The Roles of Viruses in Mastitis

Öz

In this review role of viruses especially in bovine mastitis is evaluated. Viruses may act as predisposing agent as well as primary aetiological agent in bovine mastitis cases. Bovine herpesvirus 2, vacciniavirus, cowpox, pseudocowpox, vesicular stomatitis, foot-and-mouth disease and bovine papilloma viruses can induce teat lesions that decrease the natural defence mechanisms of the udder. Bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine viral diarrhoea virus, bovine immunodeficiency virus and bovine leukemia virus infections cause immunosuppresion which may indirectly lead to mastitis by contrubuting the bacterial pathogenes. In experimental studies it has been shown that bovine herpesvirus 1, foot-and-mouth disease virus and parainfluenza 3 virus can cause clinical mastitis and some viruses such as bovine herpesvirus 4 may lead to subclinical mastitis in cattle.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Cattle
• Mastitis
• Virus

Mastitis Olgularında Virusların Rolü

Öz

Bu derlemede özellikle sığır mastitis olgularının etiyolojisinde virusların rolleri irdelenmiştir. Viruslar sığır mastitis olgularında hem hazırlayıcı hem de primer etiyolojik ajan olarak rol oynayabilirler. Bovine herpesvirus 2, vaccinia virus, sığır çiçeği virusu, yalancı sığır çiçeği virusu, vesicular stomatitis virusu, şap hastalığı virusu ve bovine papillomavirus memede lezyon oluşturarak memenin doğal savunma mekanizmasını sekteye uğratırlar. Bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine viral diarrhoea virus, sığır immun yetmezlik virusu ve bovine leukemia virus enfeksiyonları ise immun yetmezliğe sebep olarak bakteriyel patojenlerin etkileriyle indirekt mastitis oluşumuna yol açabilirler. Yapılan deneysel çalışmalarda bovine herpesvirus 1, şap hastalığı virusu ve parainfluenza 3 viruslarının sığırlarda klinik mastitis oluşturabildiği, bovine herpes virus 4 gibi bazı virusların ise subklinik mastitise neden olduğu gösterilmiştir

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sığır
• Mastitis
• Virus

Kaynakça

1. Alkan F., Ozkul A., Karaoğlu M.T., Bilge S., Akça Y., Burgu I., Yesilbag K., Oguzoglu T.C., 1997. Sığırlarda viral nedenli solunum sistemi en- feksiyonlarının epidemiyolojisi. Ankara Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg., 44, 1-8.
2. Beaudeau F., Fourichon C., Robert A., Joly A., Seegers H., 2005. Bulk milk somatic cell counts and bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection in 7252 dairy herds in Britain. Pre. Vet. Med., 72, 163- 167.
3. Berends I.G.M.A, Swart W.A.J.M., Frankena K., Muskens J., Lam T.J.G.M., Van Schaik G., 2007. The effect of becoming BVDV-free on fertility and uder health in dutch dairy herds. Pre. Vet. Med., 84, 48-60.
4. Bilge-Dagalp,1998. Kan ve süt serumlarında IBR- IPV antikorlarının nötralizasyon testi ile saptan- ması ve süt örneklerinden virus izolasyonu. Anka- ra Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg., 45, 313-321.
5. Blacklaws B.A., Berriatua E., Torsteinsdottir S., Watt N.J., Andres D, Klein D., Harkiss G.D., 2004. Transmission of small ruminant lentiviruses. Vet. Mic., 101, 199-208.
6. Blackwell, J.H., Yilma T, 1981. Localisation of foot-and-mouth disease viral antigens in mammary gland of infected cows. Am. J. Vet. Res., 42, 770–773 (Abstarct).
7. Bolea R., Monleon E., Carrasco L., Vargas A., Andres D., Amorena B., Badiola J.J., Lujan L., 2006. Maedi-visna virus infection of ovine mammaty epitelial cells. Vet. Res., 37, 133-144
8. Corner A. H., Greig A. S., Hill D. P., 1967. A Histological Study of the Effects of the Herpesvirus of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis in the Lactating Bovine Mammary Gland. Can J Comp Med Vet Sci., 31, 320–330.

9. Donofrio, G., Flammini, C.F., Scatozza, F., Cavirani, S., 2000. Detection of bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) DNA in the cell fraction of milk of dairy cattle with history of BoHV-4 infection. J. Clin. Microbiol., 38, 4668–4671.
10. Egyed L., 2000. Bovine herpesvirus type 4: a special Herpesvirus. Acta Veterinaria Hung., 48, 501-513.
11. Graham DA, German A, McLaren IE, Fitzpatrick DA., 2001. Testing of bulk tank milk from Northern Ireland dairy herds for viral RNA and antibody to bovine viral diarrhoea virus. Vet Rec., 149,261-5 (Abstact).
12. Greig A. S., Bannister G. L., 1965. Infection of bovine udder with bovine herpesvirus. Can J. Comp. Med. Vet. Sci., 29, 57-62.
13. Guy J.S., Potgieter L.N., McCracken M., Martin W., 1984. Isolation of bovine herpesvirus-1 from vesicular lesions of the bovine udder. Am. J. Vet. Res., 45, 783-785.
14. Hillerton J.E., Morgan W.F:, Fransworth R., Neijenhuis F., Baines J.R., Mein G.A., Ohnstad I., Reinemann D.J., Timms L., 2001. Evaluation of bovine teat condition in commercial dairy herds: 2. Infectious factors and infections. Proceedings 2th International symposium on mastitis and milk quality, 352-356.
15. Izumi Y., Tsuduku S., Murakami K., Tsuboi T., Konishi M., Haritani M., Kamiyoshi T., Kimura K., Sentsui H., 2006. Characterization of bovine herpesvirus type 4 isolated from cattle with mastitis and subclinical infection by the virus among cattle. J. Vet. Med. Sci., 68, 189-193.
16. Jacobs, R.M., Pollari, F.L., McNab, W.B., Jefferson, B., 1995. A serological survey of bovine syncytial virus in Ontaria: associations with bovine leukemia and immunodeficiency-like viruses, production records, and management practices. Can. J. Vet. Res., 59, 271–278.
17. Kalman D., Janosi S., Egyed L., 2004. Role of bovine herpesvirus 4 in bacterial bovine Mastitis. Mic. Pat., 37, 125-129.
18. Lakhal L.M., Guiguen F., Fornazero C., Favier C., Durand J., Grezel D., Moussa A., Mornex J. F., Chebloune Y., 2001. Immortalized goat milkepithelial cell lines replicate CAEV at high level. Vet. Res., 32, 429-440.
19. Mann J.A., Sellers R.F. 1990, Picornaviridae. In. Dinter Z., Morein B., Virus Infections of Ruminants. Elsevier, New York, 501-517.
20. Martin J.R., Harvey D., Montpetit C., 1987. Bovine herpetic mammillitis in Quebec. (İngilizce özetli Fransızca)Can Vet. J., 28, 529- 523.(Abstract)
21. Miltenburg, J.D., De Lange, D., Crauwels, A.P., Bongers, J.H., Tielen, M.J., Schukken, Y.H., Elbers A.R., 1996. Incidence of clinical mastitis in a random sample of dairy herds in the southern Netherlands. Vet. Rec., 139, 204–207. (Abstact)
22. Miyano H., Haritani M., Sentsui H., Tsuboı, Tanımura T. N., Kımura K. M., Kobayashi M., Obara N., Akimoto Y., 2003. Mammary lesions associated with bovine herpesvirus type 4 in a cow with clinical mastitis. J. Vet, Med. Sci., 66, 457460.
23. Murphy F.A, Gibbs E.P.J., Horzinek M.C, Studdert M.J, 1999. Veterinary Virology, 3rd Ed., Academic Press, London.
24. Reid SM, Parida S, King DP, Hutchings GH, Shaw AE, Ferris NP, Zhang Z, Hillerton JE, Paton DJ, 2006. Utility of automated real-time RT-PCR for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus excreted in milk. Vet Res., 37, 121-32.
25. Sandev. N., Koleva M., Bınev R., Ilieva D., 2004. Influence of enzootic leukosis virus upon the incidence of subclinical mastitis in cows at a ifferent stage of infection. Vet. Arhiv. 74, 411- 416.
26. Sharma N., 2008. Foot and mouth disease- Mastitis cascade in dairy cattle:Afield study. Int. J. Zool. Res., 4,64-67.
27. Stichting dienst L. O.,Van Oirschot J. T., Wellenberg G. J., 2000. Viral mastitis. World International Property Organization, WO/2000/02310, http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/images4/PCT- PAGES/2000/172000/00023103/ 00023103.pdf
28. Straub O.C., 1990. Herpesviridae. In. Dinter Z., Morein B., Virus Infections of Ruminants, herpesvirus 4 ınduced subclinical mastitis. Vet. Mic., 86, 115-129 Elsevier, New York, 69- 151. 2002. A simultaneous intrammary and intranasal
29. Straub O. C., 1991. BHV-1 infections: Relevance and spread in Europe, Comp. Immun. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 14,175 -186.
30. Tiwari A., Van Leeuwen J. A., Dohoo I. R., Stryhn H., Keefe G. P., Haddad J. P., 2005. Effects of seropositivity for bovine leukemia virus, bovine viral diarrhoea virus, mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, and neospore caninum on culling in dairy cattle in four canadian provinces.Vet. Mic.,109, 147-158.
31. Turner A.J., Kovesdy, L., Morgan, I.R., 1976. Isolation and characterisation of bovine herpesvirus mammillitis virus and its pathogenecity for cattle. Aust. Vet. J., 52, 166-169 (Abstract).
32. Vav der Molen E.J, Vecht U., Houwers DJ, 1985. A chronic indurative mastitis in sheep, associated with maedi/visna infection. Vet Q., 7, 112-119.
33. Waage S., 2000. Influence of new infection with bovine virus diarrhoea virus on udder in Norwegain dairy cows. Pre. Vet. Med., 43, 123- 135.
34. Wellenberg G.J., Van der Poel, W.H.M, Van der Vorst, T.J.K, Van Valkengoed, P.H.R, Y.H.wagenaar, Van Oirschot, 2000. Bovine herpesvirus 4 in bovine clinical mastitis. Vet. Rec., 147, 222-225.
35. Wellenberg G.J., Verstraten E.R.A.M., Belak S., Verschuren S.B.E., Riisewiik F.A.M., Peshev R., Van Oirschot J.T., 2001. Detection of bovine herpesvirus 4 glycoprotein B and thymidine kinase DNA by PCR assay in bovine milk. J. Virol. Methods, 97, 101-102.
36. Wellenberg G. J. , Bruschke C. J. M. , Wisselink H. J. , Barkema H. W. and Van Oirschot J. T., 2002. Susceptibility of bovine umblical cord endothelial cells to bovine herpesviruses and pseudocowpox virus. Vet. Mic., 86, 115-129.
37. Wellenberg G.J., Van der Poel W.H.M., Van Oirschot J. T., 2002. Viral infections and bovine mastitis. J.T. Vet. Mic., 88, 27-45.
38. Wellenberg G.J., Verstraten E.R.A.M., Belak S.,
39. Yavru S., 2001. Mastitise sebep olan viral etkneler, Süt İnekçiliğinde Mastitis Sempozyumu, Akdeniz Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi, Burdur, 32-41
40. Yesilbag K., Güngör B., 2008. Seroprevalance of bovine respiratoty viruse in orth-Western Turkey. Trop. Anim. Health. Prod., 40, 55-60.
41. Yoshikawa H, Xie B., Oyamada T., Hıraga A., Yoshikawa T., 1997. Detection of bovine leukemia virus in mammary tissues of BLV antibody-positive cows affected by subclinical mastitis, J. Vet. Med. Sci., 59, 301-302.
42. Zadoks R.N., Allore H.G., Barkema H.W., Sampimon O.C., Wellenberg, G.J., Gröhn Y.T., Schukken Y.H., 2001. Cow and quarter level risk factors for Streptoccus uberis and Staphylococcus aereus mastitis. J. Dairy Sci., 84, 2649–2663.