Yüzme Branşında Fizyolojik Talepler

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3, 63 - 78, 31.12.2021

Masal Melik Kizilin Kadir Diler Mehmet Özal

Öz

Bu araştırmada yüzme branşında ki sporcuların bireysel ve antropometrik özellikleri ile fizyolojik talepleri, kas
lifleri ve biyokimyası, kardiyovasküler ve endokrin sistemleri, ısınma ve antrenman konuları gibi başlıklar
altındaki literatür bilgileri değerlendirmeye alınmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı alana katkı sağlayacak bilgilerin
derlenerek, yine alanda yapılacak bilimsel çalışmalara yardımcı olabilecek literatür bilgilerini yorumlamaktır. Bu
amaç doğrultusunda yüzme branşında egzersiz ve fizyoloji alanında yapılmış çalışmaların incelenmesi için;
Google Akademik, DergiPark, Pub Med ve Web of Science veri tabanları kullanılmıştır. Tarama yapılırken
ulusal ve uluslararası veri tabanları için 3 farklı anahtar sözcük kullanılmış ve erişime açık olan makaleler
değerlendirmeye alınmıştır. İncelenen çalışmalar dikkate alındığında yüzme branşında performansı olumlu
yönde etkileyen çalışmaların daha çok antrenman ve egzersiz türleri üzerinde yoğunlaştığı tespit edilmiştir.
Çalışmaların bulgularında ise daha çok antropometrik özellikler, motorik ve fizyolojik özelliklerin gelişimi ile
solunum ve kuvvet performanslarında olumlu sonuçlar verdiği bulunmuştur. Bu araştırmanın ilerleyen yıllarda
yapılacak olan yeni çalışmalara yön verebileceği düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Egzersiz, Fizyoloji, Yüzme

Kaynakça

• Anderson, M., Hopkins, W. ve Roberts A. (2008). Ability of Test Measures To Predict Competitive Performance in Elite Swimmers. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(2), 123- 130.
• Ardalı, E., ve Gönener, U. (2019). 10-12 Yaş Erkek Yüzücülere Uygulanan Core Antrenmanlarının Motorik Özelliklere ve Yüzme Performansına Etkisi. Spor ve Rekreasyon Araştırmaları Kitabı. Çizgi Kitabevi.
• Aspenes, S., Kjendlie, P. ve Hoff, J. (2009). Combined Strength and Endurance Training in Competitive Swimmers. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 8(3), 357-365.
• Atlaoui, D., Duclos, M., Gouarne, C., Lacoste, L., Barale, F. ve Chatard, J. (2006). 24-Hr Urinary Catecholamine Excretion, Training And Performance in Elite Swimmers. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 27, 314-321.
• Avalos, M., Hellard, P. ve Chatard, J. (2003). Modeling The Training Performance Relationship Using a Mixed Model in Elite Swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(5), 838-846.
• Barbosa, T. M., Bragada, J. A., Reis, V. M., Marinho, D. A., Carvalho, C. ve Silva, A. J. (2010). Energetics and Biomechanics As Determining Factors of Swimming Performance: Updating The State of the Art. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13, 262-269.
• Bouchard, C., An, P. ve Rice, T. (1999). Familial Aggregation of Vo2(max) Response To Exercise Training: Results From The Heritage Family Study. Journal of Applied Physiology, 87(3), 1003-1008.
• Cordain, L. ve Stager, J. (1988). Pulmonary Structure and Function in Swimmers. Sports Medicine, 6(5), 271-278.
• Costa, M. J., Balasekaran, G., Vilas-Boas, J. P. ve Barbosa, T. M. (2015). Physiological Adaptations To Training in Competitive Swimming: A Systematic Review. Journal of Human Kinetics, 49, 179-194.
• Costa, M. J., Bragada, J. A., Mejias, J. E., Louro, H., Marinho, D. A., Silva, A. J. ve Barbosa, T .M. (2013). Effects of Swim Training on Energetics and Performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(6), 507-513.
• Costill, D. L., Thomas, R., Robergs, R. A., Pascoe, D., Lambert, C., Barr, S. ve Fink, W. J. (1991). Adaptations To Swimming Training: İnfluence of Training Volume. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 23(3), 371-377.
• Craig Jr, A. B., Skehan, P. L. ve Pawelczyk, J. A. (1985). Velocity, Stroke Rate, and Distance Per Stroke During Elite Swimming Competition. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 17(6), 625-634.
• Earle, R. W. ve Baechle, T. R. (2004). Nsca's Essentials Of Personal Training. 1st Ed. National Strength & Conditioning Association, Campaign, Human Kinetics.
• Eichenberger, E., Knechtle, B., Knechtle, P., Rüst, C. A., Rosemann, T. ve Lepers, R. (2012). Best Performances By Men and Women Openwater Swimmers During The „English Channel Swim‟from 1900 To 2010, Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(12), 1295-1301.
• Faude, O., Meyer, T., Scharhag, J., Weins, F., Urhausen, A. ve Kindermann, W. (2008). Volume vs Intensity in The Training of Competitive Swimmers. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 29, 906-912.
• Fernandes, R. J. (2012). Different Vo2max Time-Averaging Intervals in Swimming, International. Journal Sports Medicine, 33, 1010–1015.
• Ferreira, M., Barbosa, T. M., Neiva, H., Marta, C., Costa, M. ve Marinho, A. (2015). Effect of Gender, Energetıcs, And Bıomechanıcs On Swımmıng Masters Performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(7), 1948–1955.
• Flynn, M. G., Pizza, F. X., Boone, J. B., Andres, F. F., Michaud, T. A. ve Rodriguez-Zayas, J. R. (1994). Indices of Training Stress During Competitive Running and Swimming Seasons. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 15(1), 21-26.
• Gleeson, M., Pyne, D. B., Mcdonald, W. A., Bowe, S. J., Clancy, R. L ve Fricker, P. A. (2004). In-Vivo Cell Mediated İmmunity in Elite Swimmers in Response To Training. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 7(1), 38-46.
• Greco, C. C., de Oliveira, M. F. M., Caputo, F., Denadai, B. S. and Dekerle, J. (2013). How Narrow Is The Spectrum Of Submaxımal Speeds In Swımmıng, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(5), 1450–1454.
• Hooper, S. L., Mackinnon ve L. T., Howard, A. (1999). Physiological And Psychometric Variables For Monitoring Recovery During Tapering For Major Competition. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(8), 1205-1210.
• Houston, M. E., Wilson, D. M., Green, H. J., Thomson, J. A. ve Ranney, D. A. (1981). Physiological and Muscle Enzyme Adaptations To Two Different İntensities of Swim Training. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 46(3), 283-291.
• Kirstin, M. S., Osborne, M. A., Shephard, M. E., Jenkins, D. G ve Skinner T. L. (2016). Velocity, Oxygen Uptake and Metabolic Cost of Pull, Kick and Whole Body Swimming. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(8), 1-21.
• Kirwan, J. P., Costill, D. L, Flynn, M. G., Mitchell, J. B., Fink, W. J., Neufer, P. D. ve Houmard, J.A. (1988). Physiological Responses To Successive Days of İntense Training ın Competitive Swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 20(3), 255-259.
• Lavoie, J. M. ve Montpetit, R. R. (1986). Applied physiology of swimming. Sports Medicine, 3(3), 165-189.
• Mackinnon, L .T., Hooper, S. L., Jones, S., Gordon, R. D. ve Bachmann, A. W. (1997). Hormonal, Immunological, and Hematological Responses To Intensified Training in Elite Swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(12), 1637-1645.
• Mezzaroba, P. V., Papoti, M. ve Machado, F. A. (2013). Gender and Distance Influence Performance Predictors in Young Swimmers, Motriz, Rio Claro, 19(4), 730-736.
• Mickleborough, T. D. Stager, J. M. ve Chatham, K. (2008). Pulmonary Adaptations To Swim and Inspiratory Muscle Training. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 103(6), 635-646.
• Morgado, J. M., Rama, L., Silva, I., De Jesus, I. M., Henriques, A., Laranjeira, P., Pedreiro, S., Rosado, F., Alves, F., Gleeson, M., Pais, M. L., Paiva, A. ve Teixeira, A. M. (2012). Cytokine Production By Monocytes, Neutrophils, and Dendritic Cells is Hampered By Long-Term Intensive Training in Elite Swimmers. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 112(2), 471-482.
• Mujika, I. (1998). The Influence of Training Characteristics and Tapering on The Adaptation in Highly Trained İndividuals: A Review. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 19(7), 439–446.
• Mujika, I., Busso, T. ve Geyssant, A. (1996). Training Content and Its Effects on Performance in 100 m and 200 m Swimmers. Biomechanics And Medicine in Swimming VII, Atlanta.
• Mujika, I., Chatard, J .C., Padilla, S., Guezennec, C. Y. ve Geyssant, A. (1996b). Hormonal Responses To Training and Its Tapering Off in Competitive Swimmers: Relationships With Performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 74(4), 361-366.
• Neıva, H. P., Marques, M. C., Barbosa, T. M., Izquıerdo, M., Vıana, J. L., Teıxeıra, A. M. ve Marınho, D. A. (2016). Warm-Up For Sprint Swimming: Race-Pace or Aerobic Stimulation? A Randomized Study. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(9), 2423–2431.
• Olstad, B. H., Bjorlykke, V. ve Olstad, D. S. (2019). Maximal Heart Rate For Swimmers, Sports, 7, 235.
• Ölmez, C., Yüksek, S., Üçüncü, M., ve Ayan, V. (2017). 8-12 Yaş Çocuklarda Bazı Antropometrik Özellikler ile 50 Metre Serbest Stil Yüzme Performansı Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Türkiye Klinikleri Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 9(3), 95-100.
• Paulo, V,. Mezzaroba, A. M. ve Fabiana A. M. (2013). Indirect Determination of Lactate Minimum Speed From A Single Maximal Performance in Young Swimmers, Journal Of Sports Science And Medicine, 12, 655-659.
• Pedro, G., Morouço, A., Daniel, A., Marinho, B., Ricardo, J., Fernandes, D., Mário, C. ve Marques, B. (2015). Quantification Of Upper Limb Kinetic Asymmetries İn Front Crawl Swimming. Human Movement Science, 40, 185–192.
• Pendergast, D., Mollendorf, J. ve Zamparo, P. (2005). The Influence of Drag on Human Locomotion in Water. Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine: Journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc, 32(1), 45-57.
• Santhiago, V., da Silva, A. S., Papoti, M. ve Gobatto, C. (2009). Responses of Hematological Parameters and Aerobic Performance of Elite Men and Women Swimmers During a 14-Week Training Program. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(4). 1097-1105.
• Sharp, R., Vitelli, C., Costill, D. L. ve Thomas, R. (1984). Comparison Between Blood Lactate and Heart Rate Profiles During A Season of Competitive Swim Training. Journal of Swimming Research, 1, 17–20.
• Sheel A. W. (2002). Respiratory Muscle Training in Healthy Individuals: Physiological Rationale and Implications For Exercise Performance. Sports Medicine, 32(9), 567- 581.
• Smith, D. J., Norris, S. R. ve Hogg, J. M. (2002) Performance Evaluation of Swimmers: Scientific Tools. Sports Medicine, 32(9), 539-554.
• Strand, P. O., Rodahl, K. ve Dahl, H. A. (2003). Textbook of Work Physiology. 4th Ed. Champaign (Il): Human Kinetics,
• Tønnessen, E. ve Løvberg, P. (2019). Running Training For Swimmers. Available Online: Https://Svomming.No/ Wp Content/ Uploads/ 2019/01/L%C3%B8petrening-ForSv%C3%B8mmere-23. Januar 2019.Pdf (Accessed On 20 April).
• Toussaint, H .M. ve Beek, P. J. (1992). Biomechanics of Competitive Front Crawl Swimming. Sports Medicine, 13(1), 8-24.
• Toussaint, H. M. ve Hollander, A. P. (1994). Energetics of Competitive Swimming: Implications For Training Programmes. Sports Medicine, 18(6), 384-405.
• Toussaint, H. M. ve Vervoorn, K. (1990). Effects of Specific High Resistance Training in The Water on Competitive Swimmers. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 11(3), 228-33.
• Trappe, S., Costıll, D. ve Thomas, R. (2000). Effect of Swim Taper on Whole Muscle and Single Muscle Fiber Contractile Properties. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 32(12), 48-56.
• Vilas-Boas, J. P. (2010). The Leon Lewillie Memorial Lecture: Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming, Past, Present and Future. In: Kjendlie Pl, Stallman Rk, Cabri J, Editors. Xıth İnternational Symposium of Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming. Oslo.
• Viru, A., Karelson, K. ve Smirnova, T. (1992). Stability And Variability in Hormonal Responses To Prolonged Exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 13(3), 230-235.
• Wakayoshi, K., D‟acquisto, L. J. ve Cappaert, J. M. (1995). Relationship Between Oxygen Uptake, Stroke Rate and Swimming Velocity in Competitive Swimming. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 16(1), 19-23.
• Wakayoshi, K., Yoshida, T., Ikuta, Y., Mutoh, Y. ve Miyashita, M. (1993). Adaptations To Six Months of Aerobic Swim Training. Changes in Velocity, Stroke Rate, Stroke Length and Blood Lactate. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 14(7), 368- 372.
• Wenger, H. A. ve Bell, G. J. (1986). The Interactions of Intensity, Frequency and Duration of Exercise Training in Altering Cardiorespiratory Fitness. Sports Medicine, 3(5), 346- 356.