Süt Sığırlarında Sıcak Stresinin Tespiti, Verim Özellikleri Üzerine Etkileri ve Korunma Yöntemleri

Öz

Heat stress is effecting both production and functional traits in dairy cattle. Heat stress became a major concern for dairy cattle breeders, as a result of global warming. Effects of heat stres is being felt more especially at intensive cattle farms in Turkey. Dry matter intake decreases under heat stress conditions which is a major factor of decline in milk yield. And also, under the effect of heat stres somatic cell count of milk increases, several diseases becomes more common (mastitis and lameness) and milk quality becomes worse thus it causes direct and indirect costs to breeders. The effects of heat stres becomes more prominent under the conditions of high humidity and ambient temperature because of the less effective evaporative heat loss. Cows are being affected more from heat stres when the night time ambient temperature is high. As a result of current selection programes, dairy cattle will have more milk production, consume more feed and more heavier than today which will result a decrease in heat tolerance. In this review, it is aimed to give knowledge on heat stres and its relationship with production traits and methods to decrease its effects on dairy cattle.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Heat stress, Dairy cows, Temparature-moisture Index.

Süt Sığırlarında Sıcak Stresinin Tespiti, Verim Özellikleri Üzerine Etkileri ve Korunma Yöntemleri

Öz

Son yıllarda, süt sığırı yetiştiriciliğinde hem verim özellikleri hem de fonksiyonel özellikler sıcak stresinden artan oranda ve olumsuz yönde etkilendiği görülmektedir. Son yıllarda artan küresel sıcaklıklar ile birlikte tüm dünyadaki oldukça önemli bir konu haline gelmiştir. Ülkemizde de, süt sığırı yetiştiriciliğinin sıklıkla yapıldığı (Marmara, Ege, Akdeniz, Güneydoğu Anadolu) bölgelerde sıcak stresinin etkisi yoğun bir şekilde hissedilmektedir. Sıcak stresinin temel etkisi; yem tüketiminin azalması, verim özelliklerindeki düşüş ve bazı yetiştiricilik hastalıklarının görülme sıklığının artması şeklinde karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Ayak hastalıkları ve mastitis gibi hastalıkların daha sık görülmesi ve süt kalitesini belirleyen faktörlerden biri olan somatik hücre sayısındaki artış ile buna bağlı olarak süt kalitesinin bozulması gibi yetiştiriciye doğrudan ve dolaylı birçok zararı olmaktadır. Çevre sıcaklıkları ve nem oranının yıl boyunca yüksek olduğu bölgelerde (Marmara, Ege ve Akdeniz) sıcak stresi etkileri daha sık ve yoğun bir şekilde görülür. Yüksek sıcaklıklara, yüksek nem oranının da eşlik ettiği bölgelerde yetiştirilen ineklerde terleme yolu ile ısı kaybı mekanizmasının da etkinliğini kaybetmesi sonucu sıcak stresinin etkisi daha belirgin bir şekilde görülmektedir. Gündüzleri yüksek düzeyde sıcak stresine maruz kalan inekler gece boyunca sıcaklıkların uygun düzeye düştüğü durumlarda sıcak stresinin etkilerini tolare edebilirler. Ancak, gece sıcaklıklarının da yüksek olduğu durumlarda inekler sıcak stresinden daha fazla etkilenirler. Son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalarda, sıcak stresinin etkilerinin azaltılmasında etkili olabilecek genler araştırılmaktadır. Bu derlemede, süt sığırlarında sıcak stresinin tespitinde kullanılan yöntemler, verim özellikleri ile ilişkisi ve etkilerini azaltma yöntemleri üzerinde durulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sıcak Stresi, Süt Sığırı, Sıcaklık-Nem İndeksi.

Kaynakça

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