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Diplomacy in Dispute: The Khalistan Factor in Contemporary India-Canada Relations

Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2 30 Haziran 2026
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Diplomacy in Dispute: The Khalistan Factor in Contemporary India-Canada Relations

Öz

The bilateral relations between India and Canada have witnessed diplomatic fallout in recent years. Despite having shared institutional values and strong cultural ties, tensions arise due to the Khalistan dispute, a separatist movement to establish a sovereign Sikh state in India’s Punjab region, which has transformed into a transnational political concern, especially among the Sikh diaspora in Canada. The study delves into the origins of the Khalistan movement, the Sikh diaspora’s role in Canadian politics, and India’s firmness in defending its sovereignty and countering extremism abroad. This article also investigates the escalating diplomatic tensions between India and Canada through the prism of the Khalistan separatist movement, with particular emphasis on the chronological major events from the past to the present. Through the theoretical lens of norm contestation and securitisation, this research employs a qualitative case study grounded in document analysis to explain the roles of contemporary diplomatic tensions between India and Canada, focusing on the influence of competing state narratives and the mobilisation of diaspora groups. Ultimately, the paper argues that while India often frames the Khalistan factor as a security threat, Canada considers it a human rights issue; as a result, domestic political imperatives collide with international diplomatic norms.

Anahtar Kelimeler

India–Canada Relations, Khalistan Movement, Sikh Diaspora, Diplomatic Tensions, Extremism

Etik Beyan

This study does not involve direct interaction with human participants, including interviews, surveys, or experimental data collection. The research is based solely on secondary sources such as open-access academic publications, official documents, and reliable media reports. Therefore, ethical committee approval was not required. All stages of the study were conducted in accordance with the principles of academic integrity, and all sources used have been appropriately cited. The author declares that there is no conflict of interest and that no financial or institutional pressure was exerted by any individual, institution, or organization during the preparation of this research.

Teşekkür

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Mir Masudul Alam, Associate Professor of International Relations at Jahangirnagar University, Bangladesh, for his invaluable guidance and support throughout the preparation of this article. I am also thankful to my previous educational institutions in Bangladesh for providing a strong academic foundation that enabled me to undertake this research. Their encouragement and mentorship have been instrumental in shaping both the content and direction of this study.

Kaynakça

  1. Adamson, F. B. (2013). “Mechanisms of Diaspora Mobilization and the Transnationalization of Civil War”, Transnational Studies Quarterly, 1(1), 63-85. https://doi.org/10.1111/tsq.12003
  2. Al Jazeera. (2023). “In Numbers: India-Canada Trade and Education Relations”, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/20/in-numbers-india-canada-trade-and-education-relations, (Access Date: 14.01.2025).
  3. Al Jazeera. (2024). “Timeline of Tensions: How India-Canada Relations Soured”, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/15/timeline-of-tensions-india-canada-relations-under-trudeau, (Access Date: 22.01.2025).
  4. AP News. (2026). “India and Canada Agree to Boost Economic Partnership in a Move to Reset Ties”, https://apnews.com/article/632cf32892560ab18a72e67f39df6c15, (Access Date: 09.03.2026).
  5. Banerjee, S. (2017). “India-Canada Relations: The Nuclear Energy Aspect”, India Quarterly, 72(3), 342-356.
  6. Bhattacharyya, A. (2024). “Khalistan Referendum Gains Momentum in Canada as Calgary Hosts Latest Round of Voting”, Hindustan Times, https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/khalistan-referendum-gains-momentum-in-canada-as-calgary-hosts-latest-round-of-voting-101722416604949.html, (Access Date: 03.02.2025).
  7. Bhattacherjee, K. (2020). “Farmers’ Protest: India Summons Canadian High Commissioner; Issues Demarche over Trudeau’s Remarks”, The Hindu, https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/farmers-protest-india-summons-canadian-high-commissioner-issues-demarche-over-trudeaus-remarks/article33248578.ece, (Access Date: 17.01.2025).
  8. Biswas, B. (2004). “Nationalism by Proxy: A Comparison of Social Movements among Diaspora Sikhs and Hindus”, Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 10(2), 269-295. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537110490467702
  9. Bowen, G. A. (2009). “Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method”, Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027
  10. Brinkerhoff, J. M. (2009). Digital Diasporas: Identity and Transnational Engagement, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kaynak Göster

APA
Khan, Z. T. (2026). Diplomacy in Dispute: The Khalistan Factor in Contemporary India-Canada Relations. Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Politika Dergisi, 6(2), 106-130. https://doi.org/10.62334/ulipod.1841715
AMA
1.Khan ZT. Diplomacy in Dispute: The Khalistan Factor in Contemporary India-Canada Relations. ULİPOD. 2026;6(2):106-130. doi:10.62334/ulipod.1841715
Chicago
Khan, Zarin Tasnim. 2026. “Diplomacy in Dispute: The Khalistan Factor in Contemporary India-Canada Relations”. Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Politika Dergisi 6 (2): 106-30. https://doi.org/10.62334/ulipod.1841715.
EndNote
Khan ZT (01 Haziran 2026) Diplomacy in Dispute: The Khalistan Factor in Contemporary India-Canada Relations. Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Politika Dergisi 6 2 106–130.
IEEE
[1]Z. T. Khan, “Diplomacy in Dispute: The Khalistan Factor in Contemporary India-Canada Relations”, ULİPOD, c. 6, sy 2, ss. 106–130, Haz. 2026, doi: 10.62334/ulipod.1841715.
ISNAD
Khan, Zarin Tasnim. “Diplomacy in Dispute: The Khalistan Factor in Contemporary India-Canada Relations”. Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Politika Dergisi 6/2 (01 Haziran 2026): 106-130. https://doi.org/10.62334/ulipod.1841715.
JAMA
1.Khan ZT. Diplomacy in Dispute: The Khalistan Factor in Contemporary India-Canada Relations. ULİPOD. 2026;6:106–130.
MLA
Khan, Zarin Tasnim. “Diplomacy in Dispute: The Khalistan Factor in Contemporary India-Canada Relations”. Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Politika Dergisi, c. 6, sy 2, Haziran 2026, ss. 106-30, doi:10.62334/ulipod.1841715.
Vancouver
1.Zarin Tasnim Khan. Diplomacy in Dispute: The Khalistan Factor in Contemporary India-Canada Relations. ULİPOD. 01 Haziran 2026;6(2):106-30. doi:10.62334/ulipod.1841715