Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

DENİZYOLU VE KIYI YAPILARINDA YENİ YAKLAŞIMLAR VE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 3, 72 - 97, 29.12.2025

Öz

Bu makalede, değişen dünya dinamikleri karşısında denizyolu ve kıyı yapılarında ortaya çıkan yapısal ve sürdürülebilir dönüşümler ele alınmaktadır. Sanayi Devrimi’nden günümüze kadar ki teknolojik atilimlar, deniz yollari ve kiyi yapilarinda ki geleneksel dinamikleri derinden etkilemiştir. Artan Kuresel isinma, deniz yollari ve kiyi yapilarinda ki donusum ihtiyacini arttiran en önemli unsurlardan biridir. Dunya uzerinde kuresel isinmaya karsi her alanda etkisini gosteren degisim ruzgari, ozellikle yesil liman uygulamaları, dijitalleşme, otonom gemiler ve enerji verimliliği politikalarıyla birlikte denizyolu taşımacılığında da etkisini gostermektedir. Ote yandan Türkiye’nin jeostratejik konumu, uluslararası lojistik koridorların merkezinde yer alması nedeniyle büyük bir avantaj sağlamaktadır. Ancak bu stratejik konumu etkin kullanabilmek için geleneksel yöntemlerin yeni nesil teknolojilerle entegre edilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu entegrasyonun ve sahaya yansitilmasina karsi atilacak guclu politikaların geliştirilmesi önem taşımaktadır. Sonuç olarak, Denizyolu ve kıyı yapılarında sürdürülebilirlik odaklı yaklasimlar, ülkelerin gelecekteki lojistik ve ulasim hedeflerini belirleyen en önemli unsurdur.

Kaynakça

  • AghaKouchak, A., et al. (2018). Future climate risk from compound events. Nature Climate Change, 8(6), 469–477. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0156-3
  • Balcombe, P., Brierley, J., Lewis, C., Skatvedt, L., Speirs, J., Hawkes, A., & Staffell, I. (2019). How to decarbonise international shipping: Options for fuels, technologies and policies. Energy Conversion and Management, 182, 72–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.12.080
  • Baldursson, F. M., & Kusch, J. (2024). EU ETS extension to maritime transport: Regulatory tightening beyond IMO frameworks. Energy Policy, 185, 113–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113128
  • Baptist, M. J., Smits, A. J. M., & van der Nat, A. (2020). Nature-based river widening as an alternative to hard flood defences: Hydraulic and ecological co-benefits. Science of the Total Environment, 722, 137– 284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137284
  • Barboza, F. L., Miller, J., & Corbett, J. J. (2020). Evaluating the effectiveness of port drayage truck emissions reduction programs on air quality. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 86, 102450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102450
  • Bates, P. D., Neal, J. C., & Fewtrell, T. J. (2021). Real-time flood forecasting using coupled hydrodynamic models and live sensor assimilation. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 14(3), e12741. https://doi. org/10.1111/jfr3.12741
  • Becker, A., Inoue, S., & Cohen, S. (2020). Climate change impacts on seaports: Adaptation challenges for coastal infrastructure. Marine Policy, 118, 103964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103964
  • Bertrand, S., & Williams, B. (2022, February 1). Climate change mitigation and adaptation at U.S. ports [Issue Brief]. Environmental & Energy Study Institute. https://www.eesi.org/papers/view/issue-briefclimate- change-mitigation-and-adaptationat-u-sports-2022
  • Bivocom, (2023). Smart Drainage IoT Server System. https://www.bivocom.com/solution/iotbasedsmart- drainage-monitoring-system
  • Chandler, I., & Digman, C. (2022). Digital twins for smart stormwater and wastewater systems: Concepts and applications. Water Research, 220, 118622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.118622
  • Chang, Y., & Wang, T. (2024). Global decarbonization trajectories in maritime transport: IMO net-zero framework and the emergence of carbon pricing. Marine Policy, 154, 105649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. marpol.2024.105649
  • Chong, J. T., & Lee, P. H. (2020). Integrated smart drainage and tunnel-based flood control for portadjacent coastal corridors in Singapore. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 51, 101904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101904
  • Coyle, C., Gouldby, B., & Stenek, V. (2023). Climate resilience of ports and coastal logistics infrastructure. Journal of Maritime Policy & Management, 50(2), 145–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2023.123 4567
  • Deltares. (2019). Room for the River: Integrated floodplain restoration and hydraulic capacity enhancement for flood risk reduction. Deltares Research Institute. https://www.deltares.nl
  • Demir, H., & Karatay, B. (2021). Bilgi tabanlı yapay zekâ sistemlerinin çevresel izleme ve uyum süreçlerindeki rolü. Yapay Zekâ Uygulamaları Dergisi, 6(1), 33–47. https://doi.org/10.5152/yzu.2021.006
  • Desapex Engineering Consultants LLP. (2024). Green Ports: Charting a sustainable course for maritime trade. https://www.desapex.com/blog-posts/green-ports-charting-a-sustainable-coursefor-maritimetrade
  • Det Norske Veritas GL (DNV GL). (2014, September 11). ReVolt – Next generation short sea shipping [News release]. DNV. https://www.dnv.com/news/2014/revolt-next-generationshortsea-shipping-7279/
  • Eom, J., Park, J., & Lee, S. (2023). Digital-twin-based berth scheduling for emission reduction in container terminals. Maritime Transport Research, 4, 100089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.martra.2023.100089
  • European Commission. (2024). EU ETS extension to maritime transport — Policy update. Directorate- General for Climate Action. https://climate.ec.europa.eu
  • European Environment Agency. (2022). Maritime transport emissions in the EU. EEA Report. https:// www.eea.europa.eu
  • European Union. (2015). Regulation (EU) 2015/757 on the monitoring, reporting and verification of CO₂ emissions from maritime transport. Official Journal of the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu
  • Galeano, G. L., Céspedes, S., & Farias, C. (2023). Monitoring and control of smart urban drainage systems using NB-IoT cellular sensor networks. Journal of Hydroinformatics, 25(4), 911–928. https://doi. org/10.2166/hydro.2023.021
  • Global Center on Adaptation. (2024, November 11). Climate adaptation in ports: A global imperative for resilience. GCA. https://gca.org/climate-adaptation-in-ports-a-globalimperativefor-resilience
  • H+N+S Landscape Architects. (2017). Room for the River floodplain expansion plan [Illustration]. Netherlands Rijkswaterstaat Programme. https://www.hnsland.nl/en/projecten/room-for-the-river
  • Handl, G. (2023). Carbon pricing and decarbonisation incentives in international shipping. Journal of Environmental Law, 35(2), 201–223. https://doi.org/10.1093/jel/eqad012
  • Haralambides, H., & Langen, P. (2022). Governance gaps in autonomous maritime systems: Legal uncertainty, data sovereignty, and technology transfer barriers. Maritime Policy & Management, 49(8), 1201–1220. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2022.2037745
  • Heilig, L., Lalla‐Ruiz, E., & Voß, S. (2017). Digital transformation in maritime ports: Evolution of automation and intelligent decision support. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 112, 459–475. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2017.08.011
  • IAPH. (2025). The digital and sustainable transformation of ports: A snapshot of an industry in full revolution. PierNext — Port of Barcelona. https://piernext.portdebarcelona.cat
  • International Association of Ports and Harbors. (2024). Study on investment requirements of developing countries for port decarbonization and adaptation to climate change. Maritime & Transport Business Solutions for IAPH. https://sustainableworldports.org/wp-content/uploads/2024-09-26-MTBS-IAPHPort- Climate-Investments-Report.pdf
  • International Maritime Organization. (2018). Outcome of the Regulatory Scoping Exercise for the Use of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) Human element and safety-related treaties: MSC.1/ Circ.1638. IMO. https://www.imo.org
  • IPCC. (2022). Climate Change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability — Working Group II contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/
  • Kerkez, B., Qin, Z., & Jia, X. (2021). Real-time sensing and predictive operation for floodresilient drainage systems. Water Research, 199, 117184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117184
  • Kim, S., & Schröder, M. (2021). AI-assisted decision systems and safety optimization in maritime operations. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 9(11), 1456. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9111456
  • Kleinhans, M. G., Van Dijk, W. M., & Straatsma, M. W. (2021). Floodplain reconnection and river corridor expansion as sustainable flood mitigation strategies. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 46(11), 2275–2291. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5134
  • Lam, J. S. L., & Yap, W. Y. (2021). Automation and AI-driven optimization in mega-hub ports: The case of Singapore. Maritime Policy & Management, 48(7), 1002–1018. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2020.1 863124
  • Leclanché SA. (2021). The Yara Birkeland – the world’s first fully electric and autonomous container ship. https://www.leclanche.com
  • Li, K. X., Zhang, D., & Yuen, K. F. (2022). AI- and IoT-enabled energy optimization in maritime logistics: Impacts on fuel consumption and operational costs. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 165, 102869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2022.102869
  • Liu, Q., Wang, J., & Chen, Y. (2022). National policy drivers for smart port development in China: Regulatory acceleration and research incentives. Transport Policy, 115, 35–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. tranpol.2021.11.009
  • Li, Y., Chen, Z., & Wu, H. (2021). 5G-enabled remote crane control and machine vision applications in fully automated container terminals: Evidence from Yangshan Deepwater Port. Ocean Engineering, 234, 109258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.109258
  • Liu, Y., & Zhang, H. (2022). Regulatory interoperability gaps and compliance cost escalation in smart mega ports: Evidence from Chinese automated terminals. Maritime Policy & Management, 49(8), 1123– 1142. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2022.2031814
  • MCCIP (Marine Climate Change Impacts Partnership). (2023). Marine climate change impacts: Evidence report 2023. MCCIP Secretariat. https://www.mccip.org.uk
  • McKinsey & Company. (2023). Digital twins and AI-enabled resilience in port infrastructure. McKinsey Global Institute. https://www.mckinsey.com
  • Mi, Z., & Zhang, H. (2022). Evolution of international maritime decarbonization policies: From GHG strategies to MARPOL Annex VI compliance. Ocean & Coastal Management, 226, 106261. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2022.106261
  • Ng, A. K. Y., & Lam, J. S. L. (2021). Green transition pathways in Asian megahubs: The case of the Port of Singapore. Maritime Policy & Management, 48(7), 987–1004. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2020 .1863104
  • Notteboom, T., & Haralambides, H. (2023). Structural frictions in global port digitalization: Innovation speed, data governance and the Global South investment gap. Maritime Economics & Logistics, 25(4), 612–634. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41278-022-00250-9
  • Notteboom, T., & Pallis, A. (2021). Inland waterway transport as a sustainable alternative in multimodal freight corridors. Transport Policy, 104, 42–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.01.007
  • Omori, Y. (2021). Preference heterogeneity of coastal gray, green, and hybrid infrastructure against sealevel rise: A choice experiment application in Japan. Sustainability, 13(16), 8927. https://doi.org/10.3390/ su13168927
  • Parola, F., Risitano, M., & Ferretti, M. (2022). Digital maturity gaps in global ports: Comparative analysis of automation performance between developed and emerging economies. Maritime Policy & Management, 49(6), 875–892. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2021.1958243
  • Port of Hamburg. (2021). Environmental Programme 2020 – status report. Hamburg Port Authority. https://www.hamburg-port-authority.de/en/environment/environmentalprogramme
  • Port of Rotterdam Authority. (2024). Annual report 2024: Navigating towards a sustainable future. Port of Rotterdam Authority. https://www.portofrotterdam.com/en/news-andpressreleases/2024-annualreport- port-rotterdam-authority-navigating-towards-sustainable
  • Port of San Diego. (2024). Maritime Clean Air Strategy: Highlights 2023-2024. Port of San Diego. https:// www.portofsandiego.org/mcas
  • Port of San Diego. (2024). Energy & sustainability: Port of San Diego. https://www.portofsandiego.org/ environment/energy-sustainability
  • PUB Singapore. (2020). Marina Barrage operations and flood control strategy. Public Utilities Board Singapore. https://www.pub.gov.sg
  • PUB Singapore. (2024). Marina Barrage flood defence system [Photograph]. Public Utilities Board (PUB) Singapore. https://www.pub.gov.sg/marinabarrage
  • Qin, Z., Jia, X., & Kerkez, B. (2021). Reinforcement learning for real-time control of urban drainage systems under uncertainty. Water Research, 199, 117184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117184
  • Rentschler, J. (2025). The Trans-Caspian corridor: Geopolitical implications for Eurasian trade. Transport Policy, 45, 129–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2025.02.004
  • Rios, I., & Maqueda, F. (2020). Digital platforms and real-time data exchange in port logistics integration. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 140, 101972. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.tre.2020.101972
  • Rodrigue, J.-P., & Notteboom, T. (2022). Digitalization in maritime logistics: From IoT and AI to blockchainenabled trade platforms. Maritime Economics & Logistics, 24(3), 345–366. https://doi.org/10.1057/ s41278-021-00203-3
  • T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. (2025). Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu (2025). Kalkınma Planları ve Strateji Belgeleri Dairesi. https://www.sbb.gov.tr
  • T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı. (2023). Türkiye limanları yıllık konteyner elleçleme verileri. Denizcilik Genel Müdürlüğü. https://denizcilik.uab.gov.tr
  • T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı. (2024). 2024–2028 Stratejik Planı. Strateji Geliştirme Başkanlığı. https://www.uab.gov.tr
  • T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı. (2024, Ocak). Denizcilik Genel Müdürlüğü Haber Bülteni – Aralık 2024 Yük İstatistikleri. T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı. https://denizcilik.uab.gov.tr/uploads/pages/aylikyayinlar/ dgm-haber-bulteni-2024-yiliaralik2024.pdf
  • T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı. (2024). Denizcilik İstatistik Bülteni 2024. T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı, Denizcilik Genel Müdürlüğü. https://denizcilik.uab.gov.tr/uploads/pages/yayinlar/Denizcilikİstatistik- Bülteni-2024.pdf denizcilik.uab.gov.tr
  • T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı – Denizcilik Genel Müdürlüğü. (2024). Denizcilik istatistik bülteni 2024. https://denizcilik.uab.gov.tr
  • T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı. (2024). Bölgesel liman faaliyet raporları. Strateji Geliştirme Başkanlığı. https://www.uab.gov.tr
  • T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı. (2025). Mersin Limanı genişleme projesi Teknik Bilgilendirme. T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı. https://www.uab.gov.tr
  • Tsioumas, E., & Papoutsidakis, M. (2022). Digital twin–based predictive risk management in port logistics infrastructure. Journal of Maritime Logistics, 14(2), 113–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. marlog.2022.05.004
  • UNCTAD. (2021). Climate change impacts on seaports: Addressing Extreme Sea Levels (ESL) and Sea Level Rise (SLR). United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. https://unctad.org
  • UNDRR. (2020). Human cost of disasters: An overview of the last 20 years (2000–2019). United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. https://www.undrr.org/publication/human-costdisasters-2000-2019
  • UNEP. (2021). Protecting coasts with nature: The value of mangroves for coastal defense and climate resilience. United Nations Environment Programme. https://www.unep.org
  • van den Berg, R., & Notteboom, T. (2021). Decarbonization strategies in major European ports: The case of the Port of Rotterdam. Journal of Transport Geography, 94, 103030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jtrangeo.2021.103030
  • Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS). (2018). StormSense IoT-based flood monitoring network [Diagram]. VIMS Smart Infrastructure Project. https://www.vims.edu/research/centers/physical/ programs/stormsense
  • Vousdoukas, M. I., Mentaschi, L., Voukouvalas, E., Verlaan, M., & Feyen, L. (2020). Coastal flood risk assessment and adaptation under 21st century sea level rise. Nature Communications, 11, 2350. https:// doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16202-z
  • Wang, L., & Chen, Z. (2023). Data governance conflicts and compliance burdens in largescale automated ports: ISO–IMO standard misalignment in practice. Journal of Maritime Policy & Management, 50(5), 612–629. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2023.1198456
  • World Bank. (2021). Blended finance and PPP mechanisms for climate-resilient port investment. World Bank Group. https://www.worldbank.org
  • Yorulmaz, M., & Derici, Ö. (2023). Otonom ve yarı otonom gemi teknolojilerinde insan faktörünün azalmasının operasyonel etkileri. Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(2), 211–230. https://doi.org/10.5152/ dfd.2023.015
  • Zeng, Q., Luo, M., & Xu, H. (2020). Automation and efficiency gains in mega‐hub container terminals: Evidence from the Yangshan Deep‐Water Port expansion. Maritime Economics & Logistics, 22(4), 578– 598. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41278-019-00140-7
  • Zhang, R., Li, Y., & Huang, S. (2022). Digital twin–driven predictive maintenance and operational optimization in smart port systems. Ocean Engineering, 263, 112312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. oceaneng.2022.112312
  • Zoppou, C. (2020). Flood mitigation using detention storage and controlled release strategies. Journal of Hydrology, 587, 124945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124945
  • Zscheischler, J., Westra, S., van den Hurk, B. J. J. M., Seneviratne, S. I., Ward, P. J., Pitman, A., OECD. (2022). Coastal infrastructure and regulatory alignment under EU Water Framework compliance. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. https://www.oecd.org

NEW APPROACHES AND SUSTAINABILITY IN MARITIME TRANSPORT AND COASTAL STRUCTURES

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 3, 72 - 97, 29.12.2025

Öz

This study examines the structural and sustainable transformations occurring in maritime transport and coastal structures in response to changing global dynamics. Technological advancements from the Industrial Revolution to the present have significantly influenced the traditional dynamics of maritime routes and coastal infrastructures. Increasing global warming is one of the primary factors intensifying the need for transformation in maritime and coastal systems. The global wave of change driven by efforts to combat climate change has become particularly evident in maritime transport through green port practices, digitalization, autonomous vessels, and energy-efficiency policies. In addition, Turkey’s geostrategic location, positioned at the center of international logistics corridors, provides a substantial advantage. However, to effectively utilize this strategic position, traditional methods must be integrated with next-generation technologies. Developing strong policies that ensure the effective implementation of this integration in the field is essential. In conclusion, sustainability-oriented approaches in maritime transport and coastal structures represent one of the most critical components shaping countries’ future logistics and transportation objectives.

Kaynakça

  • AghaKouchak, A., et al. (2018). Future climate risk from compound events. Nature Climate Change, 8(6), 469–477. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0156-3
  • Balcombe, P., Brierley, J., Lewis, C., Skatvedt, L., Speirs, J., Hawkes, A., & Staffell, I. (2019). How to decarbonise international shipping: Options for fuels, technologies and policies. Energy Conversion and Management, 182, 72–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.12.080
  • Baldursson, F. M., & Kusch, J. (2024). EU ETS extension to maritime transport: Regulatory tightening beyond IMO frameworks. Energy Policy, 185, 113–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113128
  • Baptist, M. J., Smits, A. J. M., & van der Nat, A. (2020). Nature-based river widening as an alternative to hard flood defences: Hydraulic and ecological co-benefits. Science of the Total Environment, 722, 137– 284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137284
  • Barboza, F. L., Miller, J., & Corbett, J. J. (2020). Evaluating the effectiveness of port drayage truck emissions reduction programs on air quality. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 86, 102450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102450
  • Bates, P. D., Neal, J. C., & Fewtrell, T. J. (2021). Real-time flood forecasting using coupled hydrodynamic models and live sensor assimilation. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 14(3), e12741. https://doi. org/10.1111/jfr3.12741
  • Becker, A., Inoue, S., & Cohen, S. (2020). Climate change impacts on seaports: Adaptation challenges for coastal infrastructure. Marine Policy, 118, 103964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103964
  • Bertrand, S., & Williams, B. (2022, February 1). Climate change mitigation and adaptation at U.S. ports [Issue Brief]. Environmental & Energy Study Institute. https://www.eesi.org/papers/view/issue-briefclimate- change-mitigation-and-adaptationat-u-sports-2022
  • Bivocom, (2023). Smart Drainage IoT Server System. https://www.bivocom.com/solution/iotbasedsmart- drainage-monitoring-system
  • Chandler, I., & Digman, C. (2022). Digital twins for smart stormwater and wastewater systems: Concepts and applications. Water Research, 220, 118622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.118622
  • Chang, Y., & Wang, T. (2024). Global decarbonization trajectories in maritime transport: IMO net-zero framework and the emergence of carbon pricing. Marine Policy, 154, 105649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. marpol.2024.105649
  • Chong, J. T., & Lee, P. H. (2020). Integrated smart drainage and tunnel-based flood control for portadjacent coastal corridors in Singapore. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 51, 101904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101904
  • Coyle, C., Gouldby, B., & Stenek, V. (2023). Climate resilience of ports and coastal logistics infrastructure. Journal of Maritime Policy & Management, 50(2), 145–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2023.123 4567
  • Deltares. (2019). Room for the River: Integrated floodplain restoration and hydraulic capacity enhancement for flood risk reduction. Deltares Research Institute. https://www.deltares.nl
  • Demir, H., & Karatay, B. (2021). Bilgi tabanlı yapay zekâ sistemlerinin çevresel izleme ve uyum süreçlerindeki rolü. Yapay Zekâ Uygulamaları Dergisi, 6(1), 33–47. https://doi.org/10.5152/yzu.2021.006
  • Desapex Engineering Consultants LLP. (2024). Green Ports: Charting a sustainable course for maritime trade. https://www.desapex.com/blog-posts/green-ports-charting-a-sustainable-coursefor-maritimetrade
  • Det Norske Veritas GL (DNV GL). (2014, September 11). ReVolt – Next generation short sea shipping [News release]. DNV. https://www.dnv.com/news/2014/revolt-next-generationshortsea-shipping-7279/
  • Eom, J., Park, J., & Lee, S. (2023). Digital-twin-based berth scheduling for emission reduction in container terminals. Maritime Transport Research, 4, 100089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.martra.2023.100089
  • European Commission. (2024). EU ETS extension to maritime transport — Policy update. Directorate- General for Climate Action. https://climate.ec.europa.eu
  • European Environment Agency. (2022). Maritime transport emissions in the EU. EEA Report. https:// www.eea.europa.eu
  • European Union. (2015). Regulation (EU) 2015/757 on the monitoring, reporting and verification of CO₂ emissions from maritime transport. Official Journal of the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu
  • Galeano, G. L., Céspedes, S., & Farias, C. (2023). Monitoring and control of smart urban drainage systems using NB-IoT cellular sensor networks. Journal of Hydroinformatics, 25(4), 911–928. https://doi. org/10.2166/hydro.2023.021
  • Global Center on Adaptation. (2024, November 11). Climate adaptation in ports: A global imperative for resilience. GCA. https://gca.org/climate-adaptation-in-ports-a-globalimperativefor-resilience
  • H+N+S Landscape Architects. (2017). Room for the River floodplain expansion plan [Illustration]. Netherlands Rijkswaterstaat Programme. https://www.hnsland.nl/en/projecten/room-for-the-river
  • Handl, G. (2023). Carbon pricing and decarbonisation incentives in international shipping. Journal of Environmental Law, 35(2), 201–223. https://doi.org/10.1093/jel/eqad012
  • Haralambides, H., & Langen, P. (2022). Governance gaps in autonomous maritime systems: Legal uncertainty, data sovereignty, and technology transfer barriers. Maritime Policy & Management, 49(8), 1201–1220. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2022.2037745
  • Heilig, L., Lalla‐Ruiz, E., & Voß, S. (2017). Digital transformation in maritime ports: Evolution of automation and intelligent decision support. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 112, 459–475. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2017.08.011
  • IAPH. (2025). The digital and sustainable transformation of ports: A snapshot of an industry in full revolution. PierNext — Port of Barcelona. https://piernext.portdebarcelona.cat
  • International Association of Ports and Harbors. (2024). Study on investment requirements of developing countries for port decarbonization and adaptation to climate change. Maritime & Transport Business Solutions for IAPH. https://sustainableworldports.org/wp-content/uploads/2024-09-26-MTBS-IAPHPort- Climate-Investments-Report.pdf
  • International Maritime Organization. (2018). Outcome of the Regulatory Scoping Exercise for the Use of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) Human element and safety-related treaties: MSC.1/ Circ.1638. IMO. https://www.imo.org
  • IPCC. (2022). Climate Change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability — Working Group II contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/
  • Kerkez, B., Qin, Z., & Jia, X. (2021). Real-time sensing and predictive operation for floodresilient drainage systems. Water Research, 199, 117184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117184
  • Kim, S., & Schröder, M. (2021). AI-assisted decision systems and safety optimization in maritime operations. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 9(11), 1456. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9111456
  • Kleinhans, M. G., Van Dijk, W. M., & Straatsma, M. W. (2021). Floodplain reconnection and river corridor expansion as sustainable flood mitigation strategies. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 46(11), 2275–2291. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5134
  • Lam, J. S. L., & Yap, W. Y. (2021). Automation and AI-driven optimization in mega-hub ports: The case of Singapore. Maritime Policy & Management, 48(7), 1002–1018. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2020.1 863124
  • Leclanché SA. (2021). The Yara Birkeland – the world’s first fully electric and autonomous container ship. https://www.leclanche.com
  • Li, K. X., Zhang, D., & Yuen, K. F. (2022). AI- and IoT-enabled energy optimization in maritime logistics: Impacts on fuel consumption and operational costs. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 165, 102869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2022.102869
  • Liu, Q., Wang, J., & Chen, Y. (2022). National policy drivers for smart port development in China: Regulatory acceleration and research incentives. Transport Policy, 115, 35–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. tranpol.2021.11.009
  • Li, Y., Chen, Z., & Wu, H. (2021). 5G-enabled remote crane control and machine vision applications in fully automated container terminals: Evidence from Yangshan Deepwater Port. Ocean Engineering, 234, 109258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.109258
  • Liu, Y., & Zhang, H. (2022). Regulatory interoperability gaps and compliance cost escalation in smart mega ports: Evidence from Chinese automated terminals. Maritime Policy & Management, 49(8), 1123– 1142. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2022.2031814
  • MCCIP (Marine Climate Change Impacts Partnership). (2023). Marine climate change impacts: Evidence report 2023. MCCIP Secretariat. https://www.mccip.org.uk
  • McKinsey & Company. (2023). Digital twins and AI-enabled resilience in port infrastructure. McKinsey Global Institute. https://www.mckinsey.com
  • Mi, Z., & Zhang, H. (2022). Evolution of international maritime decarbonization policies: From GHG strategies to MARPOL Annex VI compliance. Ocean & Coastal Management, 226, 106261. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2022.106261
  • Ng, A. K. Y., & Lam, J. S. L. (2021). Green transition pathways in Asian megahubs: The case of the Port of Singapore. Maritime Policy & Management, 48(7), 987–1004. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2020 .1863104
  • Notteboom, T., & Haralambides, H. (2023). Structural frictions in global port digitalization: Innovation speed, data governance and the Global South investment gap. Maritime Economics & Logistics, 25(4), 612–634. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41278-022-00250-9
  • Notteboom, T., & Pallis, A. (2021). Inland waterway transport as a sustainable alternative in multimodal freight corridors. Transport Policy, 104, 42–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.01.007
  • Omori, Y. (2021). Preference heterogeneity of coastal gray, green, and hybrid infrastructure against sealevel rise: A choice experiment application in Japan. Sustainability, 13(16), 8927. https://doi.org/10.3390/ su13168927
  • Parola, F., Risitano, M., & Ferretti, M. (2022). Digital maturity gaps in global ports: Comparative analysis of automation performance between developed and emerging economies. Maritime Policy & Management, 49(6), 875–892. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2021.1958243
  • Port of Hamburg. (2021). Environmental Programme 2020 – status report. Hamburg Port Authority. https://www.hamburg-port-authority.de/en/environment/environmentalprogramme
  • Port of Rotterdam Authority. (2024). Annual report 2024: Navigating towards a sustainable future. Port of Rotterdam Authority. https://www.portofrotterdam.com/en/news-andpressreleases/2024-annualreport- port-rotterdam-authority-navigating-towards-sustainable
  • Port of San Diego. (2024). Maritime Clean Air Strategy: Highlights 2023-2024. Port of San Diego. https:// www.portofsandiego.org/mcas
  • Port of San Diego. (2024). Energy & sustainability: Port of San Diego. https://www.portofsandiego.org/ environment/energy-sustainability
  • PUB Singapore. (2020). Marina Barrage operations and flood control strategy. Public Utilities Board Singapore. https://www.pub.gov.sg
  • PUB Singapore. (2024). Marina Barrage flood defence system [Photograph]. Public Utilities Board (PUB) Singapore. https://www.pub.gov.sg/marinabarrage
  • Qin, Z., Jia, X., & Kerkez, B. (2021). Reinforcement learning for real-time control of urban drainage systems under uncertainty. Water Research, 199, 117184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117184
  • Rentschler, J. (2025). The Trans-Caspian corridor: Geopolitical implications for Eurasian trade. Transport Policy, 45, 129–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2025.02.004
  • Rios, I., & Maqueda, F. (2020). Digital platforms and real-time data exchange in port logistics integration. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 140, 101972. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.tre.2020.101972
  • Rodrigue, J.-P., & Notteboom, T. (2022). Digitalization in maritime logistics: From IoT and AI to blockchainenabled trade platforms. Maritime Economics & Logistics, 24(3), 345–366. https://doi.org/10.1057/ s41278-021-00203-3
  • T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. (2025). Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu (2025). Kalkınma Planları ve Strateji Belgeleri Dairesi. https://www.sbb.gov.tr
  • T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı. (2023). Türkiye limanları yıllık konteyner elleçleme verileri. Denizcilik Genel Müdürlüğü. https://denizcilik.uab.gov.tr
  • T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı. (2024). 2024–2028 Stratejik Planı. Strateji Geliştirme Başkanlığı. https://www.uab.gov.tr
  • T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı. (2024, Ocak). Denizcilik Genel Müdürlüğü Haber Bülteni – Aralık 2024 Yük İstatistikleri. T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı. https://denizcilik.uab.gov.tr/uploads/pages/aylikyayinlar/ dgm-haber-bulteni-2024-yiliaralik2024.pdf
  • T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı. (2024). Denizcilik İstatistik Bülteni 2024. T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı, Denizcilik Genel Müdürlüğü. https://denizcilik.uab.gov.tr/uploads/pages/yayinlar/Denizcilikİstatistik- Bülteni-2024.pdf denizcilik.uab.gov.tr
  • T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı – Denizcilik Genel Müdürlüğü. (2024). Denizcilik istatistik bülteni 2024. https://denizcilik.uab.gov.tr
  • T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı. (2024). Bölgesel liman faaliyet raporları. Strateji Geliştirme Başkanlığı. https://www.uab.gov.tr
  • T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı. (2025). Mersin Limanı genişleme projesi Teknik Bilgilendirme. T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı. https://www.uab.gov.tr
  • Tsioumas, E., & Papoutsidakis, M. (2022). Digital twin–based predictive risk management in port logistics infrastructure. Journal of Maritime Logistics, 14(2), 113–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. marlog.2022.05.004
  • UNCTAD. (2021). Climate change impacts on seaports: Addressing Extreme Sea Levels (ESL) and Sea Level Rise (SLR). United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. https://unctad.org
  • UNDRR. (2020). Human cost of disasters: An overview of the last 20 years (2000–2019). United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. https://www.undrr.org/publication/human-costdisasters-2000-2019
  • UNEP. (2021). Protecting coasts with nature: The value of mangroves for coastal defense and climate resilience. United Nations Environment Programme. https://www.unep.org
  • van den Berg, R., & Notteboom, T. (2021). Decarbonization strategies in major European ports: The case of the Port of Rotterdam. Journal of Transport Geography, 94, 103030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jtrangeo.2021.103030
  • Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS). (2018). StormSense IoT-based flood monitoring network [Diagram]. VIMS Smart Infrastructure Project. https://www.vims.edu/research/centers/physical/ programs/stormsense
  • Vousdoukas, M. I., Mentaschi, L., Voukouvalas, E., Verlaan, M., & Feyen, L. (2020). Coastal flood risk assessment and adaptation under 21st century sea level rise. Nature Communications, 11, 2350. https:// doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16202-z
  • Wang, L., & Chen, Z. (2023). Data governance conflicts and compliance burdens in largescale automated ports: ISO–IMO standard misalignment in practice. Journal of Maritime Policy & Management, 50(5), 612–629. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2023.1198456
  • World Bank. (2021). Blended finance and PPP mechanisms for climate-resilient port investment. World Bank Group. https://www.worldbank.org
  • Yorulmaz, M., & Derici, Ö. (2023). Otonom ve yarı otonom gemi teknolojilerinde insan faktörünün azalmasının operasyonel etkileri. Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(2), 211–230. https://doi.org/10.5152/ dfd.2023.015
  • Zeng, Q., Luo, M., & Xu, H. (2020). Automation and efficiency gains in mega‐hub container terminals: Evidence from the Yangshan Deep‐Water Port expansion. Maritime Economics & Logistics, 22(4), 578– 598. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41278-019-00140-7
  • Zhang, R., Li, Y., & Huang, S. (2022). Digital twin–driven predictive maintenance and operational optimization in smart port systems. Ocean Engineering, 263, 112312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. oceaneng.2022.112312
  • Zoppou, C. (2020). Flood mitigation using detention storage and controlled release strategies. Journal of Hydrology, 587, 124945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124945
  • Zscheischler, J., Westra, S., van den Hurk, B. J. J. M., Seneviratne, S. I., Ward, P. J., Pitman, A., OECD. (2022). Coastal infrastructure and regulatory alignment under EU Water Framework compliance. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. https://www.oecd.org

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 3, 72 - 97, 29.12.2025

Öz

Kaynakça

  • AghaKouchak, A., et al. (2018). Future climate risk from compound events. Nature Climate Change, 8(6), 469–477. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0156-3
  • Balcombe, P., Brierley, J., Lewis, C., Skatvedt, L., Speirs, J., Hawkes, A., & Staffell, I. (2019). How to decarbonise international shipping: Options for fuels, technologies and policies. Energy Conversion and Management, 182, 72–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.12.080
  • Baldursson, F. M., & Kusch, J. (2024). EU ETS extension to maritime transport: Regulatory tightening beyond IMO frameworks. Energy Policy, 185, 113–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113128
  • Baptist, M. J., Smits, A. J. M., & van der Nat, A. (2020). Nature-based river widening as an alternative to hard flood defences: Hydraulic and ecological co-benefits. Science of the Total Environment, 722, 137– 284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137284
  • Barboza, F. L., Miller, J., & Corbett, J. J. (2020). Evaluating the effectiveness of port drayage truck emissions reduction programs on air quality. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 86, 102450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102450
  • Bates, P. D., Neal, J. C., & Fewtrell, T. J. (2021). Real-time flood forecasting using coupled hydrodynamic models and live sensor assimilation. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 14(3), e12741. https://doi. org/10.1111/jfr3.12741
  • Becker, A., Inoue, S., & Cohen, S. (2020). Climate change impacts on seaports: Adaptation challenges for coastal infrastructure. Marine Policy, 118, 103964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103964
  • Bertrand, S., & Williams, B. (2022, February 1). Climate change mitigation and adaptation at U.S. ports [Issue Brief]. Environmental & Energy Study Institute. https://www.eesi.org/papers/view/issue-briefclimate- change-mitigation-and-adaptationat-u-sports-2022
  • Bivocom, (2023). Smart Drainage IoT Server System. https://www.bivocom.com/solution/iotbasedsmart- drainage-monitoring-system
  • Chandler, I., & Digman, C. (2022). Digital twins for smart stormwater and wastewater systems: Concepts and applications. Water Research, 220, 118622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.118622
  • Chang, Y., & Wang, T. (2024). Global decarbonization trajectories in maritime transport: IMO net-zero framework and the emergence of carbon pricing. Marine Policy, 154, 105649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. marpol.2024.105649
  • Chong, J. T., & Lee, P. H. (2020). Integrated smart drainage and tunnel-based flood control for portadjacent coastal corridors in Singapore. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 51, 101904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101904
  • Coyle, C., Gouldby, B., & Stenek, V. (2023). Climate resilience of ports and coastal logistics infrastructure. Journal of Maritime Policy & Management, 50(2), 145–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2023.123 4567
  • Deltares. (2019). Room for the River: Integrated floodplain restoration and hydraulic capacity enhancement for flood risk reduction. Deltares Research Institute. https://www.deltares.nl
  • Demir, H., & Karatay, B. (2021). Bilgi tabanlı yapay zekâ sistemlerinin çevresel izleme ve uyum süreçlerindeki rolü. Yapay Zekâ Uygulamaları Dergisi, 6(1), 33–47. https://doi.org/10.5152/yzu.2021.006
  • Desapex Engineering Consultants LLP. (2024). Green Ports: Charting a sustainable course for maritime trade. https://www.desapex.com/blog-posts/green-ports-charting-a-sustainable-coursefor-maritimetrade
  • Det Norske Veritas GL (DNV GL). (2014, September 11). ReVolt – Next generation short sea shipping [News release]. DNV. https://www.dnv.com/news/2014/revolt-next-generationshortsea-shipping-7279/
  • Eom, J., Park, J., & Lee, S. (2023). Digital-twin-based berth scheduling for emission reduction in container terminals. Maritime Transport Research, 4, 100089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.martra.2023.100089
  • European Commission. (2024). EU ETS extension to maritime transport — Policy update. Directorate- General for Climate Action. https://climate.ec.europa.eu
  • European Environment Agency. (2022). Maritime transport emissions in the EU. EEA Report. https:// www.eea.europa.eu
  • European Union. (2015). Regulation (EU) 2015/757 on the monitoring, reporting and verification of CO₂ emissions from maritime transport. Official Journal of the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu
  • Galeano, G. L., Céspedes, S., & Farias, C. (2023). Monitoring and control of smart urban drainage systems using NB-IoT cellular sensor networks. Journal of Hydroinformatics, 25(4), 911–928. https://doi. org/10.2166/hydro.2023.021
  • Global Center on Adaptation. (2024, November 11). Climate adaptation in ports: A global imperative for resilience. GCA. https://gca.org/climate-adaptation-in-ports-a-globalimperativefor-resilience
  • H+N+S Landscape Architects. (2017). Room for the River floodplain expansion plan [Illustration]. Netherlands Rijkswaterstaat Programme. https://www.hnsland.nl/en/projecten/room-for-the-river
  • Handl, G. (2023). Carbon pricing and decarbonisation incentives in international shipping. Journal of Environmental Law, 35(2), 201–223. https://doi.org/10.1093/jel/eqad012
  • Haralambides, H., & Langen, P. (2022). Governance gaps in autonomous maritime systems: Legal uncertainty, data sovereignty, and technology transfer barriers. Maritime Policy & Management, 49(8), 1201–1220. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2022.2037745
  • Heilig, L., Lalla‐Ruiz, E., & Voß, S. (2017). Digital transformation in maritime ports: Evolution of automation and intelligent decision support. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 112, 459–475. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2017.08.011
  • IAPH. (2025). The digital and sustainable transformation of ports: A snapshot of an industry in full revolution. PierNext — Port of Barcelona. https://piernext.portdebarcelona.cat
  • International Association of Ports and Harbors. (2024). Study on investment requirements of developing countries for port decarbonization and adaptation to climate change. Maritime & Transport Business Solutions for IAPH. https://sustainableworldports.org/wp-content/uploads/2024-09-26-MTBS-IAPHPort- Climate-Investments-Report.pdf
  • International Maritime Organization. (2018). Outcome of the Regulatory Scoping Exercise for the Use of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) Human element and safety-related treaties: MSC.1/ Circ.1638. IMO. https://www.imo.org
  • IPCC. (2022). Climate Change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability — Working Group II contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/
  • Kerkez, B., Qin, Z., & Jia, X. (2021). Real-time sensing and predictive operation for floodresilient drainage systems. Water Research, 199, 117184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117184
  • Kim, S., & Schröder, M. (2021). AI-assisted decision systems and safety optimization in maritime operations. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 9(11), 1456. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9111456
  • Kleinhans, M. G., Van Dijk, W. M., & Straatsma, M. W. (2021). Floodplain reconnection and river corridor expansion as sustainable flood mitigation strategies. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 46(11), 2275–2291. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5134
  • Lam, J. S. L., & Yap, W. Y. (2021). Automation and AI-driven optimization in mega-hub ports: The case of Singapore. Maritime Policy & Management, 48(7), 1002–1018. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2020.1 863124
  • Leclanché SA. (2021). The Yara Birkeland – the world’s first fully electric and autonomous container ship. https://www.leclanche.com
  • Li, K. X., Zhang, D., & Yuen, K. F. (2022). AI- and IoT-enabled energy optimization in maritime logistics: Impacts on fuel consumption and operational costs. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 165, 102869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2022.102869
  • Liu, Q., Wang, J., & Chen, Y. (2022). National policy drivers for smart port development in China: Regulatory acceleration and research incentives. Transport Policy, 115, 35–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. tranpol.2021.11.009
  • Li, Y., Chen, Z., & Wu, H. (2021). 5G-enabled remote crane control and machine vision applications in fully automated container terminals: Evidence from Yangshan Deepwater Port. Ocean Engineering, 234, 109258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.109258
  • Liu, Y., & Zhang, H. (2022). Regulatory interoperability gaps and compliance cost escalation in smart mega ports: Evidence from Chinese automated terminals. Maritime Policy & Management, 49(8), 1123– 1142. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2022.2031814
  • MCCIP (Marine Climate Change Impacts Partnership). (2023). Marine climate change impacts: Evidence report 2023. MCCIP Secretariat. https://www.mccip.org.uk
  • McKinsey & Company. (2023). Digital twins and AI-enabled resilience in port infrastructure. McKinsey Global Institute. https://www.mckinsey.com
  • Mi, Z., & Zhang, H. (2022). Evolution of international maritime decarbonization policies: From GHG strategies to MARPOL Annex VI compliance. Ocean & Coastal Management, 226, 106261. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2022.106261
  • Ng, A. K. Y., & Lam, J. S. L. (2021). Green transition pathways in Asian megahubs: The case of the Port of Singapore. Maritime Policy & Management, 48(7), 987–1004. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2020 .1863104
  • Notteboom, T., & Haralambides, H. (2023). Structural frictions in global port digitalization: Innovation speed, data governance and the Global South investment gap. Maritime Economics & Logistics, 25(4), 612–634. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41278-022-00250-9
  • Notteboom, T., & Pallis, A. (2021). Inland waterway transport as a sustainable alternative in multimodal freight corridors. Transport Policy, 104, 42–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.01.007
  • Omori, Y. (2021). Preference heterogeneity of coastal gray, green, and hybrid infrastructure against sealevel rise: A choice experiment application in Japan. Sustainability, 13(16), 8927. https://doi.org/10.3390/ su13168927
  • Parola, F., Risitano, M., & Ferretti, M. (2022). Digital maturity gaps in global ports: Comparative analysis of automation performance between developed and emerging economies. Maritime Policy & Management, 49(6), 875–892. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2021.1958243
  • Port of Hamburg. (2021). Environmental Programme 2020 – status report. Hamburg Port Authority. https://www.hamburg-port-authority.de/en/environment/environmentalprogramme
  • Port of Rotterdam Authority. (2024). Annual report 2024: Navigating towards a sustainable future. Port of Rotterdam Authority. https://www.portofrotterdam.com/en/news-andpressreleases/2024-annualreport- port-rotterdam-authority-navigating-towards-sustainable
  • Port of San Diego. (2024). Maritime Clean Air Strategy: Highlights 2023-2024. Port of San Diego. https:// www.portofsandiego.org/mcas
  • Port of San Diego. (2024). Energy & sustainability: Port of San Diego. https://www.portofsandiego.org/ environment/energy-sustainability
  • PUB Singapore. (2020). Marina Barrage operations and flood control strategy. Public Utilities Board Singapore. https://www.pub.gov.sg
  • PUB Singapore. (2024). Marina Barrage flood defence system [Photograph]. Public Utilities Board (PUB) Singapore. https://www.pub.gov.sg/marinabarrage
  • Qin, Z., Jia, X., & Kerkez, B. (2021). Reinforcement learning for real-time control of urban drainage systems under uncertainty. Water Research, 199, 117184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117184
  • Rentschler, J. (2025). The Trans-Caspian corridor: Geopolitical implications for Eurasian trade. Transport Policy, 45, 129–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2025.02.004
  • Rios, I., & Maqueda, F. (2020). Digital platforms and real-time data exchange in port logistics integration. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 140, 101972. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.tre.2020.101972
  • Rodrigue, J.-P., & Notteboom, T. (2022). Digitalization in maritime logistics: From IoT and AI to blockchainenabled trade platforms. Maritime Economics & Logistics, 24(3), 345–366. https://doi.org/10.1057/ s41278-021-00203-3
  • T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. (2025). Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu (2025). Kalkınma Planları ve Strateji Belgeleri Dairesi. https://www.sbb.gov.tr
  • T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı. (2023). Türkiye limanları yıllık konteyner elleçleme verileri. Denizcilik Genel Müdürlüğü. https://denizcilik.uab.gov.tr
  • T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı. (2024). 2024–2028 Stratejik Planı. Strateji Geliştirme Başkanlığı. https://www.uab.gov.tr
  • T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı. (2024, Ocak). Denizcilik Genel Müdürlüğü Haber Bülteni – Aralık 2024 Yük İstatistikleri. T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı. https://denizcilik.uab.gov.tr/uploads/pages/aylikyayinlar/ dgm-haber-bulteni-2024-yiliaralik2024.pdf
  • T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı. (2024). Denizcilik İstatistik Bülteni 2024. T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı, Denizcilik Genel Müdürlüğü. https://denizcilik.uab.gov.tr/uploads/pages/yayinlar/Denizcilikİstatistik- Bülteni-2024.pdf denizcilik.uab.gov.tr
  • T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı – Denizcilik Genel Müdürlüğü. (2024). Denizcilik istatistik bülteni 2024. https://denizcilik.uab.gov.tr
  • T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı. (2024). Bölgesel liman faaliyet raporları. Strateji Geliştirme Başkanlığı. https://www.uab.gov.tr
  • T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı. (2025). Mersin Limanı genişleme projesi Teknik Bilgilendirme. T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı. https://www.uab.gov.tr
  • Tsioumas, E., & Papoutsidakis, M. (2022). Digital twin–based predictive risk management in port logistics infrastructure. Journal of Maritime Logistics, 14(2), 113–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. marlog.2022.05.004
  • UNCTAD. (2021). Climate change impacts on seaports: Addressing Extreme Sea Levels (ESL) and Sea Level Rise (SLR). United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. https://unctad.org
  • UNDRR. (2020). Human cost of disasters: An overview of the last 20 years (2000–2019). United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. https://www.undrr.org/publication/human-costdisasters-2000-2019
  • UNEP. (2021). Protecting coasts with nature: The value of mangroves for coastal defense and climate resilience. United Nations Environment Programme. https://www.unep.org
  • van den Berg, R., & Notteboom, T. (2021). Decarbonization strategies in major European ports: The case of the Port of Rotterdam. Journal of Transport Geography, 94, 103030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jtrangeo.2021.103030
  • Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS). (2018). StormSense IoT-based flood monitoring network [Diagram]. VIMS Smart Infrastructure Project. https://www.vims.edu/research/centers/physical/ programs/stormsense
  • Vousdoukas, M. I., Mentaschi, L., Voukouvalas, E., Verlaan, M., & Feyen, L. (2020). Coastal flood risk assessment and adaptation under 21st century sea level rise. Nature Communications, 11, 2350. https:// doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16202-z
  • Wang, L., & Chen, Z. (2023). Data governance conflicts and compliance burdens in largescale automated ports: ISO–IMO standard misalignment in practice. Journal of Maritime Policy & Management, 50(5), 612–629. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2023.1198456
  • World Bank. (2021). Blended finance and PPP mechanisms for climate-resilient port investment. World Bank Group. https://www.worldbank.org
  • Yorulmaz, M., & Derici, Ö. (2023). Otonom ve yarı otonom gemi teknolojilerinde insan faktörünün azalmasının operasyonel etkileri. Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(2), 211–230. https://doi.org/10.5152/ dfd.2023.015
  • Zeng, Q., Luo, M., & Xu, H. (2020). Automation and efficiency gains in mega‐hub container terminals: Evidence from the Yangshan Deep‐Water Port expansion. Maritime Economics & Logistics, 22(4), 578– 598. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41278-019-00140-7
  • Zhang, R., Li, Y., & Huang, S. (2022). Digital twin–driven predictive maintenance and operational optimization in smart port systems. Ocean Engineering, 263, 112312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. oceaneng.2022.112312
  • Zoppou, C. (2020). Flood mitigation using detention storage and controlled release strategies. Journal of Hydrology, 587, 124945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124945
  • Zscheischler, J., Westra, S., van den Hurk, B. J. J. M., Seneviratne, S. I., Ward, P. J., Pitman, A., OECD. (2022). Coastal infrastructure and regulatory alignment under EU Water Framework compliance. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. https://www.oecd.org
Toplam 80 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Yapay Zeka (Diğer), Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma, Ulaşım, Lojistik ve Tedarik Zincirleri (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Emirhan Yeniyol

Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Ekim 2025
Kabul Tarihi 16 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Yeniyol, E. (2025). DENİZYOLU VE KIYI YAPILARINDA YENİ YAKLAŞIMLAR VE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı(3), 72-97.
AMA Yeniyol E. DENİZYOLU VE KIYI YAPILARINDA YENİ YAKLAŞIMLAR VE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı. Aralık 2025;(3):72-97.
Chicago Yeniyol, Emirhan. “DENİZYOLU VE KIYI YAPILARINDA YENİ YAKLAŞIMLAR VE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK”. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı, sy. 3 (Aralık 2025): 72-97.
EndNote Yeniyol E (01 Aralık 2025) DENİZYOLU VE KIYI YAPILARINDA YENİ YAKLAŞIMLAR VE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı 3 72–97.
IEEE E. Yeniyol, “DENİZYOLU VE KIYI YAPILARINDA YENİ YAKLAŞIMLAR VE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK”, Ulaştırma ve Altyapı, sy. 3, ss. 72–97, Aralık2025.
ISNAD Yeniyol, Emirhan. “DENİZYOLU VE KIYI YAPILARINDA YENİ YAKLAŞIMLAR VE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK”. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı 3 (Aralık2025), 72-97.
JAMA Yeniyol E. DENİZYOLU VE KIYI YAPILARINDA YENİ YAKLAŞIMLAR VE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı. 2025;:72–97.
MLA Yeniyol, Emirhan. “DENİZYOLU VE KIYI YAPILARINDA YENİ YAKLAŞIMLAR VE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK”. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı, sy. 3, 2025, ss. 72-97.
Vancouver Yeniyol E. DENİZYOLU VE KIYI YAPILARINDA YENİ YAKLAŞIMLAR VE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı. 2025(3):72-97.