) grown in hydroponics. Scientia Horticulturae, 129(3): 479-485.
  • Crossley, M.N., Dennison, W.C., Williams, R.R., Wearing, A.H., 2002. The interaction of water flow and nutrients on aquatic plant growth. Hydrobiologia, 489(1-3): 63-70.
  • Dey, S., Botta, S., Kallam, R., Angadala, R., Andugala, J., 2021. Seasonal variation in water quality parameters of Gudlavalleru Engineering College Pond. Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 4(1): 100058.
  • Eaton, A.D., Clesceri, L.S., Rice, E.W., Greenberg, A.E., 2005. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st Edition, American Public Health Association (APHA) Press, Washington, DC.
  • Eding, E.H., Kamstra, A., Verreth, J.A.J., Huisman, E.A., Klapwijk, A., 2006. Design and operation of nitrifying trickling filters in recirculating aquaculture: A review. Aquacultural Engineering, 34(3): 234-260.
  • Enduta, A., Jusohb, A., Alib, N., Wan Nikc, W.N.S., Hassand, A., 2009. Effect of flow rate on water quality parameters and plant growth of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) in an aquaponic recirculating system. Desalination and Water Treatment, 5(1-3): 19-28.
  • Gjesteland, I., 2013. Study of Water Quality of Recirculated Water in Aquaponic Systems. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway.
  • Helene, V., Ivar R., 2020. Effect of temperature on feeding and digestive processes in fish. Temperature, 7(4): 307-320.
  • Lawson-Wood, K., Robertson, L., 2006. Application Notes for Molecular Spectroscopy: Nitrate-Nitrogen Determination. Water Analysis Using LAMBDA UV-Visible Spectrophotometers, Perkin-Elmer, Inc., UK.
  • Lennard, W.A., Rakocy J.E., 2010. Chemistry and Microbiology of Aquaponics. Department of Human Nutrition, Food, and Animal Science, Hawaii Aquaculture and Aquaponics Association (HAAA), Annual Meeting Lecture, Hilo, Hawaii. (http://kohalacenter.org/HISGN/pdf/Lesson8ChemistryandMicrobiologyofAquaponics.pdf), (Accessed: 12.12.2022).
  • Ludwick, A.E., 2002. Western Fertilizer Handbook. (9th Ed.), Interstate Publication Danville, III., USA.
  • Masser, M.P., Rakocy J., Losordo T.M., 1999. Recirculating Aquaculture Tank Production Systems: Management of Recirculating Systems. College Station TX: Southern Regional Aquaculture Center, Southern Regional Aquaculture Center Publication No. 452.
  • McPharlin, I.R., Jeffery, R.C., Pitman, D.H., 1996. Phosphorous requirements of winter planted lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) on a karrakatta sand and residual value of phosphate as determined by soil test. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 36(7): 897-903.
  • Noratiqah, B.M., Mohd, F.B.J., Zul-Atif, A.L., Mohammad, A.A., 2016. Physicochemical water quality of circulating water in double tier planting tray aquaponic system. International Journal of Agriculture Forestry and Plantation, 3: 29-38.
  • Pai, S.C., Yang, C.C., Riley, J.P., 1990. Effects of acidity and molybdate concentration on the kinetics of the formation of the phospho-antimonyl-molybdenum blue complex. Analytica Chimica Acta, 229: 115-120.
  • Pregitzer, K.S., King J.S., 2005. Effects of soil temperature on nutrient uptake. In: H. BassiriRad (Ed.), Nutrient Acquisition by Plants, Ecological Studies, Vol 181, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 277-310.
  • Rakocy, J.E., Bailey, D.S., Shultz, R.C., Danaher, J.J., 2011. A commercial-scale aquaponic system developed at the University of the Virgin Islands. In: L. Liu and K. Fitzsimmons (Eds.), Aqua Fish Collaborative Research Support Program, Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, April 21-24, Shanghai, China, pp. 336-343.
  • Rakocy, J.E., Bailey, D.S., Shultz, R.C., Thoman E.S., 2004b. Update on tilapia and vegetable production in the UVI aquaponic system. In: R. Bolivar, G. Mair and K. Fitzsimmons (Eds.), New Dimensions in Farmed Tilapia, Proceedings of 6th International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, September 12-16, Manila, Philippines, pp. 676-690.
  • Rakocy, J.E., Michael, P., Masser, J., Losordo, T., 2006. Recirculating Aquaculture Tank Production Systems: Aquaponics-Integrating Fish and Plant Culture. Southern Regional, Stoneville, Mississippi, Southern Regional Aqua-Cultural Research Center Publication, No. 454.
  • Rakocy, J.E., Shultz, R.C., Bailey, D.S., Thoman, E.S., 2004a. Aquaponic production of tilapia and basil: Comparing a batch and staggered cropping system. Acta Horticulturae, 648: 63-69.
  • Roosta, H.R., 2014. Effects of foliar spray of K on mint, radish, parsley, and coriander plants in aquaponic system. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 37(14): 2236-2254.
  • Sallenave, R., 2016. Important Water Quality Parameters in Aquaponics Systems. Extension Aquatic Ecology Specialist, Department of Extension Animal Sciences and Natural Resources, New Mexico State University, Circular 680.
  • Sanchez, H.J.A., 2014. Aquaponics and Its Potential Aquaculture Wastewater Treatment and Human Urine Treatment. Lisbon, Portugal: Universidade, Nova de Lisboa.
  • Scofield, V., Jacques, S.M.S., Guimaraes, J.R., Fajalla, V.F., 2015. Potential changes in bacterial metabolism associated with increases water temperature and nutrient inputs in tropical lagoons. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6(310): 1-10.
  • Sharma, T.K., Singh, R., 2016. Seasonal variation in physicochemical parameters of water in Antiya Taal, Jhansi, India. International Journal of Current Research, 4(5): 1933-1937.
  • Shete, A.P., Verma, A.K., Tandel, R.S., Prakash, C., Tiwari, V.K., Hussain, T., 2013. Optimization of water circulation period for the culture of goldfish with spinach in aquaponic system. Journal of Agricultural Science, 5(4): 26-30.
  • Sinha, A.K. Singh, V.P., Srivastava, K., 2000. Physicochemical studies on river Ganga and its tributaries in Uttar Pradesh-The present status. In: R.K. Revedi (Ed.), Pollution and Biomonitoring of Indian Rivers, ABD Publishers, Jaipur, India, pp. 1-29.
  • Solarzano, L., 1969. Determination of ammonium in natural waters by the phenol hypochlorite method. Limnology Oceanography, 14(5): 799-801.
  • Somerville, C., Cohen, M., Pantanella, E., Stankus, A., Lovatelli, A., 2014. Small-Scale Aquaponic Food Production. Integrated Fish and Plant Farming, Food and Agricultural Organization Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper, No. 589.
  • Strickland, J.D.H., Parsons, T.R., 1972. A Practical Handbook of Seawater Analysis. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Bulletin, (2nd Ed.), Ottawa, Canada.
  • Surya, B.S., Raju, T.K., 2023. Study on the physico-chemical properties of water in the Pokkali wetlands of Ernakulam, Kerala, India. Water Practice and Technology, 18(11): 2538.
  • Timmons, M.B., Ebling, J.M., Wheaton, F.W., Summer-felt, S.T., Vinci B.J., 2002. Recirculating Aquaculture Systems. (2nd Ed.), Northern Regional Aquaculture Center Publication No. 01-002, Cayuga Aqua, Ventures Ithaca, New York.
  • Tyson R.V., Simonne E.H., Treadwell, D.D., 2008. Reconciling pH for ammonia biofiltration and cucumber yield in a recirculating aquaponic system with perlite biofilters. HortScience, 43(3): 719-724.
  • Tyson, R.V., Treadwell, D.D., Simonne, E.H., 2011. Opportunities and challenges to sustainability in aquaponic systems. HortTechnology, 21(1): 6-13.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Tarımsal Su Yönetimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi / Research Article
Yazarlar

Labaran Ibrahim 0000-0003-2618-5931

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Ağustos 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Şubat 2024
Kabul Tarihi 13 Ağustos 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Ibrahim, L. (2024). Comparative Evaluation of Water Quality Properties: A Case Study of Coupled Commercial Aquaponics System. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(2), 164-175. https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.1432401
AMA Ibrahim L. Comparative Evaluation of Water Quality Properties: A Case Study of Coupled Commercial Aquaponics System. TÜTAD. Ağustos 2024;11(2):164-175. doi:10.19159/tutad.1432401
Chicago Ibrahim, Labaran. “Comparative Evaluation of Water Quality Properties: A Case Study of Coupled Commercial Aquaponics System”. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi 11, sy. 2 (Ağustos 2024): 164-75. https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.1432401.
EndNote Ibrahim L (01 Ağustos 2024) Comparative Evaluation of Water Quality Properties: A Case Study of Coupled Commercial Aquaponics System. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi 11 2 164–175.
IEEE L. Ibrahim, “Comparative Evaluation of Water Quality Properties: A Case Study of Coupled Commercial Aquaponics System”, TÜTAD, c. 11, sy. 2, ss. 164–175, 2024, doi: 10.19159/tutad.1432401.
ISNAD Ibrahim, Labaran. “Comparative Evaluation of Water Quality Properties: A Case Study of Coupled Commercial Aquaponics System”. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi 11/2 (Ağustos 2024), 164-175. https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.1432401.
JAMA Ibrahim L. Comparative Evaluation of Water Quality Properties: A Case Study of Coupled Commercial Aquaponics System. TÜTAD. 2024;11:164–175.
MLA Ibrahim, Labaran. “Comparative Evaluation of Water Quality Properties: A Case Study of Coupled Commercial Aquaponics System”. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi, c. 11, sy. 2, 2024, ss. 164-75, doi:10.19159/tutad.1432401.
Vancouver Ibrahim L. Comparative Evaluation of Water Quality Properties: A Case Study of Coupled Commercial Aquaponics System. TÜTAD. 2024;11(2):164-75.

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