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Proxy War: An Attempt to Put a Retrospective and Ambiguous Concept into a Specific Framework

Yıl 2024, , 47 - 65, 11.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.58699/tyir.1433340

Öz

There are two dominant perspectives in the literature regarding the concept of proxy war, which was forgotten in the post-Cold War era but is now regaining popularity. The group led by Karl Deutsch defines proxy war as the intervention of other states in a civil war in a country, and the situation where the civil war in question gains an interstate conflict nature. The other group argues that proxy war was a common form of warfare even before 1945. This study problematizes two perspectives. Accordingly, a new conceptual framework of proxy wars is constructed, aiming to eliminate the conceptual ambiguity caused by these two perspectives.

Kaynakça

  • Alca, Deniz (2020). “Kim: Yeni Savaşlarda Asil Vekil Sorunu”, Savunma Bilimleri Dergisi, 19 (37): 25-48.
  • Bapat, Navin A. (2011). “Understanding State Sponsorship of Militant Groups”, British Journal of Political Science, 42: 1-29.
  • Bar-Siman-Tov, Yaacov (1984). “The Strategy of War by Proxy”. Cooperation and Conflict, 19: 263-73.
  • Brown, Seyom (2016). “Purposes and Pitfalls of War by Proxy: A Systemic Analysis” Small Wars & Insurgencies, 27 (2): 243-257.
  • Bryjka, Filip (2020). “Operational Control over Non-State Proxies”, Security & Defence Quarterly, 31 (4): 191-210.
  • Cragin, R. Kim (2015). “Semi-Proxy Wars and U.S. Counterterrorism Strategy”, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38 (5): 311-327.
  • Deutsch, Karl W. (1964). “External Involvement in Internal Wars”, in Harry Eckstein (Eds), Internal War: Problems and Approaches, (London: The Free Press of Glence): 100-110.
  • Duner, Bertil (1981). “Proxy Intervention in Civil Wars”, Journal of Peace Research, 4 (18): 353-61.
  • Ekşi, Muharrem (2017). “The Syrian Crisis as a Proxy War and the Return of the Realist Great Power Politics”, Ankasam Uluslararası Kriz ve Siyaset Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1 (2): 106-129.
  • Erol, Mehmet Seyfettin and Kadir Ertaç Çelik (2018). “ABD’nin Suriye Politikasında Vekil Aktör Olarak Terör Örgütleri: YPG Örneği”, Ankasam Bölgesel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2 (2): 14-45.
  • Fox, Amos C. (2019a). “Conflict and the Need for a Theory of Proxy Warfare”, Journal of Strategic Security, 12 (1): 44-71.
  • Fox, Amos C. (2019b). In Pursuit of a General Theory of Proxy Warfare, Land Warfare Paper no. 123, https://www.ausa.org/sites/default/files/publications/LWP-123-InPursuit-of-a-General-Theory-of-Proxy-Warfare.pdf, accessed: 02.06.2022.
  • Fox, Amos C. (2020). “Five Models of Strategic Relationship in Proxy War”, Georgetown Security Studies Review, 8 (2): 50-58.
  • Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede (2007). “Transnational Dimensions of Civil Wars”, Journal of Peace Research, 44 (3): 293-309.
  • Gök, Ali (2021a). “Suriye ve Libya’da Meydana Gelen Çatışmaların Vekalet Savaşı Teorisi Kapsamında Karşılaştırılması”, Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, 10 (1): 121-150.
  • Gök, Ali (2021b). “Vekalet Savaşlarında İstihbarat Örgütlerinin Rolü: Kudüs Gücü Örneği”, Ekonomi, Politika & Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6 (3): 728-747.
  • Groh, Tyrone L. (2019). Proxy War: The Least Bad Option, (Stanford, California: Standford University Press).
  • Hauter, Jakob (2019). “Delegated Interstate War”, Journal of Strategic Security,12 (4): 90-103.
  • Hughes, Geraint (2014). My Enemy’s Enemy: Proxy Warfare in International Politics, (Portland, Oregon: Sussex Academic Press).
  • Innes, Michael A. (2012). “Preface”, in Making Sense of Proxy Wars: States, Surrogates & the Use of Force, ed. Michael A. Innes, (Washington D.C.: Potomac Books): XIII-XVI.
  • Ivanov, Zoran (2020). “Changing the Character of Proxy Warfare and its Consequences for Geopolitical Relationships”, Security & Defence Quarterly, 31(4): 37-51.
  • Karabulut, Bilal and Şafak Oğuz (2018). “Proxy Warfare in Ukraine”, The Journal of Defence Sciences, 17 (1): 75-100.
  • Kozera, Cyprian Aleksander, Pawel Barnet, Cüneyt Gürer, Blazej Poblawski, Mehmet Alper Sözer (2020). “Game of Proxies – Towards a New Model of Warfare: Experiences from the CAR, Libya, Mali, Syria and Ukraine”, Security & Defence Quarterly, 31 (4): 77-97.
  • Krieg, Andreas and Rickli, Jean-Marc (2018). “Surrogate Warfare: The Art of War in the 21st Century”, Defence Studies, 18 (2): 113-130.
  • Krieg, Andreas (2016). “Externalizing the Burden of War: The Obama Doctrin and US Foreign Policy in the Middle East”, International Affairs, 92 (1): 97-113.
  • Kurt, Veysel (2019). “Arap İsyanları Sonrasında Ortadoğu’da Vekalet Savaşları: Yemen Örneği”, Uluslararası Siyaset Bilimi ve Kentsel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7 (1): 307-326.
  • Leenders, Reinoud and Antonio Giustozzi (2022). “Foreign Sponsorship of ProGovernment Militias Fighting Syria’s Insurgency: Whither Proxy Wars?”, Mediterranean Politics, 27 (5): 614-643.
  • Loveman, Chris (2002). “Assessing the Phenomenon of Proxy Intervention”, Conflict, Security Development, 2 (3): 29-48.
  • Marshall, Alex (2016). “From Civil War to Proxy War: Past History and Current Dilemmas”, Small Wars & Insurgiencies, 27 (2): 183-195.
  • Moghaddam, Assaf and Michel Wyss (2018). “Five Myths About Sponsor-Proxy Relationships”. Lawfare, https://www.lawfareblog.com/five-myths-aboutsponsor-proxy-relationships, accessed: 02.06.2022.
  • Moghaddam, Assaf and Michel Wyss (2020). “The Political Power of Proxies: Why NonState Actors Use Local Surrogates”, International Security, 44 (4): 119-157.
  • Mumford, Andrew (2013a). Proxy Warfare, (Cambridge: Polity Press). Mumford, Andrew (2013b). “Proxy Warfare and the Future of Conflict”, The Rusi Journal, 158 (2): 40-46.
  • Pfaff, C. Anthony (2017). “Strategic Insights: Proxy War Norms”, Articles & Editorials, 402, Accessed: 15.01.2024, web link: https://press.armywarcollege.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=articles_editorials
  • Phillips, Christopher and Morten Valbjørn (2018). “What is in a Name?: The Role of (Different) Identities in the Multiple Proxy Wars in Syria”, Small Wars & Insurgencies, 29 (3): 414-433.
  • Rauta, Vladimir and Andrew Mumford (2017). “Proxy Wars And The Contemporary Security Environment”, in Robert Dover et. al (Ed), The Palgrave Handbook of Security, Risk and Intelligence, (London: Palgrave Macmillan): 99-115.
  • Rauta, Vladimir (2018). “A Structural-Relational Analysis of Party Dynamics in Proxy Wars”, International Relations, 32 (4): 449-467.
  • Rauta, Vladimir (2021). “’Proxy war’ – A Reconceptualisation”, Civil Wars, 23 (1): 1-24.
  • Rondeaux, Candace & David Sterman (2019). Twent-First Century Proxy Warfare: Confronting Strategic Innovation in a Multipolar World Since the 2011 NATO Intervention, (Washington D.C.: New America), web link: https://d1y8sb8igg2f8e.cloudfront.net/ documents/Twenty-First_Century_Proxy_Warfare_Final.pdf, accessed:19.01.2024.
  • Rubright, Richard (2016). “The U.S. Strategic Paradox, Third-Party Proxies, and Special Operations Forces”, Special Operations Journal, 2 (2): 135-145.
  • San-Akca, Belgin (2009). “Supporting Non-State Armed Groups: A Resort to Illegality?”, Journal of Strategic Studies, 32 (4): 589-613.
  • Salehyan, Idean (2010). “The Delegation of War to Rebel Organizations”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 54 (3): 493- 515.
  • Salehyan, Idean et al. (2014). “External Rebel Sponsorship and Civilian Abuse: A Principal-Agent Analysis of Wartime Atrocities”, International Organization, 68: 633-661.
  • Sander, Oral (2015). Siyasi Tarih: 1918-1994, (Ankara: İmge).
  • Sönmez, Göktuğ (2020). İran’ın “Direniş Ekseni”nde Süleymani Kırılması: Orta Doğu’da Vekalet Savaşlarında Yeni Dönem, (Ankara: Nobel Akademik).
  • Stambøl, Eva Magdalena (2016). “EU Initiatives Along the ‘Cocaine Routes’ to Europe: Fighting Drug trafficking and Terrorism by Proxy?”, Small Wars & Insurgencies, 27 (2): 302-324.
  • Tınas, Murat (2020). “Yemen İç Savaşı’nda Husiler: Vekâlet İlişkisinin Karmaşık Yapısı”, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21 (1): 117-136.
  • Towle, Philip (1981). “The Strategy of War by Proxy”, The RUSI Journal, 126 (1): 21-26. Ünalmış, Ahmet Nafiz and Şafak Oğuz (2019). “2008 Rusya-Gürcistan Savaşının Vekalet Savaşı Teorisi Açısından İncelenmesi”, Karadeniz Araştırmaları, XVI (61): 31-41.
  • United Nations (1945). “Charter of the United Nations and Statute Of The International Court Of Justice”, p. 3, San Francisco, 1945, web link: https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/ctc/uncharter.pdf, accessed: 11.06.2022.
  • Waldman, Thomas (2018). “Vicarious Warfare: The Counterproductive Consequences of Modern American Military Practice”, Contemporary Security Policy, 39 (2): 181-205.
  • Wither, James K. (2020). “Outsourcing Warfare: Proxy Forces in Contemporary Armed Conflicts”, Security and Defence Quarterly, 31 (4): 17-34.
  • Yüksel, Engin (2020). “Turkey’s Approach to Proxy War in the Middle East and North Africa”, Security & Defence Quarterly, 31 (4): 137-152.

Vekalet Savaşı: Retrospektif ve Belirsiz Bir Kavramı Belli Bir Çerçeveye Koyma Denemesi

Yıl 2024, , 47 - 65, 11.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.58699/tyir.1433340

Öz

Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde unutulan ama günümüzde tekrar rağbet gören vekalet savaşı kavramına ilişkin literatürde iki hâkim bakış açısının olduğu söylenebilir. Karl Deutsch’un başını çektiği grup, bir ülkedeki iç savaşa diğer devletlerin müdahale etmesini ve sözkonusu ülkedeki iç savaşın devletler arası bir çatışma niteliği kazandığı durumları vekalet savaşı olarak nitelendirmiştir. Diğer grup ise, vekalet savaşının 1945 öncesinde de yaygın görülen bir savaş biçimi olduğunu savunmuştur. Bu çalışmada söz konusu iki bakış açısı sorunsallaştırılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda çalışmada, yeni bir vekalet savaşı kavramsal çerçevesi inşa edilerek sözkonusu iki bakış açısının yol açtığı kavramsal belirsizlik giderilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Alca, Deniz (2020). “Kim: Yeni Savaşlarda Asil Vekil Sorunu”, Savunma Bilimleri Dergisi, 19 (37): 25-48.
  • Bapat, Navin A. (2011). “Understanding State Sponsorship of Militant Groups”, British Journal of Political Science, 42: 1-29.
  • Bar-Siman-Tov, Yaacov (1984). “The Strategy of War by Proxy”. Cooperation and Conflict, 19: 263-73.
  • Brown, Seyom (2016). “Purposes and Pitfalls of War by Proxy: A Systemic Analysis” Small Wars & Insurgencies, 27 (2): 243-257.
  • Bryjka, Filip (2020). “Operational Control over Non-State Proxies”, Security & Defence Quarterly, 31 (4): 191-210.
  • Cragin, R. Kim (2015). “Semi-Proxy Wars and U.S. Counterterrorism Strategy”, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38 (5): 311-327.
  • Deutsch, Karl W. (1964). “External Involvement in Internal Wars”, in Harry Eckstein (Eds), Internal War: Problems and Approaches, (London: The Free Press of Glence): 100-110.
  • Duner, Bertil (1981). “Proxy Intervention in Civil Wars”, Journal of Peace Research, 4 (18): 353-61.
  • Ekşi, Muharrem (2017). “The Syrian Crisis as a Proxy War and the Return of the Realist Great Power Politics”, Ankasam Uluslararası Kriz ve Siyaset Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1 (2): 106-129.
  • Erol, Mehmet Seyfettin and Kadir Ertaç Çelik (2018). “ABD’nin Suriye Politikasında Vekil Aktör Olarak Terör Örgütleri: YPG Örneği”, Ankasam Bölgesel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2 (2): 14-45.
  • Fox, Amos C. (2019a). “Conflict and the Need for a Theory of Proxy Warfare”, Journal of Strategic Security, 12 (1): 44-71.
  • Fox, Amos C. (2019b). In Pursuit of a General Theory of Proxy Warfare, Land Warfare Paper no. 123, https://www.ausa.org/sites/default/files/publications/LWP-123-InPursuit-of-a-General-Theory-of-Proxy-Warfare.pdf, accessed: 02.06.2022.
  • Fox, Amos C. (2020). “Five Models of Strategic Relationship in Proxy War”, Georgetown Security Studies Review, 8 (2): 50-58.
  • Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede (2007). “Transnational Dimensions of Civil Wars”, Journal of Peace Research, 44 (3): 293-309.
  • Gök, Ali (2021a). “Suriye ve Libya’da Meydana Gelen Çatışmaların Vekalet Savaşı Teorisi Kapsamında Karşılaştırılması”, Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, 10 (1): 121-150.
  • Gök, Ali (2021b). “Vekalet Savaşlarında İstihbarat Örgütlerinin Rolü: Kudüs Gücü Örneği”, Ekonomi, Politika & Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6 (3): 728-747.
  • Groh, Tyrone L. (2019). Proxy War: The Least Bad Option, (Stanford, California: Standford University Press).
  • Hauter, Jakob (2019). “Delegated Interstate War”, Journal of Strategic Security,12 (4): 90-103.
  • Hughes, Geraint (2014). My Enemy’s Enemy: Proxy Warfare in International Politics, (Portland, Oregon: Sussex Academic Press).
  • Innes, Michael A. (2012). “Preface”, in Making Sense of Proxy Wars: States, Surrogates & the Use of Force, ed. Michael A. Innes, (Washington D.C.: Potomac Books): XIII-XVI.
  • Ivanov, Zoran (2020). “Changing the Character of Proxy Warfare and its Consequences for Geopolitical Relationships”, Security & Defence Quarterly, 31(4): 37-51.
  • Karabulut, Bilal and Şafak Oğuz (2018). “Proxy Warfare in Ukraine”, The Journal of Defence Sciences, 17 (1): 75-100.
  • Kozera, Cyprian Aleksander, Pawel Barnet, Cüneyt Gürer, Blazej Poblawski, Mehmet Alper Sözer (2020). “Game of Proxies – Towards a New Model of Warfare: Experiences from the CAR, Libya, Mali, Syria and Ukraine”, Security & Defence Quarterly, 31 (4): 77-97.
  • Krieg, Andreas and Rickli, Jean-Marc (2018). “Surrogate Warfare: The Art of War in the 21st Century”, Defence Studies, 18 (2): 113-130.
  • Krieg, Andreas (2016). “Externalizing the Burden of War: The Obama Doctrin and US Foreign Policy in the Middle East”, International Affairs, 92 (1): 97-113.
  • Kurt, Veysel (2019). “Arap İsyanları Sonrasında Ortadoğu’da Vekalet Savaşları: Yemen Örneği”, Uluslararası Siyaset Bilimi ve Kentsel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7 (1): 307-326.
  • Leenders, Reinoud and Antonio Giustozzi (2022). “Foreign Sponsorship of ProGovernment Militias Fighting Syria’s Insurgency: Whither Proxy Wars?”, Mediterranean Politics, 27 (5): 614-643.
  • Loveman, Chris (2002). “Assessing the Phenomenon of Proxy Intervention”, Conflict, Security Development, 2 (3): 29-48.
  • Marshall, Alex (2016). “From Civil War to Proxy War: Past History and Current Dilemmas”, Small Wars & Insurgiencies, 27 (2): 183-195.
  • Moghaddam, Assaf and Michel Wyss (2018). “Five Myths About Sponsor-Proxy Relationships”. Lawfare, https://www.lawfareblog.com/five-myths-aboutsponsor-proxy-relationships, accessed: 02.06.2022.
  • Moghaddam, Assaf and Michel Wyss (2020). “The Political Power of Proxies: Why NonState Actors Use Local Surrogates”, International Security, 44 (4): 119-157.
  • Mumford, Andrew (2013a). Proxy Warfare, (Cambridge: Polity Press). Mumford, Andrew (2013b). “Proxy Warfare and the Future of Conflict”, The Rusi Journal, 158 (2): 40-46.
  • Pfaff, C. Anthony (2017). “Strategic Insights: Proxy War Norms”, Articles & Editorials, 402, Accessed: 15.01.2024, web link: https://press.armywarcollege.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=articles_editorials
  • Phillips, Christopher and Morten Valbjørn (2018). “What is in a Name?: The Role of (Different) Identities in the Multiple Proxy Wars in Syria”, Small Wars & Insurgencies, 29 (3): 414-433.
  • Rauta, Vladimir and Andrew Mumford (2017). “Proxy Wars And The Contemporary Security Environment”, in Robert Dover et. al (Ed), The Palgrave Handbook of Security, Risk and Intelligence, (London: Palgrave Macmillan): 99-115.
  • Rauta, Vladimir (2018). “A Structural-Relational Analysis of Party Dynamics in Proxy Wars”, International Relations, 32 (4): 449-467.
  • Rauta, Vladimir (2021). “’Proxy war’ – A Reconceptualisation”, Civil Wars, 23 (1): 1-24.
  • Rondeaux, Candace & David Sterman (2019). Twent-First Century Proxy Warfare: Confronting Strategic Innovation in a Multipolar World Since the 2011 NATO Intervention, (Washington D.C.: New America), web link: https://d1y8sb8igg2f8e.cloudfront.net/ documents/Twenty-First_Century_Proxy_Warfare_Final.pdf, accessed:19.01.2024.
  • Rubright, Richard (2016). “The U.S. Strategic Paradox, Third-Party Proxies, and Special Operations Forces”, Special Operations Journal, 2 (2): 135-145.
  • San-Akca, Belgin (2009). “Supporting Non-State Armed Groups: A Resort to Illegality?”, Journal of Strategic Studies, 32 (4): 589-613.
  • Salehyan, Idean (2010). “The Delegation of War to Rebel Organizations”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 54 (3): 493- 515.
  • Salehyan, Idean et al. (2014). “External Rebel Sponsorship and Civilian Abuse: A Principal-Agent Analysis of Wartime Atrocities”, International Organization, 68: 633-661.
  • Sander, Oral (2015). Siyasi Tarih: 1918-1994, (Ankara: İmge).
  • Sönmez, Göktuğ (2020). İran’ın “Direniş Ekseni”nde Süleymani Kırılması: Orta Doğu’da Vekalet Savaşlarında Yeni Dönem, (Ankara: Nobel Akademik).
  • Stambøl, Eva Magdalena (2016). “EU Initiatives Along the ‘Cocaine Routes’ to Europe: Fighting Drug trafficking and Terrorism by Proxy?”, Small Wars & Insurgencies, 27 (2): 302-324.
  • Tınas, Murat (2020). “Yemen İç Savaşı’nda Husiler: Vekâlet İlişkisinin Karmaşık Yapısı”, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21 (1): 117-136.
  • Towle, Philip (1981). “The Strategy of War by Proxy”, The RUSI Journal, 126 (1): 21-26. Ünalmış, Ahmet Nafiz and Şafak Oğuz (2019). “2008 Rusya-Gürcistan Savaşının Vekalet Savaşı Teorisi Açısından İncelenmesi”, Karadeniz Araştırmaları, XVI (61): 31-41.
  • United Nations (1945). “Charter of the United Nations and Statute Of The International Court Of Justice”, p. 3, San Francisco, 1945, web link: https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/ctc/uncharter.pdf, accessed: 11.06.2022.
  • Waldman, Thomas (2018). “Vicarious Warfare: The Counterproductive Consequences of Modern American Military Practice”, Contemporary Security Policy, 39 (2): 181-205.
  • Wither, James K. (2020). “Outsourcing Warfare: Proxy Forces in Contemporary Armed Conflicts”, Security and Defence Quarterly, 31 (4): 17-34.
  • Yüksel, Engin (2020). “Turkey’s Approach to Proxy War in the Middle East and North Africa”, Security & Defence Quarterly, 31 (4): 137-152.
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası Güvenlik
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Uğur Pektaş 0000-0001-7016-4797

Yayımlanma Tarihi 11 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Şubat 2024
Kabul Tarihi 7 Kasım 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

APA Pektaş, U. (2024). Proxy War: An Attempt to Put a Retrospective and Ambiguous Concept into a Specific Framework. The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 55, 47-65. https://doi.org/10.58699/tyir.1433340