Dengue Viral Infection and Necessity for Screening Patients Having Pyrexia of Unknown Origin

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 3, 49 - 53, 01.07.2017

Humaira Zafar Kiran Tauseef Bukhari Sadaf Humayoun Nouman Noor Noor Khan Lakhnana

https://doi.org/10.5455/umj.20170608022332

Öz

Dengue Viral Infection DVI is an emerging global health problem infecting about 50-100 million people annually worldwide. More than 2.5 million people have dengue hemorrhagic fever DHF and dengue shock syndrome DSS . Aedesaegypti is the principal vector for disease transmission while humans are the main reservoir. The clinical manifestations range from self-limited Dengue fever DF to complicated and fatal outcomes, DHF and DSS. DF is prevalent in more than 100 countries of the world. More than 2.5 billion people of the World’s population are residents of Dengue endemic area. According to one reported study, the prevalence of DF in Pakistan is 29%. Similarly, one study result carried out in India has shown 78% prevalence of DF. In Mexico, the one published seroprevalence study showed 79.6% prevalence of DF. A review/analysis report of the Gynecological and Obstetrical survey from 30 published studies has shown 64% transmission rate of DF from a mother to a child. The study results carried out in Jamaica has shown an increase in the prevalence of DF in seen in less than 1year and more than 60 years. The mortality rate with DHF is 33%. While in less than 15 years of it is 5%. This can be only reduced with early/accurate diagnosis and the prompt management of the condition. The absence of specific vaccine and antiviral is responsible for making this infection as a global health problem. The US government has spent 15 million US dollars for the establishment and discovery of specific DF treatment. The study carried out in India has shown the median cost for treatment per patient about 432.2 US dollars. It is 4 times in case of private health sectors. The proposed review article will highlight the incidence of dengue infection in patients having PUO pyrexia of unknown origin . It will be a guide for the clinicians to consider DVI in their list of differential diagnosis of PUO. Moreover, it will be helpful in establishing the screening policies for DVI in PUO. The resultant of all of this will improve the life quality of PUO sufferers. It will be useful to reduce the increased financial burden due to PUO missed diagnosis and management in underdeveloped countries like one of ours.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dengue viral infection, Pyrexia of unknown origin, Screeing for PUO

Kaynakça

• 1. Stephen JP. Dengue ‘Break Bone’ Fever: Will it spread like West Nile Virus? EEM. 2008; 30(3): 14-16.
• 2. Reed W. New U.S army mosquito control technology licensed for deployment against dengue.Website:www. medicalnewstoday.com/articles/130061.php. Retrieved on 4th April 2011.
• 3. Gubler DJ. WHO Dengue Bulletin [homepage on Internet]. Dengue/Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever.1997; 21. Website: http://www.searo.who.int/Section10/Section332/section51 9_2380.htm.
• 4. Smith AW, Chen LH, Massuda E, Wilson ME. Threat of Dengue to blood safety in Dengue endemic country. Web site:http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/586772. Retriev on 14th July 2009.
• 5. Heyman D, Chakarborty T. Deadly diseases and epidemics. Dengue Fever and other hemorrhagic viruses. WHO 2008 (InfoBase Publishing.
• 6. Osman O, Fong MY, Sekaran SD. Genetic characterization of Dengue virus type 1 isolated in Brunei in 2005-6. J Gen Virol. 2009; 90: 678-86.
• 7. Egger JR, Ooi EE, Kelly DW, Woolhouse MK, Davies CR, Coleman PG. Reconstructing historical changes in the force of infection of DF in Singapore: Implications for surveillance and control. WHO Bull. 2008; 86(3): 161-240.
• 8. Shu PY, Huang JH. Curent advances in Dengue diagnosis. Clin and Diagnos Lab Immunol. 2004; 11(4): 642-50.
• 9. Bakar SA, Wong PF, Chan YF. Emergence of Dengue virus type 4 genotype in Malaysia. J Gen Virol. 2002;83:2437-42.
• 10.Khan E, Hassan R, Mehraj V, Nasr A, Siddiqui J,Hewson R. Co circulation of two genotypes of Dengue virus in 2006 out break of DHF in Karachi, Pakistan. J ClinVirol. 2006; 43(2): 176-9.
• 11.Jacquelin L, Harris E, Wills B, Balmaseda A, Nadia S, Rocha Cet al.TheWHO Dengue classification and case definitions: Time for reassessment. The Lancet. 2006; 368: 170-3.
• 12.Schieffelin JS, Costin JM, Nicholson CO, OrgeronNM, Fontaine KA, Isern S et al. Neutralizing and non neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against Dengue virus E protein derived from a naturally infected patient. Virol J. 2010; 7: 28.
• 13.Almani SA, Rahpoto MQ, Shah MI, Shaiku M, Memon AI. Dengue fever at Liaquat University Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. Med Channel. 2008; 14: 2.
• 14.Muhammad Qasim. 49 DF cases reported in Rawalpindi 5 expired. THE NEWS. Saturday 1st Nov 2008.
• 15.Smith AW, Schwuartz AW. Dengue in travelers. N Eng J 2005; 353: 924- 32.
• 16.Madiha S, Syeda UR, Habiba M, Zahid R, Bashir A, Rabbani M, et al. Knowledge , attitudes and practices regarding DF among adults of high and low socioeconomic groups. JPMA. 2010; 60: 243.
• 17.Wichmannn O, Gascon J, Schmunk M, Velez RL, Clerinx J, Kern P, et al. Severe DVI in travelers. J Infect Dis. 2007; 195: 1089-96.
• 18.Christine e, Waasdorp. Preparing children for travel in Asia. WMS. 18(3): 222-9.
• 19.Pandey BD, Morita K, Raj S, Tomo K, Ogawa MT, Inobu S, et al. Dengue virus, Nepal. EmergInfect Dis.2008;14 (3): 514-15.
• 20.Saone NS. Sanofi Aventis builds Dengue fever vaccine plant. Website: http://www.pr-inside.com/sanofi-aventisbuilds-dengue-fever-vaccine r1246621.htm. Retrieved on 12th May 2010.
• 21.Rathor HR. The role of vector in emerging and reemerging infectious diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Med East Health J. 1996; 2(1): 61-7.
• 22.Hapugoda MD, Barta G, Abeewickreme W, Swaminathan S, Khanna N. Single Antign detects both immunoglobulin M and IgG antibodies elicited by all four dengue virus serotypes. Clin Vaccine Immunol.2007;14(11):1505-14.
• 23.Brown MG, Vickers IE, Salas RA, Smikla MF. Patterns of dengue virus IgM and IgG antibodies in suspected cases of dengue infection, Jamaica, 2003-2006. Human Ab J. 2009; 18(1-2):29-34.
• 24.First outbreak of DHF, Bangladesh: Conclusion. Website: http://medscape.com/view article/4374373. Retrieved on 20th March 2010.
• 25.WHO, Dengue. Website:http:// who.int/topics/dengue/en]. Retrieved on 3rd March 2010.
• 26.Petdachai W, Sila OJ, Ninimannitya S, Nisalak A. neonatal dengue infection: report of DF in aone day old infant.Obstet and Gyne. 2004; 35(2).
• 27.Chiong TP, Geetha R, Shamala D, Zawiash OS. Dengue infection in pregnancy. Prevalence, Vertical transmission and pregnancy outcome. Obstet and Gyne. 2008; 111(5): 1111-7.
• 28.Sawyer HP, Xiong XU, Emily H, Valerie PS, Kay MT, Gerard B. Maternal dengue and pregnancy outcomes: A systemic review. Obstet and Gyne. 2010; 65(2): 107-18.
• 29.Khanna S, Vij JC, Kumar A, Singal D, Tandon R. Dengue fever is a differential diagnosis in patients with fever and abdominal pain in an endemic area. Trop Med and Parasitol. 2004; 98(7): 757-60.
• 30.Itoda I, Masuda G, Suganuma A, Imamura A, Ajisawa A, Yamada KI etal. Clinical features of 62 imported cases of Dengue fever in Japan. Am J Trop med Hyg. 2006; 75(3): 470-4.
• 31.Dengue Fever. Website: http://www.symptoms101.com/ med/archives/2005/05/denguefever.php. Retrieved on 20th March 2010.
• 32.eMedicine. Dengue fever. Pennsylvania. Shepherd SM. Retrieved on 20th March 2010.
• 33.Siqueira JB, Maria C, Martelli T, Coelho GE. Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever. Brazil, 1981-2002. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005: 11(1).
• 34.Noisakran S, Perng GC. Alternate hypothesis on the pathogenesis of DHF/ DSS and Dengue viral infection. ExpBiol Med. 2008; 233(4): 40-8.
• 35.Kabra SK, Verma IC, Arora NK, Jain Y, Kalra V. Dengue hemorrhagic fever in children in Delhi. WHO Bull.1992; 70 (1): 105-8.
• 36.Trantracheewathorn T, Trantracheewathorn S. risk factors for Dengue shock syndrome in children. J Med Assoc Thai. 2007; 90(2): 272-7.
• 37.Tomashek KM, Rivera A, Jordan JL, Hunsperger E, Santiago L, Padro O. Description of a large island-wide outbreak of Dengue in Puerto Rico, 2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009; 81(3): 467-74.
• 38.Seet SC, OoiEE,Wong HB, Paton NI. An outbreak of primary dengue infection amongst migrant Chinese workers in Singapore characterized by prominent GI symptoms and ahigh proportion of symptomatic cases. J ClinVirol. 2005; 33(4): 336-40.
• 39.Malavige GN, Fernando S, Fernando DJ, Seviratne SL. Dengue viral infection. Postgrad Med J. 2004; 80: 588-601.
• 40.Kumar R, Tripathi P, Tripathi S, Kanodia A, Pant S, Venkatesh V. Prevalence and clinical differentiation of DF in children in Northern India. Infect. 2008; 36(5): 444-9.
• 41.Virology online. Flaviviruses. Website: http://virology. online.com/viruses/Arboviruses 4 htm]. Retrieved on 15th April 2010.
• 42.Mundy LM. Cuban study. Prior Dengue infection means risk for symptomatic reinfection. J Watch Infect Dis. 2001; 1. Available from: http://infectious-diseases.jwatch.org/cgi/ content/full/2001/111/3.
• 43.Jitana P, Sukone P, Marisa K, Kamkarn S. The etiology of acute pyrexia of unknown origin in children after a flood. Southeast Asian J Trop Med and Public Health. 2003; 34(1): 175-8.
• 44.Wichmann O, Stark K, Shu PY, Niedrig M, Frank C, Huang JH. Clinical features and pitfalls in the laboratory diagnosis of Dengue in travelers. BMC Infect Dis. 2006; 6: 120.
• 45.Smith AW, Foo W, Earnest A, Sremulanathan S, Nicholas I. Seroepidemiology of Dengue in the adult population of Singapore. Trop Med and Int Health. 2004; 9(2): 305-8.
• 46.Tran TN , Vries PJ, Hoang LP, Phan GT, Le HQ, Tran BQ et al. Enzyme Linked Immunoassay for Dengue virus IgM and IgG antibodies in serum and filter paper blood. BMC Infect Dis. 2006; 6: 13
• 47.Patient UK.Tick borne encephalitis vaccination. Website: http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/Tick.borne.EncephalitisVa ccination.htm. Retrieved on 4th April 2010.
• 48.Travel and Health VaccClin. Information on Japanese encephalitis. Vancouver Canada. Website: http://www. doctortravel. Ca/index.php? Page = Japanese encephalitis. Retrieved on 4th April 2010.
• 49.Fisher D. The vector borne, mosquito transmitted diseases in Singapore. Singapore Med J. 2005; 46 (11): 596.