Uluslararası İlişkilerin Bir Alt Disiplini Olarak Güvenlik Çalışmaları

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 38 - 62, 30.04.2021

Hayrettin Küpeli

https://doi.org/10.52792/tws.893428

Öz

Makalede, Güvenlik Çalışmaları alt disiplininin, II. Dünya Savaşı sonrasında ortaya çıkışından bu güne karşımıza çıkan karakter değişimi ve dönüşümü ile tarihsel ve sosyo-politik şartlar arasında bir ilişki olduğu argümanı üzerine inşa edilen bir yöntem benimsenmiştir. Çalışmada, Güvenlik Çalışmaları alanındaki farklı yaklaşımların betimsel bir tasvirinin yanında söz konusu yaklaşımların hangi bağlamda ortaya çıktığına ilişkin derinlemesine bir kavrayış oluşturulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda tarihsel süreç izleme metodu benimsenmiş ve üç bölüm altında bir analiz gerçekleştirilmiştir. İlk bölümde Güvenlik Çalışmalarının doğuşuna zemin hazırlayan gelişmeler ve sonuçları analiz edilmiş, ikinci bölümde Soğuk Savaş döneminde hakim olan geleneksel yaklaşımlar incelenmiş, son bölümde ise daha sonraki genişletme ve derinleştirme yaklaşımlarının ortaya çıkışı irdelenmiştir. Yapılan incelemeler sonucunda makalenin argümanının büyük oranda desteklendiği görülmüş, sonuç ve tartışma bölümünde bulgulardan hareketle geleceğe yönelik olasılıklar ele alınmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Güvenlik Çalışmaları, Stratejik Çalışmalar, Genişletme ve Derinleştirme

Security Studies as a Subfield of International Relations

Öz

The article’s methodology is constructed on the argument that as a sub-field, Security Studies’ changing character and evolution is related with the historical and socio-political circumstances from the first appearance after World War II until today. It is aimed in this paper, besides drawing a descriptive representation of different perspectives in Security Studies, to establish a deeper understanding in what kind of context these different approaches took shape. From this point of view, the historical process-tracing analysis method is adopted and analysis under three headings was conducted. In the first section, the developments which established the proper ground for the foundation of Security Studies and their consequences were analyzed. In the second section, the traditional approaches which were prominent in the Cold War era were examined in the historical context. In the last section, the appearance of widening and deepening approaches after the Cold War was scrutinized. The analysis and results generally supported the main argument of the article and these were evaluated and discussed within the context of future possibilities as a conclusion.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Security Studies, Strategic Studies, Widening and Deepening

Kaynakça

• The World War One Document Archive. “President Wilson's Fourteen Points”, accessed January 1, 2021. https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/President_Wilson%27s_Fourteen_Points.
• Adler, Emanuel. “Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism in World Politics”. European Journal of International Relations, 3, no.3, (1997): 319-363.
• Baldwin, David A., "Security Studies and the End of the Cold War”, World Politics, 48, no. 1 (October 1995): 117-141.
• Baylis, John and James J. Wirtz, “Introduction: Strategy in Contemporary World: Strategy After 9/11” In Strategy in the Contemporary World: An Introduction to Strategic Studies Fifth Edition edited by John Baylis, James J. Wirtz and Colin S. Gray, 1-16, New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.
• Bilgin, Pınar. “Critical Theory”. In Security Studies: An Introduction, edited by Paul D. Williams, 89-102. New York: Routledge, 2008.
• Bilgin, Pınar. “Güvenlik Çalışmalarında Yeni Açılımlar: Yeni Güvenlik Yaklaşımları”, Stratejik Araştırmalar, 8, no. 14, (2010): 70-96.
• Booth, Ken. “Security and Emancipation”. Review of International Studies, 17, no. 4 (1991): 313-326.
• Buzan, Barry. People, States and Fear: The National Security Problem in International Relations. Brighton: Wheatsheaf Books 1983.
• Buzan, Barry, Ole Wæver and Jaap De Wilde. Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Brighton: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1998.
• Buzan, Barry. “Will the ‘global war on terrorism’ be the new Cold War?”, International Affairs, 82, no. 6, (2006): 1101-1118.
• Buzan, Barry and Lene Hansen, The Evolution of International Security Studies. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
• Caporaso, James A. “International Relations Theory and Multilateralism: The Search for Foundations”, International Organization, 46, no. 3 (1992): 599-632.
• Chomsky, Noam. American Power and New Mandarins. New York: Vintage Books, 1969.
• Clausewitz, Carl Von. On War. Translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1989.
• Dillon, Michael. “Sovereignty and Governmentality: From the Problematics of the ‘'New World Order’ to the Ethical Problematic of the World Order”. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 20, no. 3, (1995): 323-368.
• Doyle, Michael. “Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs”, Philosophy and Public Affairs, 12, no. 3 (1983): 205-235.
• Earle, Edward Mead. Turkey, the Great Powers, and the Bagdad Railway: A Study in Imperialism. New York: Macmillan, 1923.
• Earle, Edward Mead. Makers of Modern Strategy: Military Thought from Machiavelli to Hitler. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1943.
• Ekbladh, David, “Present at the Creation: Edward Mead Earle and the Depression-Era Origins of Security Studies”, International Security, 36, no. 3 (Winter 2011/12): 107–141.
• Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish. New York: Vintage Books, 1995.
• Galtung, Johan. “Violence, Peace, and Peace Research”. Journal of Peace Research, 6, no.3, (1969): 167-191.
• Halliday, Fred, “The Gulf War 1990-1991 and the study of international relations”, Review of International Studies , 20 (1994): 109-130.
• Halliday, Fred and Justin Rosenberg, “Interview with Ken Waltz,” Review of International 24, no. 3 (1998): 371-386.
• Heath-Kelly, Charlotte. “Post-Structuralism and Constructivism”. In Routledge Handbook of Critical Terrorism Studies, edited by Richard Jackson, 136-159. New York: Routledge, 2016.
• Hendrics, Gavin P. “Deconstruction the end of writing: ‘Everything is a text, there is nothing outside context’”. Verbum et Ecclesia, 37, no. 1 (2016): 1-9.
• Hopf, Ted. “The Promise of Constructivism in International Relations Theory”. International Security, 23, no. 1, (1998): 171-200.
• Huysmans, Jef.“Security? What Do You Mean? From Concept to Thick Signifier”. European Journal of International Relations, 4, no. 2, (1998): 226-255.
• Huysmans, Jef. “Revisiting Copenhagen: Or, on the Creative Development of a Security Studies Agenda in Europe”. European Journal of International Relations, 4, no. 4 (1998): 479-505.
• Kent, Alexandra. “Reconfiguring Security: Buddhism and Moral Legitimacy in Cambodia”. Security Dialogue, 37, no. 3, (2006): 343-361.
• Keohane, Robert O. “International Institutions: Two Approaches”, International Studies Quarterly, 32, no. 4 (1988): 379-396.
• Küpeli, Hayrettin. “Uluslararası Örgütlere Güvenlik Yaklaşımı.” In Teoriden Uygulamaya Güvenlik Üzerine, edited by Gökhan Sarı and C. Korhan Demir. Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi, 2018.
• Krause, Keith and Michael Williams, “Broadening the Agenda of Security Studies: Politics and Methods”, Mershon International Studies Review, 40, no. 2, (October, 1996): 229-254.
• Krause, Keith and Michael Williams, “Preface: Toward Critical Security Studies”, in Critical Security Studies: Concept and Cases, edited by Keith Krause and Michael Williams, vii-xxii. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997.
• Lawler, Peter. “Peace Studies”. In Security Studies: An Introduction, edited by Paul D. Williams, 73-88, New York: Routledge, 2008.
• McDonald, Matt. “Constructivism”, In Security Studies: An Introduction, edited by Paul D. Williams, 59-72. New York: Routledge, 2008.
• McSweeney, Bill. “Identity and security: Buzan and the Copenhagen school”. Review of International Studies, 22, no. 1, (1996): 81-93.
• Navari, Cornelia. “Liberalism”, In Security Studies: An Introduction, edited by Paul D. Williams, 29-43, New York: Routledge, 2008.
• Oneal, John R., Bruce Russet and Michael L. Berbaum, “Causes of Peace: Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations, 1885-1992”, International Studies Quarterly, 47 (2003): 371-393.
• Onuf, Nicholas Greenwood. World of Our Making: Rules and Rule in Social Theory and International Relations. South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, 1989.
• Peoples, Columba, Nick Vaughan-Williams. Critical Security Studies : An Introduction. New York: Routledge, 2010.
• Reinalda, Bob. Routledge History of International Organizations from 1815 to Present Day. New York: Routledge, 2009.
• Schmid, Herman. “Peace Research and Politics”. Journal of Peace Research, 5, no. 3, (1968): 217-232.
• Tickner, J. Ann. Gender in International Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992.
• Ullman, Richard H. “Redefining Security”, International Security, 8, no. 1 (Summer, 1983): 129-153.
• Wæver, Ole, Barry Buzan, Morten Kelstrup and Pierre Lemaitre. Identity, Migration, and the New Security Agenda in Europe. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993.
• Wæver, Ole. “Aberystwyth, Paris, Copenhagen New 'Schools' in Security Theory”. International Studies Association Conference, (March, 17-20, 2004), Montreal.
• Wæver, Ole. “Politics, security, theory”, Security Dialogue, 42, no. 4-5 (2011): 465-480.
• Walker, Rob B. J. “Security, Sovereignty and the Challenge of World Politics”, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 15, no. 1, (1990): 3-27.
• Walt, Stephen M., “The Renaissance of Security Studies”, International Studies Quarterly, 35, no. 2 (June 1991): 211-239.
• Wendt, Alexander. Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
• Williams, Paul D. “Security Studies: An Introduction”. In Security Studies: An Introduction, edited by Paul D. Williams, 1-12, New York: Routledge, 2008.
• Beach, Derek, "Process-Tracing Methods in Social Science", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics, accessed January 1, 2021, https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/ 9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-176.
• Kant, Immanuel. Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Essay. Translated with Introduction and Notes by M. Campbell Smith, with a Preface by L. Latta. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1917. https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/latta-perpetual-peace-a-philosophical-essay-1917-ed.
• Michigan University. “Center for Research on Conflict Resolution (University of Michigan) records: 1952-1972”, accessed February 28, 2021. https://quod.lib.umich.edu/b/bhlead/umich-bhl-8773?view=text.
• NATO. “Strategic Concepts”. Accessed January 31, 2021, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq /topics_56626.htm.
• PRIO. “About PRIO”. Accessed February 28, 2021. https://www.prio.org/About/.
• SIPRI. “About SIPRI”. Accessed February 28, 2021. https://www.sipri.org/about.