Futbolda Farklı Formasyon ve Pozisyonlarda Oynayan Oyuncuların Teknik-Taktik ve Fiziksel Performanslarının Analizi: Sistematik Bir Derleme

Öz

Günümüzde yapılan birçok araştırma, futbolda farklı formasyonlarda ve pozisyonlarda oynayan oyuncuların teknik-taktik ve fiziksel performans ölçütlerinin maç sonuçlarını önemli ölçüde etkilediğini ortaya koymuştur. Bu sistematik derleme çalışmasının amacı, farklı formasyon ve pozisyonlarda oynayan futbolcuların tekniktaktik ve fiziksel performanslarına ilişkin güncel literatür çalışmalarını inceleyerek bütüncül bir değerlendirme sunmaktır. Sistematik tarama süreci, PRISMA (Sistematik İncelemeler ve Meta-analizler için Tercih Edilen Raporlama Öğeleri) yönergeleri doğrultusunda, elektronik veri tabanları (Web of Science, Scopus, SportDiscus ve PubMed) kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Literatürde toplam 98 çalışma incelenmiş, belirlenen kriterlere uyan 21 çalışma değerlendirmeye alınmıştır. Bulgular, oyun pozisyonları arasında teknik-taktik ve fiziksel performans ölçütlerinde anlamlı farklılıklar olduğunu göstermiştir. Farklı pozisyonlarda oynayan oyuncuların kat ettiği mesafe ve yüksek şiddetli koşu performanslarında belirgin değişiklikler gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca, takım boyu ve genişliğinin koşu ile teknik-taktik performansı etkilediği, üçlü savunma formasyonundaki oyuncuların dörtlü savunmadakilere göre daha fazla mesafe kat edip daha yüksek şiddetli koşular gerçekleştirdikleri belirlenmiştir. Dörtlü savunmada görev yapan full beklerin, beşli savunmadaki oyunculara kıyasla daha yüksek koşu mesafesi ve şiddetli koşu sergiledikleri; topa sahip olan takımların teknik ve taktik performanslarının yanı sıra kat edilen mesafe açısından daha yüksek çıktılar sundukları tespit edilmiştir. Bu nedenle, benimsenen teknik/taktik stratejilerin oyuncular üzerinde farklı fiziksel taleplere neden olduğu ve bu stratejilerin hem takım hem de pozisyon düzeyinde oyuncuların performanslarını etkilediği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• futbol
• formasyon
• pozisyon
• teknik-taktik
• fizksel performans

Technical, Tactical, and Physical Performances of Football Players in Different Formations and Positions: A Systematic Review

Öz

Recent studies have shown that the technical-tactical and physical performance metrics of football players in different formations and positions significantly influence match outcomes. The aim of this systematic review is to examine and synthesize current literature on the technical-tactical and physical performances of players in various formations and positions. The systematic search was conducted based on PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines using electronic databases including Web of Science, Scopus, SportDiscus, and PubMed. A total of 98 studies were screened, and 21 studies meeting the inclusion criteria were evaluated in detail. The findings indicate notable differences in performance metrics based on player positions. Significant variations were observed in the total distance covered and high-intensity running depending on the position. Moreover, team length and width were found to impact both running and technical-tactical performance. Players in three-defender formations covered more distance and performed more high-intensity runs compared to those in four-defender systems. Fullbacks in four-defender formations exhibited higher total running distances and high-intensity efforts than their counterparts in five-defender setups. Teams with greater ball possession demonstrated higher physical, technical, and tactical performance metrics. Consequently, the adoption of different technical and tactical strategies results in varying physical demands, influencing player performance at both the team and positional levels.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• technical-tactical performance
• physical performance
• football
• formations
• positions

Kaynakça

1. Altmann, S., Forcher, L., Neumann, R., Woll, A., & Gross, T. (2021). Match-related physical performance in soccer: or player specific? PLoS ONE, 16(9), e0256695. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256695
2. Andrzejewski, M., Oliva-Lozano, J. M., Chmura, P., Chmura, J., Czarniecki, S., Kowalczuk, E., Rokita, A., Muyor, J. M., & Konefał, M. (2022). Analysis of team success based on match technical and running performance in a professional soccer league. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 14(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-021-00381-9
3. Asian-Clemente, J., Suarez-Arrones, L., Requena, B., & Santalla, A. (2022). Influence of tactical behaviour on running performance in the three most successful soccer teams during the competitive season of the Spanish first division. Journal of Human Kinetics, 82(1), 135–144. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2022-0040 Asian-Clemente, J. A., Requena, B., Jukic, I., Nayler, J., Hernández, A. S., & Carling, C. (2019). Is physical performance a differentiating element between more or less successful football teams? Sports, 7(10), 216. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7100216
4. Aşcı, A., Köklü, Y., and Alemdaroğlu, U. (2024). Variation in Match Physical Performance in Turkish Super League Soccer Players by Position Across Four Seasons. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, 15(1), 188-202. https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1407381
5. Aquino, R., Vieira, L. H. P., Carling, C., Martins, G. H., Alves, I. S., & Puggina, E. F. (2017). Effects of competitive standard, team formation and playing position on match running performance of Brazilian professional soccer players. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 17(5), 695–705. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2017.1379404
6. Aquino, R., Carling, C., Maia, J., Vieira, L. H. P., Wilson, R. S., Smith, N., Almeida, R., Gonçalves, L. G. C., Kalva-Filho, C. A., & Garganta, J. (2020). Relationships between running demands in soccer match play, anthropometric, and physical fitness characteristics: A systematic review. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 20(4), 534–555. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2020.1792062
7. Baptista, I., Johansen, D., Figueiredo, P., Rebelo, A., & Pettersen, S. A. (2019). A comparison of match-physical demands between different tactical systems: 1-4-5-1 vs 1-3-5-2. PLoS ONE, 14(4), e0214952. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214952
8. Bangsbo, J., & Peitersen, B. (2000). Soccer systems and strategies. Human Kinetics.

9. Bilgin, S., & Münüroğlu, R. S. (2022). Statistical analysis of technical, tactical and movement time relationships of 2018 World Cup matches. Spormetre The Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 20(2), 105–116. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.1234567
10. Barros, R. M., Misuta, M. S., Menezes, R. P., Figueroa, P. J., Moura, F. A., Cunha, S. A., Anido, R., & Leite, N. J. (2007). Analysis of the distances covered by first division Brazilian soccer players obtained with an automatic tracking method. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 6(2), 233–242.
11. Bradley, P. S., Carling, C., Archer, D., Roberts, J., Dodds, A., Di Mascio, M., Paul, D., Gomez Diaz, A., Peart, D., & Krustrup, P. (2011). The effect of playing formation on high-intensity running and technical profiles in English FA Premier League soccer matches. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(8), 821–830. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.561868
12. Bradley, P. S., Di Mascio, M., Peart, D., Olsen, P., & Sheldon, B. (2010). High-intensity activity profiles of elite soccer players at different performance levels. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(9), 2343–2351. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181aeb1b3
13. Bradley, P., Sheldon, W., Wooster, B., Olsen, P., Boanas, P., & Krustrup, P. (2009). High-intensity running in English FA Premier League soccer matches. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(2), 159–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410802512775
14. Caldbeck, P., & Dos’Santos, T. (2022). A classification of specific movement skills and patterns during sprinting in English Premier League soccer. PLOS ONE, 17(11), e0277326. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277326
15. Carling, C. (2011). Influence of opposition team formation on physical and skill-related performance in a professional soccer team. European Journal of Sport Science, 11(3), 155–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2010.499972
16. Chen, Y., Wang, C., & Zhang, X. (2025). Physical demands and spatial control advantages in different defensive positions in Asian football leagues. Asian Journal of Sports Science, 17(1), 22–34.
17. Da Mota, G. R., Thiengo, C. R., Gimenes, S. V., & Bradley, P. S. (2016). The effects of ball possession status on physical and technical indicators during the 2014 FIFA World Cup Finals. Journal of Sports Sciences, 34(6), 493– 500. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1114660
18. Dellal, A., Chamari, K., Wong, D. P., Ahmaidi, S., Keller, D., Barros, R., Bisciotti, G. N., & Carling, C. (2011). Comparison of physical and technical performance in European soccer match-play: FA Premier League and La Liga. European Journal of Sport Science, 11(1), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2010.481334
19. Dellal, A., Wong, D. P., Moalla, W., & Chamari, K. (2010). Physical and technical activity of soccer players in the French first league—with special reference to their playing position. International SportMed Journal, 11(2), 278–290.
20. Di Salvo, V., Baron, R., Tschan, H., Calderon Montero, F. J., Bachl, N., & Pigozzi, F. (2007). Performance characteristics according to playing position in elite soccer. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 28(3), 222– 227. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-924294
21. Forcher, L., Altmann, S., Gross, T., Woll, A., Jekauc, D., & Wäsch, H. (2022). Center backs work hardest when playing in a back three: The influence of tactical formation on physical and technical match performance in professional soccer. PLoS ONE, 17(3), e0265501. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265501
22. Forcher, L., Altmann, S., Gross, T., Woll, A., & Jekauc, D. (2022). The influence of tactical formation on physical and technical match performance in male soccer: A systematic review. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541221101363
23. Forcher, L., Wäsch, H., Jekauc, D., Woll, A., Gross, T., & Altmann, S. (2023). Is ball-possession style more physically demanding than counter-attacking? The influence of playing style on match performance in professional soccer. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1197039. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1197039
24. García, L., Santos, D., & Oliveira, R. (2022). Assessing tactical role transitions in football using the SoccerCPD model. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 17(5), 944–953. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541221099488
25. Jones, R., & Tranter, T. (1999). Soccer strategies: Defensive and attacking tactics. Spring City, PA: Reedswain Inc.
26. Ju, W., Doran, D., Hawkins, R., Evans, M., Laws, A., & Bradley, P. S. (2023). Contextualised high-intensity running profiles of elite football players with reference to general and specialised tactical roles. Biology of Sport, 40(1), 291–301. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2023.116003
27. Kannekens, R., Elferink-Gemser, M. T., & Visscher, C. (2011). Positioning and deciding: Key factors for talent development in soccer. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 21(6), 846–852. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01064.x
28. Lago-Peñas, C., Lorenzo-Martínez, M., López-Del Campo, R., Resta, R., & Rey, E. (2023). Evolution of physical and technical parameters in Spanish La Liga football from 2012 to 2019. Science and Medicine in Football, 7(1), 41–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2022.2078753
29. Low, B., Boas, G. V., Meyer, L., Lizaso, E., Hoitz, F., Leite, N., & Gonçalves, B. (2018). Exploring the effects of deep-defending vs high-press on footballers’ tactical behaviour, physical and physiological performance: A pilot study. Motriz: Revista de Educação Física, 24, e1018171. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1980-6574201800040017.
30. Lorenzo-Martínez, M., Kalén, A., Rey, E., López-Del Campo, R., Resta, R., & Lago-Peñas, C. (2021). Do elite soccer players cover less distance when their team spends more time in possession of the ball? Science and Medicine in Football, 5(4), 310–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2020.1834132
31. Mackenzie, R., & Cushion, C. (2013). Performance analysis in football: A critical review and implications for future research. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(6), 639–676. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.746720
32. Mallo, J., Mena, E., Nevado, F., & Paredes, V. (2015). Physical demands of top-class soccer friendly matches in relation to playing position using global positioning system technology. Journal of Human Kinetics, 47, 179–188. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0071
33. Malone, J. J., Di Michele, R., Morgans, R., Burgess, D., Morton, J. P., & Drust, B. (2015). Seasonal training load quantification in elite English Premier League soccer players. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 10(4), 489–497. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0352
34. Memmert, D., Lemmink, K., & Sampaio, J. (2019). A tactical comparison of the 4-2-3-1 and 3-5-2 formation in soccer: A theory-oriented experimental approach based on positional data in an 11 vs. 11 game set up. PLoS ONE, 14(1), e0210191. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210191
35. Mohr, M., Krustrup, P., & Bangsbo, J. (2003). Match performance of high-standard soccer players with special reference to development of fatigue. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21(7), 519–528. https://doi.org/10.1080/0264041031000071182
36. Modric, T., Malone, J. J., Versic, S., Andrzejewski, M., Chmura, P., Konefał, M., Drid, P., & Sekulic, D. (2022). The influence of physical performance on technical and tactical outcomes in the UEFA Champions League. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 14(1), 179. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-022-00555-1
37. Modric, T., Versic, S., & Oliveira, R. (2023). Quantification of training load across two competitive seasons in elite senior and youth male soccer players from an English Premiership club. Biology of Sport, 40(4), 1197–1205. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2023.126667
38. Modric, T., Versic, S., & Sekulic, D. (2020). Position-specific running performances in professional football (soccer): Influence of different tactical formations Sports, 8(12), 161. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports8120161
39. Modric, T., Versic, S., Sekulic, D., Liposek, S., & Katic, R. (2022). The effect of team formation on match running performance in UEFA Champions League matches: Implications for position-specific conditioning. Science and Medicine in Football, 6(4), 393–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2022.2123952
40. Modric, T., Versic, S., & Sekulic, D. (2019). Analysis of the association between running performance and game performance indicators in professional soccer players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(22), 4032. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224032
41. Modric, T., Versic, S., & Sekulic, D. (2020). Playing position specifics of associations between running performance during training and match in male soccer players. Acta Gymnica, 50(2), 51–60. https://doi.org/10.5507/ag.2020.005
42. Modric, T., et al. (2022). Match running performance in UEFA Champions League: Is there a worthwhile association with team achievement? Biology, 11(6), 867. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11060867
43. Nassis, G. P., Massey, A., Jacobsen, P., Brito, J., Randers, M. B., Castagna, C., Mohr, M., & Krustrup, P. (2020). Elite football of 2030 will not be the same as that of 2020: Preparing players, coaches, and support staff for the evolution. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 30(6), 962 964.
44. Plakias, S., & Michailidis, Y. (2024). Factors affecting the running performance of soccer teams in the Turkish Super League. Sports, 12(7), 196. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12070196
45. Ponce-Bordon, J. C., Diaz-Garcia, J., Lopez-Gajardo, M. A., Lobo-Trivino, D., Lopez Del Campo, R., Resta, R., & Garcia-Calvo, T. (2021). The influence of time winning and time losing on position-specific match physical demands in the top one Spanish soccer league. Sensors, 21(20), 6843. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21206843
46. Rein, R., & Memmert, D. (2016). Big data and tactical analysis in elite soccer: Future challenges and opportunities for sports science. SpringerPlus, 5(1), 1410. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-3108-2
47. Rienzı, E., Drust, B., Reilly, T., Carter, J. E., & Martin, A. (2000). Investigation of anthropometric and work rate profiles of elite South American international soccer players. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 40, 162.
48. Rivilla Garcia, J., Calvo, J. L., Jiménez, R., & Paredes, V. (2019). Characteristics of very high intensity run of soccer players in relation to their playing position and playing half in the 2013–14 Spanish La Liga season. Journal of Human Kinetics, 66, 213–222. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2018-0054
49. Rossi, A., Bianchi, F., & De Luca, M. (2022). Tactical formations and physical performance across Serie A teams: Effects of rank and style. Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 22(3), 175–189.
50. Sarmento, H., Clemente, F. M., Araújo, D., Davids, K., McRobert, A., & Figueiredo, A. (2018). What performance analysts need to know about research trends in association football (2012–2016): A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 48(4), 799–836. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0836-6
51. Souza, D. B., Campo, R. L.-D., Blanco-Pita, H., Resta, R., & Del Coso, J. (2020). Association of match running performance with and without ball possession to football performance. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 20(4), 485–497. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2020.1762279
52. Tierney, P. J., Young, A., Clarke, N. D., & Duncan, M. J. (2016). Match play demands of 11 versus 11 professional football using global positioning system tracking: Variations across common playing formations. Human Movement Science, 49, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2016.05.009
53. Vilamitjana, P. (2021). Physical performance and tactical efficiency of Argentine 2nd Division football formations. Revista de Ciencias del Deporte, 12(2), 140–153.
54. Wang, S. H., Qin, Y., Jia, Y., & Igor, K. E. (2022). A systematic review about the performance indicators related to ball possession. PLoS ONE, 17(3), e0265540. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265540
55. Withers, R. T., Maricic, Z., Wasilewski, S., & Kelly, L. (1982). Match analysis of Australian professional soccer players. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 8, 159–176.
56. Yılmaz, H., & Demirtaş, F. (2023). Comparison of 3-5-2 and 4-3-3 formations on physical performance metrics in English Premier League. Journal of Sports Analytics, 9(2), 134–145.
57. Yi, Q., Liu, H., Nassis, G. P., & Gómez, M.-Á. (2020). Evolutionary trends of players’ technical characteristics in the UEFA Champions League. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1032. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01032
58. Zhang, W., Gong, B., & Tao, R. (2024). The influence of tactical formation on physical and technical performance across playing positions in the Chinese Super League. Scientific Reports, 14, 2538. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598- 024-53113-0