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Because I Am an Athlete: Body Image, Freedom of Sexual Orientation and Society Label

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3, 103 - 119, 23.12.2024

Öz

The body phenomenon is not just a biological phenomenon, but it is also a social display area, as evidenced by
the clothing worn, posture, look, accessories, and activities utilized. As a result, the shown bodies are suppressed
by societal standards, and when these norms are not appropriate for the context, they are suppressed. The goal of
this study is to identify the sexual orientation labels applied to individuals based on their physical appearance
within the context of societal standards. This is a case study undertaken within the framework of qualitative
research. Participants were given photographs of athletes and answered two questions, one multiple choice and
one open-ended. The labels associated with the athletes were separated into four categories based on the answers
supplied by the participants to the questions: body image, body language, dress style, and indefinable traits. Bio
powers employ numerous regulators in society to order societies and set norms. Athletes' bodies and physical
features, however, are tied not just to their own decisions, but also to the needs of the sport, and they should not
be stigmatized or ostracized as a result of these norms.

Kaynakça

  • Abdelgelil, M. F. M., Bidin, S. N. B. B. S., Omar, N. B., Razali, M. A. T. B. M., & Ismail, F. Z. B. (2023). Rhetorical meanings of conjunction, disjunction, masculinizing and feminizing in Mutawatir Qira’at of the Holy Quran. Synesis, 15(1), 235-242.
  • Abell, S. C., & Richards, M. H. (1996). The relationship between body shape satisfaction and self-esteem: An investigation of gender and class differences. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 25(5), 691-703.
  • Anderssen, N. (2002). Does contact with lesbians and gays lead to friendlier attitudes? A two year longitudinal study. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 12(2), 124-136.
  • Barlett, C. P., Vowels, C. L., & Saucier, D. A. (2008). Meta-analyses of the effects of media images on men's body-image concerns. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27(3), 279-310.
  • Bauer, N. (2010). Simone 6 De Beauvoir: The second sex. In B. Mann & M. Ferrari (Ed.), “On ne naît pas femme: on le devient” The Life of a Sentence. Oxford University Press.
  • Berktay, F. (2012). Tarihin cinsiyeti. (4th ed.). Metis Yayınları.
  • Butler, J. (2016). Cinsiyet belası: Feminizm ve kimliğin altüst edilmesi. (Trans. B. Ertür). Metis Yayınları.
  • Çakmak M. N. (2020). Spor aracılığıyla bedenin göstergeleşmesi: Eskişehir'de body-fitness yapanlara yönelik sosyolojik bir saha araştırması (Kayt No. 639107) [Doctoral dissertation, Anadolu University]. YOK Thesis Center.
  • Carrington, B. (1986). Social mobility, ethnicity and sport. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 7(1), 3-18.
  • Chalabaev, A., Sarrazin, P., Fontayne, P., Boiché, J., & Clément-Guillotin, C. (2013). The influence of sex stereotypes and gender roles on participation and performance in sport and exercise: Review and future directions. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(2), 136-144.
  • Choi, P. Y. L. (2000). Femininity and the physically active woman. Routledge. Clark, L., & Tiggemann, M. (2006). Appearance culture in nine‐to 12‐year‐old girls: Media and peer influences on body dissatisfaction. Social Development, 15(4), 628-643.
  • Çırakoğlu, O. C. (2006). Perception of homosexuality among Turkish University students: The role of labels, gender, and prior contact. The Journal of Social Psychology, 146(3), 293-305.
  • Çubuklu, Y. (2004). Yemek: Haute Cuisine’den Fast-Food’a. In S. Kılıç (Ed.), Toplumsalın sınırında beden (s. 141-150). Kanat Kitap.
  • Dey, I. (2003). Qualitative data analysis: A user friendly guide for social scientists. Routledge.
  • Ellul, P. (1998). Who am I? A study in cultural identity. [Bachelor's thesis, University of Malta]. https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/78945
  • Eraslan, M., & Aydoğan, H. (2016). Vücut geliştirme ve fitness merkezinde spor yapan bireylerin beden bölgelerinden hoşnut olma düzeylerinin yaş ve cinsiyet değişkenlerine göre incelenmesi. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(2), 50-57.
  • Foucault, M. (1990). The use of Pleasure: Volume 2 of the history of sexuality. Vintage Books.
  • Gelis, J. (2007). Beden, kilise, kutsal. In J. J. Courtine & G. Vigarello (Ed.), Bedenin tarihi: Rönesanstan Aydınlanmaya. (Trans. S. Özen.). Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Göregenli M. (2006, Mayıs 16). Ayrımcılık İdeolojisi Olarak Homofobi. Kaos GL. https://kaosgl.org/haber/ayrimcilik-ideolojisi-olarak-homofobi
  • Grogan, S., & Richards, H. (2002). Body image: Focus groups with boys and men. Men and Masculinities, 4(3), 219-232.
  • Güney, N., Kargı, E., & Çorbacı, A. (2004). Üniversite öğrencilerinin eşcinsellik konusundaki görüşlerinin incelenmesi. Turkish Journal of HIV/AIDS, 7(4), 131-137.
  • Güzel, E., & Ümit, E. Ç. (2018). Filtreli güzellik: Güzellik hegemonyasının gözde mekânı instagram, güzellik kraliçeleri ve süper modeller. Sosyologça, 8, 15-16.
  • Hall, M. A. (1996). Feminism and sporting bodies: Essays on theory and practice. Human Kinetics Publishers.
  • Herek, G. M. (1988). Heterosexual’s attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: Correlates and gender differences. Journal of Sex Research, 25(4), 451-477.
  • Holt, R. (2006). The amateur body and the middle-class man: Work, health and style in Victorian Britain. Sport in History, 26(3), 352-369.
  • Huberman, A. M., & Miles, M. B. (2002). The qualitative researcher's companion. Sage Publications.
  • Ian, M. (1995). How do you wear your body? Bodybuilding and the sublimity of drag. In M. Dorenkamp & R. Henke (Eds.), Negotiating lesbian and gay subjects (pp. 71-92). Routledge.
  • Jenkins M, Lambert, E. G, Baker D. N. (2009). The attitudes of black and white college students toward gays and lesbians. Journal of Black Studies, 39(4), 589-613. Jones, D. C., Vigfusdottir, T. H., & Lee, Y. (2004). Body image and the appearance culture among adolescent girls and boys: An examination of friend conversations, peer criticism, appearance magazines, and the internalization of appearance ideals. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19(3), 323-339.
  • Karaçam M. (2015). Vücut geliştirme alanında erkeklik kimliğinin inşasında besin desteği kullanımının yeri (Kayıt no. 383190) [Master’s thesis, Hacettepe University]. YOK Thesis Center.
  • Kleindienst-Cachay, C., & Heckemeyer, K. (2008). Women in male domains of sport. International Journal of Eastern Sports & Physical Education, 6(1), 14-37.
  • Koca, C., & Bulgu, N. (2005). Spor ve toplumsal cinsiyet: Genel bir bakış. Toplum ve Bilim, 103, 163-184.
  • Koca, C., Aşçı, F. H., & Demirhan, G. (2005a). Attitudes toward physical education and class preferences of Turkish adolescents in terms of school gender composition. Adolescence, 40(158), 365-375.
  • Koca, C., Hülya Aşçi, F. & Kirazcı, S. (2005b). Gender role orientation of athletes and nonathletes in a patriarchal society: a study in Turkey. Sex Roles, 52, 217–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-1296-2
  • Koivula, N. (1995) Ratings of gender appropriateness of sports participation: Effects of gender-based schematic processing. Sex Roles, 33, 543–557. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01544679
  • Koivula, N. (2001). Perceives characteristics of sports categorized as gender-neutral, feminine and masculine. Journal of Sport Behavior, 24(4), 377-394.
  • Krane, V. (1996). Lesbians in sport: Towards acknowledgment, understanding and theory. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18(3), 237-246. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.18.3.237
  • Krane, V., & Romont, L. (1997). Female athletes' motives and experiences during the Gay Games. International Journal of Sexuality and Gender Studies, 2, 123-138.
  • Laitinen, J., Power, C., & Järvelin, M. R. (2001). Family social class, maternal body mass index, childhood body mass index, and age at menarche as predictors of adult obesity. The American journal of Clinical Nutrition, 74(3), 287-294.
  • Le Breton, D. (2011). The body and touch in nursing care. Soins; La Revue de Reference Infirmiere, 756, 34-37.
  • Lewis, G. B., & Taylor, H. E. (2001). Public opinion toward gay and lesbian teachers: Insights for all public employees. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 21(2), 133-151.
  • Lock, J., & Kleis, B. (1995). Origins of homophobia in males: Psychosexual vulnerabilities and defense development. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 52(4), 425-436.
  • Matteo, S. (1986). The effect of sex and gender-schematic processing on sport participation. Sex Roles, 15, 417-432.
  • McLaren, L., & Kuh, D. (2004). Women's body dissatisfaction, social class, and social mobility. Social Science & Medicine, 58(9), 1575-1584.
  • Menzel, J. E., Krawczyk, R., & Thompson, J. K. (2011). Attitudinal assessment of body image for adolescents and adults. In T. F. Cash & L. Smolak (Eds.), Body image: A handbook of science, practice, and prevention (pp. 154–169). The Guilford Press.
  • Merriam, S. B. (2013). Nitel araştırma desen ve uygulama için bir rehber (Trans. S. Turan). Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Metheny, E. (1965). Connotations ofmovement in sport and dance: A collection of speeches about sport and dance as significant forms of human behavior. Wm. C. Brown
  • Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. Sage Publications.
  • Pellegrin, N. (2007). Sıradan insanların bedeni, bedenin sıradan kullanımı. In J. J. Courtine ve G. Vigarello (Ed.), Bedenin tarihi: Rönesanstan aydınlanmaya. (Trans. S. Özen). Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Pich, J., Bibiloni, M. D. M., Pons, A., & Tur, J. A. (2015). Weight self-regulation process in adolescence: The relationship between control weight attitudes, behaviors, and body weight status. Frontiers in Nutrition, 2(14), 12-17.
  • Pope Jr, H. G., Gruber, A. J., Choi, P., Olivardia, R., & Phillips, K. A. (1997). Muscle dysmorphia: An under recognized form of body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics, 38(6), 548-557.
  • Rahkonen, O., & Takala, P. (1998). Social class differences in health and functional disability among older men and women. International Journal of Health Services, 28(3), 511 524.
  • Rich, A. C. (2003). Compulsory heterosexuality and lesbian existence. Journal of Women's History 15(3), 11-48.
  • Riemer, B. A., & Visio, M. E. (2003). Gender typing of sports: An investigation of Metheny’s classification. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 74(2), 193-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2003.10609081
  • Sadıç, E., & Beydağ, K. D. (2018). Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin lezbiyen ve geylere yönelik tutumları ve etkileyen faktörler. Hemşirelik Bilimi Dergisi, 1(2), 5-13.
  • Şah, U. (2012) Eşcinselliğe, biseksüelliğe ve transseksüelliğe ilişkin tanımlamaların homofobi ve LGBT bireylerle tanışıklık düzeyi ile ilişkisi. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 32(2), 23-48.
  • Sakallı, N. & Uğurlu, O. (2001). Effects of social contact with homosexuals on heterosexual Turkish university students attitudes towards homosexuality. Journal of Homosexuality, 42(1), 53-62.
  • Sakallı, N. (2002). The relationship between sexism and attitudes toward homosexuality in a sample of Turkish college students. Journal of Homosexuality, 42(3), 53-64.
  • Sakallı, N. (2006). Eşcinsellere ilişkin tutumlar: Türkiye’de yapılan görgül çalışmalar. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 53–69. https://hdl.handle.net/11511/76558
  • Sancar, S. (2011). Erkeklik: İmkânsız iktidar - Ailede, piyasada ve sokakta erkekler. Metis Yayınları.
  • Sartre, J. P. (2011). Varlık ve hiçlik: Fenomenolojik ontoloji denemesi (Trans. T. Ilgaz & G. Çankaya Eksen). İthaki Yayınları.
  • Shackelford, T. K., & Besser, A. (2007). Predicting Attitudes toward Homosexuality: Insights from Personality Psychology. Individual Differences Research, 5(2), 106-114.
  • Şişman, N. (2016). Emanetten mülke: Kadın, beden, siyaset. İz Yayınları.
  • Snooks, M. K., & Hall, S. K. (2002). Relationship of body size, body image, and self-esteem in African American, European American, and Mexican American middle-class women. Health Care for Women International, 23(5), 460-466.
  • Spaaij, R. (2013). Changing people’s lives for the better? Social mobility through sport-based intervention programmes: opportunities and constraints. European Journal for Sport and Society, 10(1), 53-73.
  • Spreitzer, E. (1994). Does participation in interscholastic athletics affect adult development? A longitudinal analysis of an 18-24 age cohort. Youth & Society, 25(3), 368-387.
  • Thornton, E. (2019). Deleuze and Guattari’s Absent Analysis of Patriarchy. Hypatia, 34(2), 348–368. https://doi.org/10.1111/hypa.12468
  • Vattimo, G., & Rovatti, P. A. (2012). What is weak thought? Sunny Press.
  • Voelker, D. K., Reel, J. J., & Greenleaf, C. (2015). Weight status and body image perceptions in adolescents: Current perspectives. Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics, 6, 149.
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. (9th ed.). Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Young, K. (1997). Women, sport and physicality: Preliminary findings from a Canadian study. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 32(3), 297-305.

Because I Am an Athlete: Body Image, Freedom of Sexual Orientation and Society Label

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3, 103 - 119, 23.12.2024

Öz

The body phenomenon is not just a biological phenomenon, but it is also a social display area, as evidenced by
the clothing worn, posture, look, accessories, and activities utilized. As a result, the shown bodies are suppressed
by societal standards, and when these norms are not appropriate for the context, they are suppressed. The goal of
this study is to identify the sexual orientation labels applied to individuals based on their physical appearance
within the context of societal standards. This is a case study undertaken within the framework of qualitative
research. Participants were given photographs of athletes and answered two questions, one multiple choice and
one open-ended. The labels associated with the athletes were separated into four categories based on the answers
supplied by the participants to the questions: body image, body language, dress style, and indefinable traits. Bio
powers employ numerous regulators in society to order societies and set norms. Athletes' bodies and physical
features, however, are tied not just to their own decisions, but also to the needs of the sport, and they should not
be stigmatized or ostracized as a result of these norms.

Kaynakça

  • Abdelgelil, M. F. M., Bidin, S. N. B. B. S., Omar, N. B., Razali, M. A. T. B. M., & Ismail, F. Z. B. (2023). Rhetorical meanings of conjunction, disjunction, masculinizing and feminizing in Mutawatir Qira’at of the Holy Quran. Synesis, 15(1), 235-242.
  • Abell, S. C., & Richards, M. H. (1996). The relationship between body shape satisfaction and self-esteem: An investigation of gender and class differences. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 25(5), 691-703.
  • Anderssen, N. (2002). Does contact with lesbians and gays lead to friendlier attitudes? A two year longitudinal study. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 12(2), 124-136.
  • Barlett, C. P., Vowels, C. L., & Saucier, D. A. (2008). Meta-analyses of the effects of media images on men's body-image concerns. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27(3), 279-310.
  • Bauer, N. (2010). Simone 6 De Beauvoir: The second sex. In B. Mann & M. Ferrari (Ed.), “On ne naît pas femme: on le devient” The Life of a Sentence. Oxford University Press.
  • Berktay, F. (2012). Tarihin cinsiyeti. (4th ed.). Metis Yayınları.
  • Butler, J. (2016). Cinsiyet belası: Feminizm ve kimliğin altüst edilmesi. (Trans. B. Ertür). Metis Yayınları.
  • Çakmak M. N. (2020). Spor aracılığıyla bedenin göstergeleşmesi: Eskişehir'de body-fitness yapanlara yönelik sosyolojik bir saha araştırması (Kayt No. 639107) [Doctoral dissertation, Anadolu University]. YOK Thesis Center.
  • Carrington, B. (1986). Social mobility, ethnicity and sport. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 7(1), 3-18.
  • Chalabaev, A., Sarrazin, P., Fontayne, P., Boiché, J., & Clément-Guillotin, C. (2013). The influence of sex stereotypes and gender roles on participation and performance in sport and exercise: Review and future directions. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(2), 136-144.
  • Choi, P. Y. L. (2000). Femininity and the physically active woman. Routledge. Clark, L., & Tiggemann, M. (2006). Appearance culture in nine‐to 12‐year‐old girls: Media and peer influences on body dissatisfaction. Social Development, 15(4), 628-643.
  • Çırakoğlu, O. C. (2006). Perception of homosexuality among Turkish University students: The role of labels, gender, and prior contact. The Journal of Social Psychology, 146(3), 293-305.
  • Çubuklu, Y. (2004). Yemek: Haute Cuisine’den Fast-Food’a. In S. Kılıç (Ed.), Toplumsalın sınırında beden (s. 141-150). Kanat Kitap.
  • Dey, I. (2003). Qualitative data analysis: A user friendly guide for social scientists. Routledge.
  • Ellul, P. (1998). Who am I? A study in cultural identity. [Bachelor's thesis, University of Malta]. https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/78945
  • Eraslan, M., & Aydoğan, H. (2016). Vücut geliştirme ve fitness merkezinde spor yapan bireylerin beden bölgelerinden hoşnut olma düzeylerinin yaş ve cinsiyet değişkenlerine göre incelenmesi. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(2), 50-57.
  • Foucault, M. (1990). The use of Pleasure: Volume 2 of the history of sexuality. Vintage Books.
  • Gelis, J. (2007). Beden, kilise, kutsal. In J. J. Courtine & G. Vigarello (Ed.), Bedenin tarihi: Rönesanstan Aydınlanmaya. (Trans. S. Özen.). Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Göregenli M. (2006, Mayıs 16). Ayrımcılık İdeolojisi Olarak Homofobi. Kaos GL. https://kaosgl.org/haber/ayrimcilik-ideolojisi-olarak-homofobi
  • Grogan, S., & Richards, H. (2002). Body image: Focus groups with boys and men. Men and Masculinities, 4(3), 219-232.
  • Güney, N., Kargı, E., & Çorbacı, A. (2004). Üniversite öğrencilerinin eşcinsellik konusundaki görüşlerinin incelenmesi. Turkish Journal of HIV/AIDS, 7(4), 131-137.
  • Güzel, E., & Ümit, E. Ç. (2018). Filtreli güzellik: Güzellik hegemonyasının gözde mekânı instagram, güzellik kraliçeleri ve süper modeller. Sosyologça, 8, 15-16.
  • Hall, M. A. (1996). Feminism and sporting bodies: Essays on theory and practice. Human Kinetics Publishers.
  • Herek, G. M. (1988). Heterosexual’s attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: Correlates and gender differences. Journal of Sex Research, 25(4), 451-477.
  • Holt, R. (2006). The amateur body and the middle-class man: Work, health and style in Victorian Britain. Sport in History, 26(3), 352-369.
  • Huberman, A. M., & Miles, M. B. (2002). The qualitative researcher's companion. Sage Publications.
  • Ian, M. (1995). How do you wear your body? Bodybuilding and the sublimity of drag. In M. Dorenkamp & R. Henke (Eds.), Negotiating lesbian and gay subjects (pp. 71-92). Routledge.
  • Jenkins M, Lambert, E. G, Baker D. N. (2009). The attitudes of black and white college students toward gays and lesbians. Journal of Black Studies, 39(4), 589-613. Jones, D. C., Vigfusdottir, T. H., & Lee, Y. (2004). Body image and the appearance culture among adolescent girls and boys: An examination of friend conversations, peer criticism, appearance magazines, and the internalization of appearance ideals. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19(3), 323-339.
  • Karaçam M. (2015). Vücut geliştirme alanında erkeklik kimliğinin inşasında besin desteği kullanımının yeri (Kayıt no. 383190) [Master’s thesis, Hacettepe University]. YOK Thesis Center.
  • Kleindienst-Cachay, C., & Heckemeyer, K. (2008). Women in male domains of sport. International Journal of Eastern Sports & Physical Education, 6(1), 14-37.
  • Koca, C., & Bulgu, N. (2005). Spor ve toplumsal cinsiyet: Genel bir bakış. Toplum ve Bilim, 103, 163-184.
  • Koca, C., Aşçı, F. H., & Demirhan, G. (2005a). Attitudes toward physical education and class preferences of Turkish adolescents in terms of school gender composition. Adolescence, 40(158), 365-375.
  • Koca, C., Hülya Aşçi, F. & Kirazcı, S. (2005b). Gender role orientation of athletes and nonathletes in a patriarchal society: a study in Turkey. Sex Roles, 52, 217–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-1296-2
  • Koivula, N. (1995) Ratings of gender appropriateness of sports participation: Effects of gender-based schematic processing. Sex Roles, 33, 543–557. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01544679
  • Koivula, N. (2001). Perceives characteristics of sports categorized as gender-neutral, feminine and masculine. Journal of Sport Behavior, 24(4), 377-394.
  • Krane, V. (1996). Lesbians in sport: Towards acknowledgment, understanding and theory. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18(3), 237-246. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.18.3.237
  • Krane, V., & Romont, L. (1997). Female athletes' motives and experiences during the Gay Games. International Journal of Sexuality and Gender Studies, 2, 123-138.
  • Laitinen, J., Power, C., & Järvelin, M. R. (2001). Family social class, maternal body mass index, childhood body mass index, and age at menarche as predictors of adult obesity. The American journal of Clinical Nutrition, 74(3), 287-294.
  • Le Breton, D. (2011). The body and touch in nursing care. Soins; La Revue de Reference Infirmiere, 756, 34-37.
  • Lewis, G. B., & Taylor, H. E. (2001). Public opinion toward gay and lesbian teachers: Insights for all public employees. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 21(2), 133-151.
  • Lock, J., & Kleis, B. (1995). Origins of homophobia in males: Psychosexual vulnerabilities and defense development. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 52(4), 425-436.
  • Matteo, S. (1986). The effect of sex and gender-schematic processing on sport participation. Sex Roles, 15, 417-432.
  • McLaren, L., & Kuh, D. (2004). Women's body dissatisfaction, social class, and social mobility. Social Science & Medicine, 58(9), 1575-1584.
  • Menzel, J. E., Krawczyk, R., & Thompson, J. K. (2011). Attitudinal assessment of body image for adolescents and adults. In T. F. Cash & L. Smolak (Eds.), Body image: A handbook of science, practice, and prevention (pp. 154–169). The Guilford Press.
  • Merriam, S. B. (2013). Nitel araştırma desen ve uygulama için bir rehber (Trans. S. Turan). Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Metheny, E. (1965). Connotations ofmovement in sport and dance: A collection of speeches about sport and dance as significant forms of human behavior. Wm. C. Brown
  • Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. Sage Publications.
  • Pellegrin, N. (2007). Sıradan insanların bedeni, bedenin sıradan kullanımı. In J. J. Courtine ve G. Vigarello (Ed.), Bedenin tarihi: Rönesanstan aydınlanmaya. (Trans. S. Özen). Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Pich, J., Bibiloni, M. D. M., Pons, A., & Tur, J. A. (2015). Weight self-regulation process in adolescence: The relationship between control weight attitudes, behaviors, and body weight status. Frontiers in Nutrition, 2(14), 12-17.
  • Pope Jr, H. G., Gruber, A. J., Choi, P., Olivardia, R., & Phillips, K. A. (1997). Muscle dysmorphia: An under recognized form of body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics, 38(6), 548-557.
  • Rahkonen, O., & Takala, P. (1998). Social class differences in health and functional disability among older men and women. International Journal of Health Services, 28(3), 511 524.
  • Rich, A. C. (2003). Compulsory heterosexuality and lesbian existence. Journal of Women's History 15(3), 11-48.
  • Riemer, B. A., & Visio, M. E. (2003). Gender typing of sports: An investigation of Metheny’s classification. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 74(2), 193-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2003.10609081
  • Sadıç, E., & Beydağ, K. D. (2018). Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin lezbiyen ve geylere yönelik tutumları ve etkileyen faktörler. Hemşirelik Bilimi Dergisi, 1(2), 5-13.
  • Şah, U. (2012) Eşcinselliğe, biseksüelliğe ve transseksüelliğe ilişkin tanımlamaların homofobi ve LGBT bireylerle tanışıklık düzeyi ile ilişkisi. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 32(2), 23-48.
  • Sakallı, N. & Uğurlu, O. (2001). Effects of social contact with homosexuals on heterosexual Turkish university students attitudes towards homosexuality. Journal of Homosexuality, 42(1), 53-62.
  • Sakallı, N. (2002). The relationship between sexism and attitudes toward homosexuality in a sample of Turkish college students. Journal of Homosexuality, 42(3), 53-64.
  • Sakallı, N. (2006). Eşcinsellere ilişkin tutumlar: Türkiye’de yapılan görgül çalışmalar. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 53–69. https://hdl.handle.net/11511/76558
  • Sancar, S. (2011). Erkeklik: İmkânsız iktidar - Ailede, piyasada ve sokakta erkekler. Metis Yayınları.
  • Sartre, J. P. (2011). Varlık ve hiçlik: Fenomenolojik ontoloji denemesi (Trans. T. Ilgaz & G. Çankaya Eksen). İthaki Yayınları.
  • Shackelford, T. K., & Besser, A. (2007). Predicting Attitudes toward Homosexuality: Insights from Personality Psychology. Individual Differences Research, 5(2), 106-114.
  • Şişman, N. (2016). Emanetten mülke: Kadın, beden, siyaset. İz Yayınları.
  • Snooks, M. K., & Hall, S. K. (2002). Relationship of body size, body image, and self-esteem in African American, European American, and Mexican American middle-class women. Health Care for Women International, 23(5), 460-466.
  • Spaaij, R. (2013). Changing people’s lives for the better? Social mobility through sport-based intervention programmes: opportunities and constraints. European Journal for Sport and Society, 10(1), 53-73.
  • Spreitzer, E. (1994). Does participation in interscholastic athletics affect adult development? A longitudinal analysis of an 18-24 age cohort. Youth & Society, 25(3), 368-387.
  • Thornton, E. (2019). Deleuze and Guattari’s Absent Analysis of Patriarchy. Hypatia, 34(2), 348–368. https://doi.org/10.1111/hypa.12468
  • Vattimo, G., & Rovatti, P. A. (2012). What is weak thought? Sunny Press.
  • Voelker, D. K., Reel, J. J., & Greenleaf, C. (2015). Weight status and body image perceptions in adolescents: Current perspectives. Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics, 6, 149.
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. (9th ed.). Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Young, K. (1997). Women, sport and physicality: Preliminary findings from a Canadian study. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 32(3), 297-305.
Toplam 70 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Egzersiz ve Spor Psikolojisi
Bölüm 2024 Cilt: 5 Sayı : 3
Yazarlar

Sabiha Gizem Engin Bu kişi benim

Veli Onur Çelik Bu kişi benim

Nur Bölükbaş Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Eylül 2024
Kabul Tarihi 18 Kasım 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Engin, S. G., Çelik, V. O., & Bölükbaş, N. (2024). Because I Am an Athlete: Body Image, Freedom of Sexual Orientation and Society Label. Uluslararası Bozok Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(3), 103-119.