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The Making of Nuclear Turkey: The Acquisition Process of Jupiter Missiles

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 75 - 89, 27.04.2020

Öz

Soğuk savaş boyunca yaşanan tüm çatışmalar arasında Küba Füze Krizi nükleer silahların yaratacağı yıkıma en yakın olduğumuz olaydı. Kriz öylesine şiddetliydi ki ABD ve Sovyetler’in böyle bir felaketi engellemek için diplomasiye yönelmesine rağmen, krizin ilk haftası nükleer bir savaşın kapıya dayandığı düşünülüyordu. Dünya kendisinin yok olmasına sebep olabilecek olan nükleer çatışmanın eşiğinde olmasına rağmen kriz diplomasinin derin labirentleri aracılığıyla aşıldı. NATO’nun aktif bir katılımcısı ve Jüpiter füzelerine ev sahipliği yapan ülke olarak Türkiye bu krizin önemli bir parçasını oluşturuyordu. Bu kriz akademi tarafından dikkatli bir şekilde incelenmiş olmasına rağmen füzelerin yerleştirilme ve kaldırılma süreçleri daha detaylı bir incelemeye ihtiyaç duyuyor. Özellikle Türkiye’nin füzeleri yerleştirme kararının arka planı dikkate değer. Bu makale Türkiye’nin füzeleri kendi topraklarına yerleştirme iradesinin arkasındaki sebepleri ve füzelerin kaldırılma sürecini inceliyor. Türkiye’nin kriz süresince edilgen bir aktör olduğu ve füzelere rıza göstermesinin temel sebebinin dönemin süper gücüne itaat ederek siyasal duruşunu sağlama aldığı iddialarına karşın bu makalenin temel iddiası bu kabul sürecinin sanıldığından daha karmaşık bir şekilde gerçekleştiği. Dönemin iç ve dış etmenlerini göz önünde bulundurduğumuzda görülüyor ki ekonomi, ordu gibi siyasi güç odakları, tehdit algısı ve uluslararası unsurlar Türkiye’nin kararını hep birlikte şekillendirmişlerdir. Türkiye’nin kriz öncesi ve kriz esnasında duruşunu değerlendirmek için ikincil kaynakların yanında yerel ve uluslararası gazete arşivleri gibi birincil kaynaklardan da yararlanılmıştır.

Destekleyen Kurum

İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent Üniversitesi

Teşekkür

Değerlendirmelerini benden esirgemeyen ve bu makalenin yeniden organizasyonu için görüş bildiren hocam Owen Miller'a teşekkürlerimle.

Kaynakça

  • “Around the World: Russian Anti-Rocket Request Is Rejected by Turkey”. The Washington Post, 10 January 1965.
  • “Amerika, Küba Buhranı Karşısında Türkiye’nin Durumunu İzah Etti”. Cumhuriyet, 26 October 1962.
  • “Amerika, Küba’daki Füzelerin Söküldüğünü Resmen Doğruladı”. Cumhuriyet, 10 November 1962.
  • Brewer, Sam Pope. “Turkish Delegate Bars Bases Offer”. New York Times, 28 October 1962.
  • By Reuters. “Turks Give Up Missile Bases, Long an Issue in the Cold War”. New York Times, 24 January 1963.
  • Cleary, Mark C. Army Ballistic Missile Programs at Cape Canaveral. 45th Space Wing History Office, Retrieved from: http://afspacemuseum.org/library/histories/Army.pdf
  • Criss, Nur Bilge. “Strategic Nuclear Missiles in Turkey: The Jupiter Affair, 1959-1963”. The Journal of Strategic Studies 20, no. 3 (2008): 97-122.
  • Drake, Waldo. “Turkey: West Bastion, Prime Target of Soviet: U.S. Missiles Turn Turkey Into Bulwark Against Soviets”. Los Angeles Times, 13 November 1960.
  • “Erkin: Önce Bizi Tehdit Eden Üsler Kalkmalı”. Cumhuriyet, 1 November 1962.
  • Fuelling, Cody. “To the Brink: Turkish and Cuban Missile Crisis During the Height of the Cold War”. International Social Science Review 93, no. 3 (2017): 1-15.
  • G. Norris, John. “U.S. to Dismantle Jupiter Missiles In turkey and Italy Next Week”. The Washington Post, 25 March 1963.
  • “Gençlerin Bildirisi”. Cumhuriyet, 27 October 1962.
  • Gibson, James N. Nuclear Weapons of the Unites States: An Illustrated History. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Pub., 1996.
  • Harris, George S. “The View from Ankara”. The Wilson Quarterly, (1982): 126-135.
  • Hanson W. Baldwin. “Guard NATO Flank: Turkish Missiles Now Obsolescent”. The Globe and Mail, 29 October 1962.
  • Hanson W. Baldwin. “Installations in Turkey Form Key Element of NATO Power”. New York Times, 28 October 1962.
  • İnce, Nurhan and Robert Olson. “Turkish Foreign Policy: 1960-1964: Continuity, Change and the Cyprus Crisis”. Istituto per l’Oriente C. A. Nallino, (1977), 269-286.
  • İzmir, Bahar. “İki Müttefik Bir Kriz: Türk Amerikan İlişkilerinde Jüpiter Füzeleri Krizi”. Humanitas International Journal of Social Sciences 5, no. 10 (2017): 177-192.
  • J. Bernstein, Barton. “The Cuban Missile Crisis: Trading the Jupiters in Turkey?”. Political Science Quarterly 95, no. 1 (1980), 97-125. “Küba Olayı ve Gürsel”. Cumhuriyet, 25 October 1962.
  • “Kruçef Küba’daki Tecavüzi Silahların Geri Çekilmesi için Dün Emir Verdi”. Cumhuriyet, 29 October 1962.
  • “Kriz Şimdilik Geçti, Küba Meselesi Diplomatik Kanala İntikal Etti: Amerika Anlaşma Müzakereleri Süresince Ablukayı Kaldırmıyor”. Cumhuriyet, 27 October 1962.
  • M. Loeb, Larry. “Jupiter Missiles in Europe: A Measure of Presidential Power”. World Affairs 139, no. 1 (1976): 27-39.
  • Nash, Philip. The Other Missiles of October: Eisenhower, Kennedy, and the Jupiters. USA: University of North Carolina States, 1997.
  • Nash, Philip. “Weapons in Kennedy’s Foreign Policy”. The Historian 56, no. 2 (1994): 285-300.
  • National Assembly Journal of Offical Reports, Period:1, Assembly: 1, Session: 135, Volume 8.
  • N. Waltz, Kenneth. “the Spread of Nuclear Weapons: More May Be Better: Introduction”. The Adelphi Papers 21, no. 171 (1981).
  • “Nükleer Harb Başlıyabilir” Cumhuriyet, 24 October 1962.
  • Office of the Assistant to the Secretary of Defense (Atomic Energy), “History of the Custody and Deployment of Nuclear Weapons: July 1945 Through September 1977”, February 1978, Nuclear Weapons and Turkey Since 1959, ed. William Burr (Washington, D.C.: The National Security Archive, 30 October 2019). Retrieved from: https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu//dc.html?doc=6532113-National-Security-Archive-Doc-01-Office-of-the
  • Pearson, Drew. “Turks Favored U.S. Missile Exit: Greek Relations”. The Washinton Post, 17 August 1963.
  • Phillips, Thomas R. “The Growing Missile Gap”, Central Intelligence Agency (January 8, 1959), 10-16.
  • Pincus, Walter. “Transcript Confirms Kennedy Linked Removal of Missiles in Cuba, Turkey”. The Washington Post, 22 October 1987.
  • “Polaris on Duty in Mediterranean”. The Atlanta Journal and the Atlanta Constitution, 31 March 1963.
  • Roberts, Priscilla. “Jupiter Missiles (Turkey and Italy)”. İçinde Cuban Missile Crisis the Essential Reference Guide, ed. Priscilla Roberts, 90-91. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2014.
  • Seydi, Süleyman. “American Relations and The Cuban Missile Crisis”. Middle Eastern Studies 46, no. 3 (2013), 433-455.
  • Schmidt, Dana Adams. “Turks Hope NATO Missiles Will Stay: Spurn Idea of a Deal With Soviet Over Cuban Crisis”. New York Times, 3 November 1962.
  • “Scrap Turk Missile Bases: U.S., Ankara Discuss Use of Polaris Subs Final Decision Goes to NATO Council”. Chicago Daily Tribune, 24 January 1963.
  • “Sovyet Rusya Küba Meselesine Nihayet Türkiye’yi de Karıştırdı: Kruçef Küba ve Türkiye’deki Üslerin 2-3 Hafta İçinde Tahliyesini İstedi”. Cumhuriyet, 28 October 1962.
  • Stuart Rockwell to Benjamin Read, “Turkish Interest in Atomic Weapon Development”, 6 October 1966, Nuclear Weapons and Turkey Since 1959, ed. William Burr (Washington, D.C.: The National Security Archive, 30 October 2019). Retrieved from: https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu//dc.html?doc=6532128-National-Security-Archive-Doc-14-Stuart-Rockwell
  • Smith, Hedrick. “Turkey Willing for U.S. To Remove Missiles”. The Globe and Mail, 21 January 1963.
  • Tokatlı, Fatih. “The Policy of Eisenhower Administration Towards Turkey, 1953-1961”. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University, 2004.
  • Taubman, William. Khrushchev: The Man and His Era. London, Simon and Schuster UK Ltd., 2005.
  • US Defense Department, “Ground Atomic Support Command for Defense of Turkish Straits”, 26 March 1958, Nuclear Weapons and Turkey Since 1959, ed. William Burr (Washington, D.C.: The National Security Archive, 30 October 2019). Retrieved from: https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu//dc.html?doc=6532116-National-Security-Archive-Doc-04-Defense
  • US Department of State, Office of the Historian, Foreign Relations of the United States 1961-1963, by James E. Miller, Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1994, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v16.
  • Uslu, Nasuh. The Turkish-American Relationship Between 1947 and 2003: The History of a Distinctive Alliance. Nova Publishers, 2003, 137-170.
  • Wollemborg, Leo J. “Voice on NATO Is Weakened, Italian Claims”. The Washington Post, 21 February 1963.

The Making of Nuclear Turkey: The Acquisition Process of Jupiter Missiles

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 75 - 89, 27.04.2020

Öz

Of all the cleavages throughout the Cold War, the Cuban Missile Crisis was by far the closest one to eradication by a nuclear war. Although the USA and USSR were using diplomatic tools to avoid such a disaster, the incident was so severe that a nuclear war was expected in the first week of the crisis. Although the world was on the brink of a conflict that might have ended up with a nuclear confrontation, which was likely to entail complete destruction of the world, the problem was resolved through the deep labyrinths of diplomacy. As an active member of NATO and the country hosting Jupiter Missiles on its soil, Turkey constituted a substantial party of the crisis. Although this incident was studied carefully by the academy, the deployment process of the missiles and debates on the removal of the Jupiters need further examination. Notably, the background behind Turkey’s will to deploy these missiles need attention. This article investigates the reasons behind Turkey’s consent to deploy the missiles and the removal process. Some argued that Turkey was a passive actor. Moreover, the chief reason for its consent was to obey the superpower of Western bloc and maintain its position. Nevertheless, the main argument of this article is contrary to the popular view; the reasons behind Turkey’s consent were various. Regarding the domestic and external dynamics of the era, it is explained in this article that the economy, political power groups such as the army, perception of threat, and international factors were hand in hand in shaping the decision of Turkey. To evaluate Turkey’s stance in this crisis, primary sources of the era, including international newspaper archives, were used aside from the secondary literature.

Kaynakça

  • “Around the World: Russian Anti-Rocket Request Is Rejected by Turkey”. The Washington Post, 10 January 1965.
  • “Amerika, Küba Buhranı Karşısında Türkiye’nin Durumunu İzah Etti”. Cumhuriyet, 26 October 1962.
  • “Amerika, Küba’daki Füzelerin Söküldüğünü Resmen Doğruladı”. Cumhuriyet, 10 November 1962.
  • Brewer, Sam Pope. “Turkish Delegate Bars Bases Offer”. New York Times, 28 October 1962.
  • By Reuters. “Turks Give Up Missile Bases, Long an Issue in the Cold War”. New York Times, 24 January 1963.
  • Cleary, Mark C. Army Ballistic Missile Programs at Cape Canaveral. 45th Space Wing History Office, Retrieved from: http://afspacemuseum.org/library/histories/Army.pdf
  • Criss, Nur Bilge. “Strategic Nuclear Missiles in Turkey: The Jupiter Affair, 1959-1963”. The Journal of Strategic Studies 20, no. 3 (2008): 97-122.
  • Drake, Waldo. “Turkey: West Bastion, Prime Target of Soviet: U.S. Missiles Turn Turkey Into Bulwark Against Soviets”. Los Angeles Times, 13 November 1960.
  • “Erkin: Önce Bizi Tehdit Eden Üsler Kalkmalı”. Cumhuriyet, 1 November 1962.
  • Fuelling, Cody. “To the Brink: Turkish and Cuban Missile Crisis During the Height of the Cold War”. International Social Science Review 93, no. 3 (2017): 1-15.
  • G. Norris, John. “U.S. to Dismantle Jupiter Missiles In turkey and Italy Next Week”. The Washington Post, 25 March 1963.
  • “Gençlerin Bildirisi”. Cumhuriyet, 27 October 1962.
  • Gibson, James N. Nuclear Weapons of the Unites States: An Illustrated History. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Pub., 1996.
  • Harris, George S. “The View from Ankara”. The Wilson Quarterly, (1982): 126-135.
  • Hanson W. Baldwin. “Guard NATO Flank: Turkish Missiles Now Obsolescent”. The Globe and Mail, 29 October 1962.
  • Hanson W. Baldwin. “Installations in Turkey Form Key Element of NATO Power”. New York Times, 28 October 1962.
  • İnce, Nurhan and Robert Olson. “Turkish Foreign Policy: 1960-1964: Continuity, Change and the Cyprus Crisis”. Istituto per l’Oriente C. A. Nallino, (1977), 269-286.
  • İzmir, Bahar. “İki Müttefik Bir Kriz: Türk Amerikan İlişkilerinde Jüpiter Füzeleri Krizi”. Humanitas International Journal of Social Sciences 5, no. 10 (2017): 177-192.
  • J. Bernstein, Barton. “The Cuban Missile Crisis: Trading the Jupiters in Turkey?”. Political Science Quarterly 95, no. 1 (1980), 97-125. “Küba Olayı ve Gürsel”. Cumhuriyet, 25 October 1962.
  • “Kruçef Küba’daki Tecavüzi Silahların Geri Çekilmesi için Dün Emir Verdi”. Cumhuriyet, 29 October 1962.
  • “Kriz Şimdilik Geçti, Küba Meselesi Diplomatik Kanala İntikal Etti: Amerika Anlaşma Müzakereleri Süresince Ablukayı Kaldırmıyor”. Cumhuriyet, 27 October 1962.
  • M. Loeb, Larry. “Jupiter Missiles in Europe: A Measure of Presidential Power”. World Affairs 139, no. 1 (1976): 27-39.
  • Nash, Philip. The Other Missiles of October: Eisenhower, Kennedy, and the Jupiters. USA: University of North Carolina States, 1997.
  • Nash, Philip. “Weapons in Kennedy’s Foreign Policy”. The Historian 56, no. 2 (1994): 285-300.
  • National Assembly Journal of Offical Reports, Period:1, Assembly: 1, Session: 135, Volume 8.
  • N. Waltz, Kenneth. “the Spread of Nuclear Weapons: More May Be Better: Introduction”. The Adelphi Papers 21, no. 171 (1981).
  • “Nükleer Harb Başlıyabilir” Cumhuriyet, 24 October 1962.
  • Office of the Assistant to the Secretary of Defense (Atomic Energy), “History of the Custody and Deployment of Nuclear Weapons: July 1945 Through September 1977”, February 1978, Nuclear Weapons and Turkey Since 1959, ed. William Burr (Washington, D.C.: The National Security Archive, 30 October 2019). Retrieved from: https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu//dc.html?doc=6532113-National-Security-Archive-Doc-01-Office-of-the
  • Pearson, Drew. “Turks Favored U.S. Missile Exit: Greek Relations”. The Washinton Post, 17 August 1963.
  • Phillips, Thomas R. “The Growing Missile Gap”, Central Intelligence Agency (January 8, 1959), 10-16.
  • Pincus, Walter. “Transcript Confirms Kennedy Linked Removal of Missiles in Cuba, Turkey”. The Washington Post, 22 October 1987.
  • “Polaris on Duty in Mediterranean”. The Atlanta Journal and the Atlanta Constitution, 31 March 1963.
  • Roberts, Priscilla. “Jupiter Missiles (Turkey and Italy)”. İçinde Cuban Missile Crisis the Essential Reference Guide, ed. Priscilla Roberts, 90-91. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2014.
  • Seydi, Süleyman. “American Relations and The Cuban Missile Crisis”. Middle Eastern Studies 46, no. 3 (2013), 433-455.
  • Schmidt, Dana Adams. “Turks Hope NATO Missiles Will Stay: Spurn Idea of a Deal With Soviet Over Cuban Crisis”. New York Times, 3 November 1962.
  • “Scrap Turk Missile Bases: U.S., Ankara Discuss Use of Polaris Subs Final Decision Goes to NATO Council”. Chicago Daily Tribune, 24 January 1963.
  • “Sovyet Rusya Küba Meselesine Nihayet Türkiye’yi de Karıştırdı: Kruçef Küba ve Türkiye’deki Üslerin 2-3 Hafta İçinde Tahliyesini İstedi”. Cumhuriyet, 28 October 1962.
  • Stuart Rockwell to Benjamin Read, “Turkish Interest in Atomic Weapon Development”, 6 October 1966, Nuclear Weapons and Turkey Since 1959, ed. William Burr (Washington, D.C.: The National Security Archive, 30 October 2019). Retrieved from: https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu//dc.html?doc=6532128-National-Security-Archive-Doc-14-Stuart-Rockwell
  • Smith, Hedrick. “Turkey Willing for U.S. To Remove Missiles”. The Globe and Mail, 21 January 1963.
  • Tokatlı, Fatih. “The Policy of Eisenhower Administration Towards Turkey, 1953-1961”. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University, 2004.
  • Taubman, William. Khrushchev: The Man and His Era. London, Simon and Schuster UK Ltd., 2005.
  • US Defense Department, “Ground Atomic Support Command for Defense of Turkish Straits”, 26 March 1958, Nuclear Weapons and Turkey Since 1959, ed. William Burr (Washington, D.C.: The National Security Archive, 30 October 2019). Retrieved from: https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu//dc.html?doc=6532116-National-Security-Archive-Doc-04-Defense
  • US Department of State, Office of the Historian, Foreign Relations of the United States 1961-1963, by James E. Miller, Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1994, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v16.
  • Uslu, Nasuh. The Turkish-American Relationship Between 1947 and 2003: The History of a Distinctive Alliance. Nova Publishers, 2003, 137-170.
  • Wollemborg, Leo J. “Voice on NATO Is Weakened, Italian Claims”. The Washington Post, 21 February 1963.
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Muhammet Furkan Küçükmeral 0000-0002-8704-9450

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Nisan 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 11 Mart 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Küçükmeral, Muhammet Furkan. “The Making of Nuclear Turkey: The Acquisition Process of Jupiter Missiles”. Türk Savaş Çalışmaları Dergisi 1, sy. 1 (Nisan 2020): 75-89.

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