Establishing Peace through Sport Activities: Changing Mindset of Youngsters Belonging to Countries having Conflicts

Öz

South Asia is a hotspot, with four nuclear and missile powers sharing borders. In order to promote peace-building efforts, it is proposed to use sport diplomacy. Taking India-Pakistan conflict as an example, this paper proposes to change the mindset of future generations by organizing regional summer camps for athletics, squash and cricket with fifty percent of the time allocated to educating the players about culture, history and geography of the countries in the region in addition to equipping participants with power skills. Growth-and-Obesity Vector- Roadmaps of all players are generated as part of their comprehensive psychological and physical examinations combined with fitness testing at the start and the end of summer camp along with posture and gait training.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Soft Power
• Smart Power
• İntelligent Power
• Protection From Covid-19
• Athletics

Kaynakça

1. American Academy of Pediatrics — Committee on Sports Medicine (1982). Climatic heat stress and the exercising child. Pediatrics, 89 (6), 808, 809
2. American Academy of Pediatrics — Committee on Sports Medicine and Fitness (2000). Climatic heat stress and the exercising child and adolescent. Pediatrics, 106 (1), 158, 159
3. Aziz, Q. (1974). Blood and Tears, 1st Ed., Karachi, Pakistan: Publication Division of United Press of Pakistan
4. Badau, D., Prebeg, G., Dušan, M., Badau, A. (2015). Fitness index and VO2max of physical-education students. Science, Movement and Health, 15 (2, Supplement), 246-251
5. Baker, R. E., Baker, P. H., Atwater, C., Esherick, C. (2018). U. S. sport diplomacy in Latin America and the Caribbean: a programme evaluation. Journal of Sport for Development, 6 (10), 71-85
6. Beacom, A. (2000). Sport in international relations: a case for cross-disciplinary investigation. The Sports Historian, 20 (2), 1-23
7. Biswas, S., Biswas, A., Bandyopadhyay, N. (2021). Effects of four weeks intervention of yogic practices on cricketspecific-motor fitness. Journal of Advances in Sports and Physical Education, 4 (5), 125-130
8. Cárdenas, A. (2013). Peace building through sport? An introduction to sport for development and peace. Journal of Conflictology, 4 (1), 24-33

9. Catalán-Eslava, M., González-Víllora, S., Pastor-Vicedo, J. C., Contreras-Jordán, O. R. (2018). Analysis of tactical, decisional and executional behaviour according to the level of expertise in squash. Journal of Human Kinetics, 61 (1), 227-240
10. Domingos, C., Alves, C. P., Sousa, E., Rosa, A., Pereira, J. G. (2020). Does neurofeedback training improve performance in athletics? NeuroRegulation, 7 (1), 8-17
11. Dao, M., Chin, J. (2021). The Americanization of sport for development and peace: examining American SDP intern experiences. Journal of Sport for Development, 9 (1), 32-47
12. English, C. V. (2017). A Qualitative Exploration of the South African Cricket Development Environment. PhD Dissertation, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
13. Evans, A. B., Blackwell, J., Dolan, P., et al. (2020). Sport in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic: towards an agenda for research in the sociology of sport. European Journal for Sport and Society, 17 (2), 85-95
14. Genç, D., Temel, C. (2020). Evaluation of physical-education teachers based on students‘ opinions. Uluslararası Beden Eğitimi Spor ve Teknolojileri Dergisi (International Journal of Physical Education, Sport andTechnologies), 1 (1), 24-33
15. Henriksen, K., Storm, L. K., Larsen, C. H. (2018). Organizational culture and influence in developing athletes. In: Sport Psychology for Young Athlete (Ed. Knight, C., Harwood, C., Gould, D.), pp. 216-228, New York, United States: Routledge
16. Izuyama, M. Ogawa, S. (2003, March). The nuclear policy of India and Pakistan. NIDS Security Reports, No. 4, 59-89
17. Jones, B. J., Hardy, L., Lawrence, G., et al. (2019). The identification of ―Game Changers‖ in England cricket‘s developmental pathway for elite spin bowling: a machine-learning approach. Journal of Expertise, 2 (2), 92-
18. Kaidal, A., Badaki, O. L., Sanusi, A. A. (2014). Sports and conflict prevention; the way forward for global peace. IOSR Journal of Sports and Physical Education (IOSR-JSPE), 1 (7), 18-21
19. Kamal, S. A. (2007, August 30). Communication skills in international relations. Golden Jubilee Seminar Series — Graduate Studies Discussion Group, Karachi, Pakistan: Department of International Relations, University of Karachi (seminar); abstract: https://www.ngds-ku.org/Professional/IR01.pdf
20. Kamal, S. A. (2008, April 23, 24). Pattern recognition using moiré fringe topography and rasterstereography. In: Proceedings of International Symposium on Biometrics and Security Technologies (IEEE ISBAST 2008), pp. 1-7, Islamabad, Pakistan: Bahria University; full text: https://www.ngds-ku.org/Papers/C68.pdf
21. Kamal, S. A. (2009, October 22). Role of information processing in conflict resolution. Golden Jubilee Seminar Series — Graduate Studies Discussion Group, Karachi, Pakistan: Department of International Relations, University of Karachi (seminar); extended abstract: https://www.ngds-ku.org/Presentations/IR02.pdf
22. Kamal, S. A. (2010a, March 11). Simulation and soft power. Golden Jubilee Seminar Series — Graduate Studies Discussion Group, Karachi, Pakistan: Department of International Relations, University of Karachi (seminar); extended abstract: https://www.ngds-ku.org/Presentations/IR03.pdf
23. Kamal, S. A. (2010b, May 10, 11). An airport-passenger-screening system based on emitted-IR and thermal radiation. In: The Fifth Symposium on Computational Complexities, Innovations and Solutions (CCIS 2010), p. 11, Abbotabad, KP, Pakistan: COMSATS Institute of Information Technology; extended abstract#2: https://www.ngds-ku.org/Presentations/Security.pdf
24. Kamal, S. A. (2010c, September 29). Soft power, smart power and intelligent power. Graduate Studies Discussion Group, Karachi, Pakistan: Department of International Relations, University of Karachi (a seminar in honor of Joseph Nye); extended abstract: https://www.ngds-ku.org/Presentations/IR04.pdf
25. Kamal, S. A. (2011a, March 31). Intelligent power and conflict resolution. Guest Seminar Series, Lahore, Pakistan: Department of Political Science, the Quaid-é-Azam Campus, University of the Punjab (seminar); extended abstract: https://www.ngds-ku.org/Presentations/IR05.pdf
26. Kamal, S. A. (2011b, May 28). Intelligent power, conflict resolution, complexity and international trade. Guest Seminar Series, Karachi, Pakistan: City Campus, Institute of Business Administration (seminar); extended abstract: https://www.ngds-ku.org/Presentations/IBA.pdf
27. Kamal, S. A. (2014, December 3, 4). Smart-intelligent power and conflict management at state-level. In: The International Conference on Challenges of Transition in Social Sciences (ICCTSS 2014), p. 32, Karachi, Pakistan: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Karachi; extended abstract#VII-II: https://www.ngds-ku.org/Presentations/Smart-Intelligent.pdf
28. Kamal, S. A. (2015). Optimal-mass management in obese children. International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology (Karachi), 12 (3), 381-391; full text: https://www.ngds-ku.org/Papers/J38.pdf
29. Kamal, S. A. (2016, April 7). Manual for Obtaining Anthropometric Measurements. The-NGDS-Pilot-Project-ePublication, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan, version 9.11, full text: https://www.ngds-ku.org/ngds_folder/M02.pdf
30. Kamal, S. A. (2017). In search of a definition of childhood obesity. International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology (Karachi), 14 (1), 49-67; full text: https://www.ngds-ku.org/Papers/J45.pdf Additional File 3: Graphical Representation and Color Scheme (p. 3) https://www.ngds-ku.org/Papers/J45/Additional_File_3.pdf
31. Kamal, S. A. (2019, May 23). Some Pictures from the Hikari Kindergarten. The-NGDS-Pilot-Project-e-Publication, Karachi, Pakistan, full text: https://www.ngds-ku.org/Hikari/Hikari_Kindergarten.pdf
32. Kamal, S. A. (2020, May 23). Some Pictures of the Nikitin Family. The-NGDS-Pilot-Project-e-Publication, Karachi, Pakistan, full text: https://www.ngds-ku.org/Nikitin/Nikitin_Family.pdf
33. Kamal, S. A. (2021). The covariant-enhanced-coupling model of global-elctrocortical activity. International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology (Karachi), 18 (3), in press; full text: https://www.ngds-ku.org/Papers/J61.pdf
34. Kamal, S. A., Ansari, M. J., Sarwar, M., Ansari, S. A., Naz, A. A., Jamil, N. (2021). Percentiles of height and mass scaled for the Pakistani population: application to determine build of a gymnast. Uluslararası Bozok Sport Bilimleri Dergisi (Bozok International Journal of Sport Sciences), 2 (1), 33-57, full text: https://www.ngds-ku.org/Papers/J60.pdf
35. Additional File 1: Techniques of Anthropometric Measurements (step-by-step procedures for measurements of height, mass and mid-upper-arm circumference, illustrated through labeled photographs) https://www.ngds-ku.org/Papers/J60/Additional_File_1.pdf
36. Additional File 2: Color Coding used in Growth-and-Obesity Vector-Roadmap 2.6 https://www.ngds-ku.org/Papers/J60/Additional_File_2.pdf
37. Additional File 3: Method of Constructing Growth-and-Obesity Vector-Roadmap 2.6 https://www.ngds-ku.org/Papers/J60/Additional_File_3.pdf Kamal, S. A., Azeemi, H. I., Khan, S. R. (2017). Psychological testing, physical examination and fitness testing for primary-school students for participation in gymnastic activities. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences (Karachi), 8 (2), 15-40; full text: https://www.ngds-ku.org/Papers/J48.pdf
38. Kamal, S. A., Jamil, S. S. (2014). KJ-regression model to evaluate optimal masses of extreme cases. International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology (Karachi), 11 (4), 623-648; full text: https://www.ngds-ku.org/Papers/J34.pdf Additional File 3: Extended Growth Tables and Charts (from CDC Growth Tables and Charts) https://www.ngds-ku.org/Papers/J34/Additional_File_3.pdf
39. Kamal, S. A., Jamil, N., Khan, S. A. (2011). Growth-and-Obesity Profiles of children of Karachi using boxinterpolation method. International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology (Karachi), 8 (1), 87-96; full text: https://www.ngds-ku.org/Papers/J29.pdf
40. Kamal, S. A., Jamil, S. S., Razzaq, U. (2014). Stunting induced by wasting — wasting induced by stunting: a case study. International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology (Karachi), 11 (1), 147-153; full text: https://www.ngds-ku.org/Papers/J32.pdf
41. Kamal, S. A., Khan, S. A. (2014). Primary-physical-education practices in Pakistan and England: health and safety perspectives. International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology (Karachi), 11 (2&3), 401-419 (hand washing — p. 411; sleep routine — p. 409, 410); full text: https://www.ngds-ku.org/Papers/J33.pdf
42. Kamal, S. A., Khan, S. A. (2015). Hairstyle, footwear and clothing for gymnastic activities in the primary-school setting. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, 6 (3), 29-45; full text: https://www.ngds-ku.org/Papers/J37.pdf
43. Kamal, S. A., Khan, S. A. (2018). Overcoming vitamin-D deficiency in male gymnasts during preteen years. The Sky (International Journal of Physical Education, Health, Sports and Allied Sciences), 2, 60-75; full text: https://www.ngds-ku.org/Papers/J50.pdf
44. , S. A., Khan, S. A. (2020a). Association of balanced diet and physical activity with fitness of young children and their parents. The Shield (Research Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences), 15, 119-147; full text: https://www.ngds-ku.org/Papers/J58.pdf
45. Kamal, S. A., Khan, S. A. (2020b). Operation of sport academies during and after corona pandemic. Uluslararası Beden Eğitimi Spor ve Teknolojileri Dergisi (International Journal of Physical Education, Sport and Technologies), 1 (2), 12-29; full text: https://www.ngds-ku.org/Papers/J56.pdf
46. Kamal, S. A., Khan, S. A., Aslam, S. (2020). A model football academy for residents of Lyari Town, Karachi, Pakistan. The Sky (International Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences), 4, 5-38; full text: https://www.ngds-ku.org/Papers/J57.pdf
47. Kamal, S. A., Rajput, M. K., Ansari, S. A. (2016). Gait analysis of 7-10-year-old children of Karachi from nutritional-status perspective. International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology (Karachi), 13 (1), 13-25; full text: https://www.ngds-ku.org/Papers/J41.pdf
48. Additional File: Anatomical and Physiological Terms https://www.ngds-ku.org/Papers/J41/Additional_File.pdf
49. Kamal, S. A., Raza, S. K., Sarwar, M. (2016). Mathematical modeling of scoliosis indicators in growing children. International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology (Karachi), 13 (3), 471-484; full text: https://www.ngds-ku.org/Papers/J42.pdf
50. Kamal, S. A., Raza, S. K., Sarwar, M. (2020). Effectiveness of proposed risk indicators in scoliosis case finding. International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology (Karachi), 17 (3), 517-530; full text: https://www.ngds-ku.org/Papers/J55.pdf
51. Kamal, S. A., Sarwar, M., Razzaq, U. A. (2015). Effective decision making for the presence of scoliosis. International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology (Karachi), 12 (2), 317-328; full text: https://www.ngds-ku.org/Papers/J36.pdf
52. Kaplan-Sayı, A. (2017). Students‘ views about enriched summer camp for high-school students. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and technology Education, 13 (11), 7161-7177
53. Khosla, D. G. (1965). The Murder of the Mahatma, 1st Ed., Mumbai, India: Jaico Publishing House Lokhande, R. A., Chawan, K. (2018). Prediction of live cricket score and winning. International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, 5 (14), 91-93
54. Mahmood, K. (2010). Pakistan-India Relations: A Pakistan Narrative, p. 16, Islamabad, Pakistan: Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency (PILDAT)
55. Mansoori, M. (2021, February 9). Masalaé Kashmir: hal ka waqt aã gaya (the Kashmir problem: time has come for solution). Karachi, Pakistan: Jang, p. 11
56. Marker, J. (2010). Quiet Diplomacy, pp. 129-130, Oxford, United Kingdom & Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press
57. Mirza, M. (2021, May 9). Junubee Asia main bara breakthrough: Pak Bharat taǎlukaãt ki bahaãlee kaé leaé Kashmiriun ko bhi eǎtémaãd mein léna ho ga (Big breakthrough in South Asia: Kashmiris need to be taken into confidence for resuming Pakistan-India relationship). Karachi, Pakistan: Jang, p. 12 (Sunday magazine)
58. Murray, S. R. (2018). Profiling Elite Male Squash Performance using a Situation-Awareness Approach Enabled by Automatic-Tracking Technology. PhD Dissertation, Middlesex University, London, UK
59. Newell, W. H. (1955). The Brahman and caste isogamy in North India. The Journal of the Royal Anthropolgical Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 85 (1&2), 101-110
60. Noorbhai, H. (2020). Biomechanical implications of batting backlift technique in cricket: a collation of current evidence. ISBS Proceedings Archive, 38 (1), 964-967 Omelan, A. A., Breś, B., Raczkowski, M., Podstawski, R., Polgár, T., Koltai, M. (2018). Summer camps from the perspective of participants and organizers. Polish Journal of Sport Tourism, 25 (4), 33-38
61. Perreault, M. E., Gonzalez, S. P. (2021). Generalize over specialize: examining the long-term athlete develop- ment model to optimize youth athlete development. Strategies (A Journal for Physical and Sport Educa- tors), 34 (3), 11-15
62. Pidd, H. (2012, July 25). Why India is no place to be a woman? Karachi, Pakistan: DAWN, p. 12: International
63. Salik, S. (2017). Main Nay Dhaka Doobtay Dekha, Lahore, Pakistan: Al-Faisal Nashirǎan— Urdu edition of Witness to Surrender (Indian interference in East Pakistan — p. 131; Mujeebur Rahman‘s admission — p. 11) Shah, S., Hazarika, P. J., Hazarika, J. (2017). A Study on performance of cricket players using factor-analysis approach. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science, 8 (3), 656-660
64. Shahab, Q. (2003). Shahb Nama, p. 1157, 26th Ed., Karachi, Pakistan: Sang-é-Meel Publications
65. Simonson, W. (2020). Vitamin C and coronavirus. Geriatric Nursing, 41 (3), 331-332 Szabo, D. A., Neaglu, N., Ardelean, M., Sopa, I. (2019). Psychomotor evaluation of athlete children. Discobolul (Physical Education, Sport and Kinetotherapy Journal), 59 (1), 56-69
66. Tahir, A. (2015). Destiny to Despair, p. 223, Karachi, Pakistan: Paramount Books Wasim, M., Kamal, S. A., Shaikh, A. (2013). A security system employing edge-based rasterstereography. International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology (Karachi), 10 (4), 613-630; full text: https://www.ngds-ku.org/Papers/J31.pdf
67. Whitley, M. A., Farrell, K., Wolff, E. A., Hillyer, S. J. (2019). Sport for development and peace: surveying actors in the field. Journal of Sport for Development, 7 (11), 1-15
68. Williams, B. K., Sanders, R. H., Ryu, J. H., Graham-Smith, P., Sinclair, P. J. (2020). The kinematic differences between accurate and inaccurate squash forehand drives for athletes of different skill levels. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38 (10), 1115-1123