AN INTEGRATED PLANNING ROADMAP FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT FLEET ELECTRIFICATION AND CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE DEPLOYMENT

Öz

The electrification of public transport systems has emerged as a critical strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and supporting sustainable urban mobility. However, the transition from conventional fleets to electric vehicles (EVs) involves significant operational, infrastructural, financial, and institutional challenges, particularly in terms of charging infrastructure planning and system integration. This study aims to develop an evidence-informed integrated planning roadmap for public transport fleet electrification and charging infrastructure planning. In this context, a structured literature synthesis was conducted using the Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, ProQuest, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and DergiPark databases. The reviewed studies were systematically classified according to fleet electrification strategies, charging infrastructure planning, operational optimization, energy management, and integrated implementation approaches. The findings indicate that successful electrification requires a coordinated multi-stage transition structure encompassing baseline assessment, feasibility analysis, strategy and planning, charging infrastructure preparation, pilot implementation and evaluation, gradual fleet transition, and monitoring and optimization. Based on these findings, the study proposes a seven-stage integrated planning roadmap that combines public transport fleet electrification and charging infrastructure planning processes within a unified structure. Unlike studies that focus primarily on optimization-based models, isolated fleet replacement problems, or charging infrastructure siting, the proposed roadmap offers an implementation-oriented perspective that integrates operational, spatial, financial, institutional, and energy planning dimensions. By synthesizing empirical findings and implementation experiences reported from various cities, the proposed roadmap provides practical guidance for municipalities, public transport authorities, and policymakers in developing feasible and sustainable electrification strategies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Public Transport Electrification
• Charging Infrastructure Planning
• Electric Bus Fleet Planning
• Fleet Electrification Roadmap
• Electric Bus Transition
• Sustainable Urban Mobility

Destekleyen Kurum

none

Etik Beyan

none

Teşekkür

none

TOPLU TAŞIMA FİLOSU ELEKTRİFİKASYONU VE ŞARJ ALTYAPISI PLANLAMASI İÇİN ENTEGRE YOL HARİTASI

Öz

Toplu taşıma sistemlerinin elektrifikasyonu, sera gazı emisyonlarının azaltılması ve sürdürülebilir kentsel hareketliliğin desteklenmesi açısından kritik bir strateji olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, geleneksel filolardan elektrikli araçlara geçiş süreci; özellikle şarj altyapısı planlaması ve sistem entegrasyonu açısından önemli operasyonel, altyapısal, finansal ve kurumsal zorluklar içermektedir. Bu çalışma, toplu taşıma filo elektrifikasyonu ve şarj altyapısı planlaması için kanıta dayalı entegre bir planlama yol haritası geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu doğrultuda Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, ProQuest, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect ve DergiPark veri tabanları kullanılarak yapılandırılmış bir literatür sentezi gerçekleştirilmiştir. İncelenen çalışmalar; filo elektrifikasyonu stratejileri, şarj altyapısı planlaması, operasyonel optimizasyon, enerji yönetimi ve entegre uygulama yaklaşımları doğrultusunda sistematik biçimde sınıflandırılmıştır. Bulgular, başarılı bir elektrifikasyonun; durum tespiti, fizibilite analizi, strateji ve planlama, şarj altyapısının hazırlanması, pilot uygulama ve değerlendirme, filo geçişinin aşamalı olarak gerçekleştirilmesi ile izleme ve optimizasyonu kapsayan, koordineli ve çok aşamalı bir geçiş yapısını gerektirdiğini göstermektedir. Elde edilen bulgular doğrultusunda; çalışma, toplu taşıma filosu elektrifikasyonu ve şarj altyapısı planlama süreçlerini bütünleşik bir yapı içerisinde birleştiren, yedi aşamalı entegre bir planlama yol haritası önermektedir. Önerilen yol haritası; optimizasyon temelli modellere, tek başına ele alınan filo yenileme sorunlarına veya şarj altyapısı yer seçimi konularına odaklanan çalışmalardan farklı olarak operasyonel, mekânsal, mali, kurumsal ve enerji planlaması boyutlarını bir araya getiren, uygulamaya yönelik bir bakış açısı sunmaktadır. Çeşitli şehirlerden elde edilen deneysel bulguları ve uygulama deneyimlerini bir araya getirerek önerilen yol haritası; belediyelere, toplu taşıma yetkililerine ve politika yapıcılarına, uygulanabilir ve sürdürülebilir elektrifikasyon stratejileri geliştirme konusunda pratik bir rehber sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Toplu Taşımanın Elektrifikasyonu
• Şarj Altyapısı Planlaması
• Elektrikli Otobüs Filosu Planlaması
• Filo Elektrifikasyonu Yol Haritası
• Elektrikli Otobüse Geçiş
• Sürdürülebilir Kentsel Hareketlilik

Destekleyen Kurum

yok

Etik Beyan

yok

Teşekkür

yok

Kaynakça

1. Alkan, T., Faruk Atiz, Ö., & Durduran, S. S. (2023). Elektrikli araç şarj istasyonları için AHP yöntemi ile uygun yer seçimi: Konya örneği. Bilim. Derg. / NOHU J. Eng. Sci, 12(1), 193–199. Doi: 10.28948/ngmuh.1189242
2. Åslund, V., & Pettersson-Löfstedt, F. (2025). Institutional perspectives on public procurement in the electric bus transition. European Transport Studies, 2, 100036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ets.2025.100036
3. European Union. (2014). Alternatif Yakıt Altyapısı Direktifi - 2014/94/EU. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2014/94/oj/eng
4. Bouguerra, S., & Layeb, S. B. (2019). Determining optimal deployment of electric vehicles charging stations: Case of Tunis City, Tunisia. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 7(3), 628–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2019.06.003
5. Broadbent, G. H., Metternicht, G., Wiedmann, T., & Allen, C. (2024). Transforming Australia’s road fleet with electric vehicles: Strategies and impediments affecting net-zero emissions targets for 2050. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 101191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2024.101191
6. Çelik, S., & Ok, Ş. (2024). Electric vehicle charging stations: Model, algorithm, simulation, location, and capacity planning. Heliyon, 10(7). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29153
7. Chen, T., Zhang, B., Pourbabak, H., Kavousi-Fard, A., & Su, W. (2016). Optimal routing and charging of an electric vehicle fleet for high-efficiency dynamic transit systems. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 9(4), 3563–3572. 10.1109/TSG.2016.2635025
8. Chung, Y.-S., & Chiou, Y.-C. (2024). Economic characteristics of city bus operation with a mixed fleet: the influence of electric buses. Transportmetrica A: Transport Science, 20(3), 2192308. https://doi.org/10.1080/23249935.2023.2192308

9. da Silva, P. T., Facó, J. F. B., Lourenço, S. R., Petraconi Filho, G., de Andrade, A. A., Cassiano, D. A., … Gasi, F. (2024). Electric Vehicles: Study of Energy Demand and Impact on Infrastructure Due to The Insertion of Electric Buses in The City of São Paulo. REVISTA FOCO, 17(1), e4225–e4225. https://doi.org/10.54751/revistafoco.v17n1-136
10. Dinc Yalcin, G., Ozsoy, C. Y., & Taskin, Y. (2022). A multi-objective mathematical model for the electric vehicle charging station placement problem in urban areas. International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 41(8), 945961. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786451.2021.2016761
11. Dörtköşe, S. (2022). Determining locations for electric vehicle charging stations (Elektrikli araç şarj istasyon yerlerinin belirlenmesi) (Doctoral dissertation, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Sakarya Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Sakarya, Türkiye, ss. 49). https://acikerisim.sakarya.edu.tr/handle/20.500.12619/98864
12. Dörtköşe, S., Yazgan, H. R., & Cömert, S. E. (2022). Determining locations for electric vehicle charging stations using a flow-based fueling station model (Elektrikli Araç Şarj İstasyon Yerlerinin Akış Yakıt İkmal Yer Modeli Kullanılarak Belirlenmesi).
13. Du, H., & Kommalapati, R. R. (2021). Environmental sustainability of public transportation fleet replacement with electric buses in Houston, a megacity in the USA. International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 14(6), 1858–1870. https://doi.org/10.1080/19397038.2021.1972491
14. Durmuş, F. S., & Kaymaz, H. (2020). Elektrikli araç şarj yöntemleri. Akıllı Ulaşım Sistemleri ve Uygulamaları Dergisi, 3(2), 123–139. https://izlik.org/JA28UJ45YX
15. Eberle, U., & Von Helmolt, R. (2010). Sustainable transportation based on electric vehicle concepts: A brief overview. Energy & Environmental Science, 3(6), 689–699. https://doi.org/10.1039/C001674H
16. Karlsson, E. (2016). Charging Infrastructure for Electric City Buses: An Analysis of Grid Impact and Costs. KTH Royal Institute of Technology.
17. Esmaeilnejad, S., Kattan, L., & Wirasinghe, S. C. (2023). Optimal charging station locations and durations for a transit route with battery-electric buses: A two-stage stochastic programming approach with consideration of weather conditions. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 156, 104327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2023.104327
18. Ferro, G., Minciardi, R., Parodi, L., & Robba, M. (2023). Optimal Location and Line Assignment for Electric Bus Charging Stations. IEEE Systems Journal, 17(2), 1950–1961. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2023.3240364
19. Gabsalikhova, L., Sadygova, G., & Almetova, Z. (2018). Activities to convert the public transport fleet to electric buses. Transportation Research Procedia, 36, 669–675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2018.12.127
20. Ghanbari Motlagh, S., & Li, L. (2026). A review on electric vehicle charging station planning: Infrastructure placement, sizing, upgrades, and uncertainties. Journal of Energy Storage, 141, 119325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2025.119325
21. Gkiotsalitis, K., Rizopoulos, D., Merakou, M., Iliopoulou, C., Liu, T., & Cats, O. (2025). Electric bus charging station location selection problem with slow and fast charging. Applied Energy, 382, 125242 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.125242
22. Guo, Z., Yu, B., Li, K., Yang, Y., Yao, B., & Lin, Q. (2020). Locating battery supplying infrastructures for electric taxies. Transportation Letters, 12(2), 77–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/19427867.2018.1520449
23. Guschinsky, N., Kovalyov, M. Y., Rozin, B., BKM, S. C., SUT, K. K., Czogalla, O., & Ave, I. (2019). Planning Process and Tool for Step-by-Step Conversion of the Conventional or Mixed Bus Fleet to a 100% Electric Bus Fleet. https://service.ifak.eu/PLATON-Web/Platon-Deliverable-4.4-final.pdf
24. Hall, D., Moultak, M., & Lutsey, N. (2017). Electric vehicle capitals of the world. ICCT White Paper. https://theicct.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Global-EV-Capitals_White-Paper_06032017_vF.pdf
25. Huang, Y., & Kockelman, K. M. (2020). Electric vehicle charging station locations: Elastic demand, station congestion, and network equilibrium. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 78, 102179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2019.11.008
26. International Energy Agency. (2024). Global EVOutlook 2024. Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2024
27. Islam, A., & Lownes, N. (2019). When to go electric? A parallel bus fleet replacement study. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 72, 299–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2019.05.007
28. Janjamraj, N., Changsarn, C., Hiranvarodom, S., & Bhumkittipich, K. (2025). The Practical Learning on Electric Bus Conversion to Support Carbon Neutrality Policy in Thailand’s Transport Sector. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16030181
29. Karapinar, F., & Daldaban, F. (2022). Elektrikli Araçların Şarj Yöntemleri ve Şarj İstasyon Tipleri. https://izlik.org/JA34ZS64GB
30. Kchaou-Boujelben, M. (2021). Charging station location problem: A comprehensive review on models and solution approaches. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 132, 103376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2021.103376
31. Khandekar, A., Rajagopal, D., Abhyankar, N., Deorah, S., & Phadke, A. (2018). The case for all new city buses in India to be electric. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7d64m1cd
32. Kong, W., Luo, Y., Feng, G., Li, K., & Peng, H. (2019). Optimal location planning method of fast charging station for electric vehicles considering operators, drivers, vehicles, traffic flow and power grid. Energy, 186, 115826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.07.156
33. Krawiec, K. (2020a). A concept of conventional or mixed bus fleet conversion with electric vehicles: A planning process. International Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering & Telecommunications, 9(1), 8–12. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijeetc.9.1.8-12
34. Krawiec, K. (2020b). Basic methods to support city bus fleet conversion towards a 100% electric bus fleet. TRANSBALTICA XI: Transportation Science and Technology: Proceedings of the International Conference TRANSBALTICA, May 2-3, 2019, Vilnius, Lithuania, 89–98. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38666-5_10
35. Kumar, B. A., Jyothi, B., Singh, A. R., Bajaj, M., Rathore, R. S., & Tuka, M. B. (2024). Hybrid genetic algorithm-simulated annealing based electric vehicle charging station placement for optimizing distribution network resilience. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 7637. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-58024-8
36. Liu, X., Plötz, P., Yeh, S., Liu, Z., Liu, X. C., & Ma, X. (2024). Transforming public transport depots into profitable energy hubs. Nature Energy, 9(10), 1206–1219. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-024-01580-0
37. Gkatzoflias D, Drossinos I, Zubaryeva A, Zambelli P, Dilara P and Thiel C. (2016). Optimal allocation of electric vehicle charging infrastructure in cities and regions. Publications Office of the European Union. https://dx.doi.org/10.2790/353572
38. Machado, C. A. S., Takiya, H., Yamamura, C. L. K., Quintanilha, J. A., & Berssaneti, F. T. (2020). Placement of infrastructure for urban electromobility: A sustainable approach. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/SU12166324
39. Nioras, D. (2019). Feasibility of The Transition to A Battery Electric Bus Fleet in Public Transportation. https://dimnioras.com/assets/documents/research-projects/BEB_Feasibility_Study_DimitrisNioras.pdf
40. Olsen, N., & Kliewer, N. (2022). Location planning of charging stations for electric buses in public transport considering vehicle scheduling: A variable neighborhood search-based approach. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 12(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/app12083855
41. Pelletier, S., Jabali, O., Mendoza, J. E., & Laporte, G. (2019). The electric bus fleet transition problem. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 109, 174–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2019.10.012
42. Pihlatie, M., Kukkonen, S., Halmeaho, T., Karvonen, V., & Nylund, N.-O. (2014). Fully electric city busesthe viable option. 2014 IEEE International Electric Vehicle Conference (IEVC), 1–8. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEVC.2014.7056145
43. Pinto, B., Barata, F., Soares, C., & Viveiros, C. (2020). Fleet Transition from Combustion to Electric Vehicles: A Case Study in a Portuguese Business Campus. Energies, 13(5), 1267. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13051267
44. Say, K., Csereklyei, Z., Brown, F. G., & Wang, C. (2023). The economics of public transport electrification: A case study from Victoria, Australia. Energy Economics, 120, 106599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2023.106599
45. Sharpe, B., Lutsey, N., Smith, C., & Kim, C. (2020). Power Play: Canada’s Role in the Electric Vehicle Transition. International Council on Clean Transportation Berlin, Germany. https://theicct.org/wpcontent/uploads/2021/06/Canada-Power-Play-ZEV-04012020.pdf
46. Shehabeldeen, A., & Mohamed, M. (2026). Advancing electric bus transit system optimization with bus rotation across routes. Npj Sustainable Mobility and Transport, 3(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44333-025-00071-3
47. Szilassy, P., Joós, A., & Ágoston, G. (2025). Placement of Battery Electric Bus Charging Points Considering Urban Land Prices. 2025 Smart City Symposium Prague (SCSP), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1109/scsp65598.2025.11037692
48. Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure. (2020). Ulusal Akıllı Ulaşım Sistemleri Strateji Belgesi ve 2020-2023 Eylem Planı. Ankara. Retrieved from https://www.uab.gov.tr/uploads/announcements/ulusal-akilli-ulasim-sistemleri-strateji-belgesi-v/ulusal-akilli-ulas-im-sistemleristrateji-belgesi-ve-2020-2023-eylem-plani.pdf
49. Tzamakos, D., Iliopoulou, C., & Kepaptsoglou, K. (2022). Electric bus charging station location optimization considering queues. International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtst.2022.02.007
50. Ullah, I., Liu, K., Iqbal, M., Bhattarai, K., & Almujibah, H. (2026). Empowering sustainable public transportation: Addressing barriers and driving the electric bus revolution. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 64, 101521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2025.101521
51. Ullah, I., Zheng, J., Jamal, A., Zahid, M., Almoshageh, M., & Safdar, M. (2024). Electric vehicles charging infrastructure planning: A review. International Journal of Green Energy, 21(7), 1710–1728. https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2023.2259975
52. Uslu, T., & Kaya, O. (2021). Location and capacity decisions for electric bus charging stations considering waiting times. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 90, 102645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102645
53. Varghese, A. M., & Pradhan, R. P. (2025). A comprehensive review and research agenda on the adoption, transition, and procurement of electric bus technologies into public transportation. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 75, 104218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2025.104218
54. Wang, G., Zhao, Y., Pan, Y., & Shi, T. (2024). Integrated optimization study of electric bus fleet transformation. Academic Journal of Science and Technology, 11(2), 2024. https://doi.org/10.54097/79q90538
55. Wei, R., Liu, X., Ou, Y., & Kiavash Fayyaz, S. (2018). Optimizing the spatio-temporal deployment of battery electric bus system. Journal of Transport Geography, 68, 160–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JTRANGEO.2018.03.013
56. Wu, X., Feng, Q., Bai, C., Lai, C. S., Jia, Y., & Lai, L. L. (2021). A novel fast-charging stations locational planning model for electric bus transit system. Energy, 224, 120106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.120106
57. Xylia, M., Leduc, S., Patrizio, P., Kraxner, F., & Silveira, S. (2017). Locating charging infrastructure for electric buses in Stockholm. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 78, 183–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRC.2017.03.005
58. Ye, Z., Huang, Z., Yang, S., Du, Y., & Zhao, H. (2024). Electric bus fleet transition: assessment approach considering economic and environmental impacts, and its application. Smart Construction and Sustainable Cities, 2(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44268-024-00040-8
59. Zhou, G., Zhu, Z., & Luo, S. (2022). Location optimization of electric vehicle charging stations: Based on cost model and genetic algorithm. Energy, 247, 123437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.123437